除草剂对向日葵的安全性评价

通过１６种除草剂对向日葵苗期安全性评价的田间试验,筛选出施补田、精禾草克和收乐通等适于向日葵田使用的除草剂。利收和乙草胺虽对向日葵小苗有轻度药害,但影响不明显。试验中大多数除草剂产生严重药害,造成小苗死亡或失去经济价值,属非适于向日葵使用除草剂。     

郴州植烟区除草剂危害情况调查及治理对策

调查了郴州烟稻轮作区水稻及烤烟的除草剂使用情况,烟田应用的除草剂主要有草甘膦等13种.对桂阳、嘉禾、安仁、宜章、永兴5个烟区疑似除草剂药害的烟田进行调查,产生的症状主要有烟株畸形、叶片卷曲、叶片小而薄、轻微萎蔫、烟株异常矮小、芽扭曲、叶片发黄等.除草剂药害田烟株农艺性状较正常烟株差.对烟田土壤的检测结果表明：郴州地区烟草出现药害主要是二氯喹啉酸和二甲四氯引起的.对除草剂药害产生的原因进行了分析,并提出了治理对策.     

胺苯黄隆防治春油菜田杂草的效果

胺苯黄隆活性很高，每公顷应用有效量３０克可防除春油菜田大多数阔叶杂草．油莱３片叶期前使用，在５－７天内对油菜生长有抑制作用；４－６片叶期使用，对油菜生长无影响．胺苯黄隆与防治禾本科杂草的除草剂混用有一定拮抗作用．     

碧护对几种常用大豆苗前除草剂药害的解除效果

研究了嗪草酮、噻吩磺隆、异恶草松、乙草胺、2,4-滴丁酯和咪唑乙烟酸等6种大豆常用苗前除草剂药害症状及药害解除技术。描述了各种除草剂对大豆苗期所产生的药害症状,比较分析了不同除草剂药害对株高、根长等农艺性状指标的影响,明确了喷施碧护生长调节剂对供试除草剂所产生药害的解除效果表现差异较大,其中,使用嗪草酮或噻吩磺隆防治大豆杂草时,一旦出现药害症状,及时喷施碧护生长调节剂,可有效促进大豆生长并恢复到正常生长状态。     

磺酰脲类除草剂对抗性油菜田间杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

草害是影响油菜产量和品质的重要因素之一，种植抗除草剂品种，配合化学除草是解决油菜田杂草防治最经济有效的方法。为筛选适合抗除草剂油菜新品种搭配使用的除草剂，本研究以非转基因抗磺酰脲类除草剂油菜新种质M342为材料，比较了苯磺隆等11种磺酰脲类除草剂的防除效果和安全性。结果显示，11种磺酰脲类除草剂对油菜田杂草的鲜重防效均在70%以上，均能显著降低杂草对氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗。啶嘧磺隆对M342有严重药害，喷施后植株腐烂并逐渐坏死。苄嘧磺隆和氟唑磺隆也对M342的产量有显著影响，分别比人工除草对照减产6.22%和16.59%。其余8种磺酰脲类除草剂对M342的产量均无显著影响，可应用于抗磺酰脲类除草剂油菜新品种田间杂草的防除。     

除草剂对作物产生药害的原因、类型及其安全应用技术

实践证明，在除草剂的使用过程中药害事故频繁发生，本文主要介绍除草剂对作物产生药害的原因、药害的类型，提出了除草剂的安全应用技术。     

除草剂对作物产生药害的原因、类型及其安全应用技术

实践证明,在除草剂的使用过程中药害事故频繁发生,本文主要介绍除草剂对作物产生药害的原因、药害的类型,提出了除草剂的安全应用技术.     

土壤封闭型除草剂对油菜田土壤细菌多样性的影响

土壤封闭除草是一种有效的油菜田化学除草措施。为评估不同土壤封闭型除草剂对油菜田土壤微生物的影响,使用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术分析了四种常用土壤封闭型除草剂甲草胺、异丙甲草胺、乙草胺及精异丙甲草胺处理后土壤微生物结构及多样性的变化情况。结果表明,土壤封闭型除草剂处理会导致油菜田土壤细菌多样性显著下降,其中甲草胺处理影响最大;但在除草剂处理一段时间后土壤中细菌群落多样性与丰富度逐渐恢复。土壤封闭型除草剂处理对油菜土壤中放线菌门、酸杆菌门等影响较大,甲草胺较其他土壤封闭型除草剂处理中土壤细菌在门水平上变化最大。土壤封闭型除草剂处理60 d后能增加与污染物降解、反硝化、光合作用、抑制病原菌生长、根际促生相关功能细菌的丰度;减少与吸收营养、排泄代谢物相关的功能细菌的丰度。综合研究结果,土壤封闭型除草剂对油菜田土壤微生物多样性和群落结构有一定影响,但随着处理时间推移,除草剂对土壤微生物多样性影响程度逐渐降低。     

