钩刺山羊草（Aegilops triuncialis L.）低分子量谷蛋白基因序列分析

根据低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)基因编码区保守序列设计引物，对钩刺山羊草(Aegilops triuncialis L, 2n=4x=28, CCUU)PI483029总DNA进行PCR扩增，得到长度为900和1 065 bp的DNA片段，克隆测序后获得2个LMW-GS基因，GenBank登录号分别为AY841016和AY841017。它们具有小麦LMW-GS基因的典型结构特征。其中，AY841017具有完整编码区，长度为1 065 bp，可编码322个氨基酸残基的成熟蛋白，第一个半胱氨酸残基出现在重复区第13位。在重复区，AY841017的两个疏水单元为PIIIL和PVIIL，重复区中还存在一个连续13个Q(谷氨酰胺)组成的短肽。AY841016由于编码区内存在提前终止密码子，为假基因。氨基酸序列比较发现，AY841017与普通小麦(Iriticum aestivum L.)Glu-D3位点编码的LMW-GS基因有很高的一致性。     

斯卑尔脱小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

采用十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS－PAGE）方法，鉴定分析了80份斯卑尔脱小麦（Triticum spelta L.)高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW－GS）组成特点，3个位点上一共检测到13种不同的亚基类型，其中在Glu-Al和Glu-Bl位点上，以1和6＋8亚基出现频率最高，分别高达93．75％和78．75％，与普通小麦（T.aestivum L.)相比，斯卑尔脱小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基具有其明显的组成特点。在Glu-Dl位点上，斯卑尔脱小麦以2＋12亚基出现频率最高（87．5％），5＋10亚基次之（11．25％）。表明2＋12亚基和5＋10亚基为其主要变异类型，这与普通小麦的研究结果相似，但远低于粗山羊草（Aegilops squarrosa L.)1D染色体上的高分子量谷蛋白亚基变异形式。另外，研究还筛选出9份具有5＋10优质亚基的材料，为提高斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦是杂交种的品质杂种优势提供了基础材料。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷组分影响的Meta分析

【目的】过量施用磷肥导致土壤磷素累积,全磷含量升高,但是有效磷含量往往较低。低分子量有机酸能活化土壤难溶性磷、提高土壤磷素有效性,已成为研究热点之一。为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,本文综合分析了低分子量有机酸对不同类型土壤磷组分的影响,为低分子量有机酸的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供理论依据。【方法】通过收集近30年 (1990—2018年) 来国内外发表的低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的文章,建立了831组包含“有效磷 (available-P)”相关内容的数据库。基于Meta分析 (Meta-analysis),定量研究了不同土壤pH、全磷、有效磷含量、不同培养方式和培养时间及不同酸种类 (苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸等) 和浓度等条件下,低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷含量的影响。【结果】检索论文中的低分子量有机酸添加浓度在0～1 mol/L范围内。与不施低分子量有机酸的对照相比,低分子量有机酸可使土壤中钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和有机磷含量分别降低27.1%、21.3%、15.5%、8.22%、5.42%,有效磷含量增加213%。石灰性土壤中,低分子量有机酸可将难溶性八钙磷 (Ca₈-P)、十钙磷 (Ca₁₀-P) 转化为可吸收态的二钙磷 (Ca₂-P),Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P含量分别降低8.36%、11.8%,而Ca₂-P含量增加7.90%。在全磷含量 < 1 g/kg和有效磷含量 < 20 mg/kg的低磷土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能使有效磷含量增加331%和343%,增磷效果分别比对应的全磷含量 ≥ 1 g/kg、有效磷 ≥ 20 mg/kg的高磷土壤高107%和189%。在酸性 (pH < 6) 和中性 (pH 6～8) 土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能提高土壤有效磷含量329%和320%,在碱性 (pH > 8) 土壤中其增磷效果仅为56.9%。低分子量有机酸活化难溶性磷具有速效性和时效性,培养第1天土壤有效磷含量可增加257%,之后持续增加,在第10～20天达到最高值372%,20天后增磷效果持续减弱。振荡培养试验条件下,低分子量有机酸能使土壤有效磷含量增加334%,高于常规培养试验294%。当低分子量有机酸的添加浓度低于90 mmol/L时,酸浓度越高,其提升土壤磷有效性的效果越好。在所用的低分子有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸提升磷有效性的效果较好,分别能增加有效磷含量288%和185%。【结论】低分子量有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的效果受到土壤pH、全磷和有效磷含量的影响,也与添加的有机酸类型和浓度及添加的时间有关。低分子量有机酸提升土壤磷有效性的效果,在酸性和中性且全磷含量较低的土壤中较好。在低分子量有机酸添加量 < 90 mmol/L范围内,提升效果随添加量的增加而增加。作用的最佳效果出现在添加后的10～20天。添加草酸和柠檬酸对土壤有效磷的提升效果较好。     