滨州市棉花常见药害及预防措施

滨州市地处黄河三角洲腹地 ,土壤以碱性为主 ,对多数植物生长不利 ,却比较适合棉花生长 ,该市常年棉花种植面积稳定在 6.7万公顷以上。在粮食价格低迷的情况下 ,种植棉花是农民增收的主导产业之一。但在管理过程中 ,由于棉农对科学知识了解不够 ,往往超量、频繁地使用化学药剂 ,不但造成了浪费 ,而且易产生药害。现将本市棉花常见药害的症状及预防措施总结如下。1除草剂药害1 .1剂量过大。剂量过大造成的药害是最常见的药害。由于已大面积推广地膜覆盖种植模式 ,棉农在使用土壤封闭除草剂时 ,不是按地膜覆盖的有效面积来进行施药 ,而且把亩…     

二种长残留除草剂对后茬作物亚麻的影响研究

1999～2003年先后进行了长残留除草剂金普施特和阔草清土壤残留对后茬作物亚麻影响的田间小区残留试验。结果表明，5％金普施特水剂1000ml/hm^2推荐剂量和2000ml/hm^2倍量处理，施药后12个月对亚麻生长有明显抑制，不可以种植。24个月后，1000ml/hm^2剂量下种植亚麻无明显药害，2000ml/hm^2倍量处理亚麻苗期有轻度抑制，仍不可以种植。36个月后，1000ml/hm^2和2000ml/hm^2倍量处理，对亚麻均无明显药害，可以安全种植。80％阔草清水分散粒剂60g/hm^2推荐剂量处理以及倍量120g/hm^2、3倍量180g/hm^2各处理，施药后12个月均有较重药害，不能种植。施药后24个月，60g/hm^2和120g/hm^2处理无明显药害症状，可以安全种植，180g/hm^2处理对亚麻幼苗生长仍有抑制，不能安全种植。     

几种长残留除草剂对后茬作物甜菜的影响

1992-2003年进行了模拟普施特和豆磺隆土壤残留对后莅作物甜菜的安全性试验。研究结果表明，普施特低剂量62．5mL／hm^2。即对甜菜有严重药害，甜菜苗鲜重降低90．9％；普施特125mL／hm^2以上各处理，甜菜苗全部死亡。豆磺隆低剂量0．25g／hm^2对甜菜的保苗株数、苗高、苗鲜重影响较小，但产量降低17．9％；高剂量2、4g／hm^5处理药害严重，甜菜死苗率90％以上，产量降低92％以上。广灭灵975-3000mL／hm^2各剂量处理施药后12个月，对甜菜均无明显药害。株鲜重和产量与不施药对照相近。金豆1000、1500mL／hm^2低剂量处理，施药后12个月对甜菜药害轻微，可以种植，24个月后可以安全种植甜菜；金豆2000、3000mL／hm^2高剂量，施药后12个月对甜菜有明显药害，不可以种植；24个月后药害轻微，可以种植甜菜。金普施特低剂量1250mL／hm^2和倍量2500mL／hm^2处理对甜菜均有药害。施药后12个月药害重于24个月和36个月。但36个月后高、低剂量下仍有药害，仍不能安全种植甜菜。阔草清60、120、180g／hm^2各处理，施药后12个月均有较重药害．不能种植；施药后24个月时，60g／hm^2低剂量处理药害虽然较轻，但仍与不施药对照有较大差异，也不能安全种植，高剂量处理药害仍很严重。     

Triazine carryover in semi-arid conditions

The persistence of atrazine, prometon and a 1:3 mixture of metolachlor with terbuthylazine was studied under field conditions for 3 years in a semi-arid tropical climate. Each product was applied at recommended and double doses as pre-emergence treatments. The persistence of these herbicides was assessed both by bioassay techniques using crops commonly grown in Zimbabwe and by chemical analysis of the soil. At recommended doses the metolachlor plus terbuthylazine mixture did not cause any crop phytotoxicity in all three seasons whereas at double dosage it caused phytotoxicity in two of the three seasons. Atrazine at recommended doses was slightly phytotoxic in one of the three seasons whereas at double the dose it caused slight injury in two of the three seasons. Prometon caused slight injury in two of the three seasons at both doses. All injury symptoms from these herbicides were soon outgrown and the crop grain yield was not adversely affected. A leaching experiment was also carried out in the laboratory for 2 years using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. In these experiments atrazine was leached down to 40 cm, with most injury to the tested plants occurring in the top 25 cm of the soil profile. Chemical analysis of the soil revealed that residues of the three herbicides were still found in the soil 12 months after application, but in small amounts which did not cause crop yield reductions.     

除草剂对优质大豆品质的影响研究

选用土壤处理剂豆磺隆、乙草胺，茎叶处理剂普施特、虎威、拿捕净等5种除草剂，以及黑龙江省优质高蛋白大豆品种黑农35号和东农42号，高油大豆黑农41号等3个大豆品种。研究除草剂对优质大豆品种品质的影响。试验结果表明，5种除草剂正常施用剂量和加倍剂量处理，优质大豆蛋白质含量和油分含量会有一定的增减，但方差分析表明和不施药对照差异不显著。     

花生－油菜轮作模式下硼肥及其后效对作物产量的影响

通过田间试验研究硼砂（B,Na2B4O7?10H2O）、Ulexite granular（UB,NaCaB5O9?8H2O）、Etibor-48（EB, Na2B4O7?5H2O）和Colemanite（CB, Ca2B6O11?5H2O）四种硼肥在花生-油菜轮作中的肥效及其后效对作物产量的影响。结果表明,按正常施硼量（纯硼用量1.70 kg/hm2）基施硼砂、UB、EB和CB四种硼肥,花生和油菜产量均有不同程度的提高;两倍施硼量（纯硼用量3.40 kg/hm2）与正常施硼量相比,不同硼肥处理作物增产率均有不同程度降低,其中土壤有效硼含量0.49 mg/kg时,作物增产率并不随施硼量的继续增加而升高。基施四种硼肥,三季作物收获后土壤有效硼含量均高于0.5 mg/kg,秸秆硼含量与作物产量也显著高于不施硼处理。基施硼肥可以改善土壤有效硼状况,具有较强缓释性的硼肥UB和CB在第二季和第三季具有较好的增产效果。在农业生产上可以根据土壤有效硼状况和硼肥本身的缓效性作为基施长效硼肥合理推广利用。     

转bar基因抗草铵膦油菜对草铵膦抗性的评价

为评价抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦的抗性,以转bar基因抗草铵膦杂交油菜“7748”为材料,在2个密度水平和4种除草剂下,以油菜单株鲜重、株高、单株叶面积、净光合速率、SPAD值、全株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重等为指标,研究了草铵膦及其对照药剂对抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜生长、产量及产量构成、品质的影响.结果表明,草铵膦处理后4d之内油菜叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率极显著低于对照,15d左右内油菜单株鲜重、单株叶面积极显著低于对照,20 d左右内油菜株高极显著低于对照,但药后1个月左右均超过对照.密度间、密度与除草剂交互作用差异显著,密度间以高密度的平均产量最高,除草剂间以草铵膦处理的平均产量最高.草铵膦处理后,油菜全株角果数有所下降,但角粒数、千粒重提高.转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦有较强的抗性,草铵膦对转基因杂交油菜安全并能稳定增加其产量,可应用于生产.     

甘蓝型油菜对常用稻田除草剂的耐性评价

为降低稻田除草剂残留对油菜生产的风险,筛选不同除草剂耐性的油菜品种,以19个长江流域大面积应用的油菜品种为材料,选择吡嘧磺隆、丙草胺、灭草松、氰氟草酯等4种常用稻田除草剂,通过营养液纸培试验,考查发芽率及幼苗期株高、最大根长、鲜重、干重等性状,以各性状的耐除草剂系数作为衡量指标,对油菜品种进行除草剂的耐性综合评价。结果发现,在稻田除草剂胁迫下,油菜各生长指标反应因基因型而不同,差异显著。通过聚类分析筛选出与除草剂对应的耐性相对较强的油菜品种,并认为主成分分析、隶属函数法和聚类分析的方法综合评价更全面更稳定可靠。在稻-油生产模式中,建议根据水稻除草剂种类,选择对应的耐性油菜品种,降低生产风险。     

Persistence of an oilseed rape transgene in the environment

Transgenic bromoxynil (BX)-resistant spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was grown commercially in Canada only for two crop seasons – 2000 and 2001. We investigated the persistence of suspected BX-resistant oilseed rape volunteers in a 64-ha wheat field in Saskatchewan, Canada in 2007, 7 years after the BX-resistant cultivar BX Armor was grown. A small oilseed rape volunteer population, estimated at less than 100 plants, was observed in three main areas or patches in the field. These patches were located in low-lying areas that were too wet to plant or spray with herbicides in 2007. Viable seed was collected from 35 mature volunteers and F₁ progeny screened with BX at 280 g ai/ha in the greenhouse. Progeny of all of the volunteers were visually rated as BX-resistant; the presence of the Oxy 235 transgene in leaf tissue of progeny of all volunteers was confirmed by PCR analysis. This study has documented the longest persistence of oilseed rape volunteers in Canada. Volunteers were not observed in 2008 or 2009, because of drought conditions in spring of both years. Results support the findings from previous studies that persistence of volunteer oilseed rape populations in western Canada is generally ephemeral or transitory in the absence of seed bank immigration. However, this study shows that oilseed rape transgenes can persist in the environment for a number of years even after all cultivars with the conferred trait are removed from the market.     

Herbicide effect on growth and seed production of Lolium multiflorum in Atlantic Canada

Lolium multiflorum Lam. (annual ryegrass) is used extensively as a forage crop and seed is produced in several areas worldwide. Seed production has been shown to be commercially possible in Atlantic Canada but improved weed control is needed. Studies were conducted in two provinces (Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick) to determine the effects of the herbicides bentazon, bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, 2,4-D and MCPA on weed control, L. multiflorum growth, seed yields and seed germination in 1998 and 1999. The herbicides MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and bromoxynil/MCPA as evaluated in these experiments provided acceptable control of the broad-leaved weeds present and had no effect on seed yield or seed germination. Although the thifensulfuron/tribenuron caused early foliar injury, the plants recovered and it provided excellent weed control. None of the herbicides affected seed germination. MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and bromoxynil/MCPA could be used to provide control of broad-leaved weeds and thifensulfuron/tribenuron could be used if growers were willing to accept some early injury and possible yield loss to obtain the improved weed control.     

大麻高效除草（封闭）技术研究

本文利用不同除草剂进行播后苗前（封闭）处理,对大麻生产期田间杂草综合防治效果进行了研究。研究结果表明：采用65％异丙甲草胺乳油3L／hm2封闭除草,对禾本科杂草防效可达55．6％。对阔叶杂草龙葵、藜、蓼、苋的防治效果分别达到66．7％、37．5％、88．9％、89．5％,对阔叶杂草蓼、苋防治效果比较理想：采用40％施田扑乳油3L／hm2封闭除草,对禾本科杂草防效可达63．9％,对阔叶杂草龙葵、藜、蓼、苋的防治效果分别达到75．0％、75．0％、66．7％、57．9％,阅叶杂草龙葵、藜比较理想。两种除草剂对禾本科杂草均较好的抑制生长效果。     

Use of propanil and quinclorac tank mixtures for broadleaf weed control on rice (Oryza sativa) levees

Broadleaf weed control on rice levees is an emerging problem faced by growers and consultants in Arkansas, USA. Field experiments were conducted at Lonoke and Stuttgart, Arkansas, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the effectiveness of various postemergence herbicides applied alone or in tank mixture with propanil or quinclorac for large-sized broadleaf weed control on rice levees. Rice injury was minimal (≤5%) from all herbicides at 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), and no injury was observed at 4 WAT. Sida spinosa (prickly sida) and Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) were the most difficult-to-control weeds on levees. Of the herbicides applied alone, 2,4-D generally supplied the highest and most consistent weed control across the six species evaluated. Quinclorac was generally a better tank-mix partner than propanil for control of the weed spectrum evaluated. Propanil at 4.48 kg/ha lowered the activity of several systemic herbicides on S. spinosa, Polygonum pensylvanicum (Pennsylvania smartweed), and Ipomoea wrightii (palmleaf morningglory). Quinclorac plus 2,4-D was the most consistent tank mixture, providing more than 80% control of all weeds at 2 and 4 WAT, except A. palmeri.