基于Cytb基因的九种多刺蚁(膜翅目:蚁科)的分子系统学

为了提供我国多刺蚁属(Polyrhachis)昆虫的分子系统学资料,我们对9种多刺蚁的mtDNA的Cytb部分序列进行测定和分析。在所得465个位点的序列中,变异位点152个,占32.7%,碱基T、C、A和G的平均含量分别为42.0%、19.6%、29.2%和9.2%,A+T平均含量71.2%。在氨基酸组成上,共编码155个氨基酸。碱基替换主要发生在密码子第三位点,转换频率大于颠换频率,转换主要发生在T与C之间,颠换主要发生在T与A。以弓背蚁属(Camponotus)的黄斑弓背蚁(C. albosparsus)和浅毛弓背蚁(C.albivillosus)为外群,用NJ、MP及贝叶斯推论法构建系统发育树。本研究结果与经典分类结果相符:在9种多刺蚁中,Myrmhopla亚属的双齿多刺蚁(P. dives)独立成为一支,分化较早,位于系统进化树的最底部,最早分化出来;而Myrma亚属的亚毛多刺蚁(P. subpilosa)、梅氏多刺蚁(P. illaudata)、警觉多刺蚁(P. vigilans)以及拟梅氏多刺蚁(P.proxima)聚合成一支,位于系统进化树的最顶端,它们的亲缘关系相近,属于较进化的类群。但是Polyrhachis亚属的叶形多刺蚁(P. lamellidens)和Cyrtomyrma亚属的结多刺蚁(P. rastellata)的进化关系仍需要进一步探讨。     

Variation in zinc efficiency among and within Aegilops species

Fifteen accessions of Aegilops tauschii (DD), 10 of Ae. speltoides (SS) and 8 of the tetraploid Aegilops species sharing the U genome were used to study the influence of varied zinc (Zn) supply on development of Zn-deficiency symptoms, and on shoot dry weight and Zn concentration. Plants were grown in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions with (+Zn = 5 mg kg^—1 soil) and without (—Zn) Zn supply. Four accessions of wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides (BBAA), a group known for its high sensitivity to Zn-deficiency, were used in the experiments for comparison. As expected, the accessions of wild T. turgidum var. dicoccoides showed the highest sensitivity to Zn deficiency, and had more severe leaf symptoms of Zn deficiency (whitish-brown necrotic patches). Among the Aegilops species, leaf symptoms of Zn deficiency were, in general, more distinct in Ae. tauschii (DD) and least in Ae. speltoides (SS). Zinc efficiency, expressed as the percentage of shoot dry weight produced under conditions of Zn deficiency compared to Zn supply, averaged, 15% for T. turgidum, 32% for Ae. tauschii, 52% for Ae. speltoides and 61% for the tetraploid Aegilops species carrying the U genome. Differences in Zn efficiency among and within Aegilops species and T. turgidum were significantly correlated with the Zn amount per shoot, but not with the Zn amount per unit dry weight of shoots. The results show that Aegilops species can be exploited as an important genetic source for Zn efficiency genes, particularly Ae. speltoides var. ligustica (SS) and Ae. triuncialis (UUCC). Transfer of these genes to cultivated modern wheat may bring about a greater variation in Zn efficiency in wheat, and facilitate production of Zn-efficient modern wheat cultivars for Zn-deficient soil conditions.     

顶芒和无芒山羊草育种价值及细胞学标记

为了评价顶芒山羊草和无芒山羊草在小麦育种中的利用价值,本研究利用人工接种和近红外二极管阵列分析仪分别对圆锥小麦-顶芒山羊草双二倍体和中国春-无芒山羊草双二倍体的抗病性及籽粒品质进行了鉴/测定。结果表明,二者均近免疫小麦条锈病和白粉病,且其籽粒蛋白和湿面筋含量均极显著高于对照小麦,因此,这2个种质值得向小麦进行回交转育。为了建立可用于鉴定小麦背景中2种山羊草的细胞遗传标记辅助鉴定相应回交群体,利用寡聚核苷酸原位杂交(FISH)方法对2份双二倍体进行分析。结果发现,探针(GAA)8可有效鉴定小麦背景中的顶芒山羊草染色体;探针Oligop Sc119.2-1、Oligo-p Ta-535-1和(GAA)8结合使用可有效鉴定小麦背景中的无芒山羊草染色体。本研究首次建立的2种山羊草细胞遗传学标记可用于相应杂种后代的筛选与鉴定工作,为辅助选育含有2种山羊草优异基因的小麦新种质奠定了基础。     

Isozyme variation in species of the section Comopyrum of Aegilops

Genetic variation at 21 enzyme loci was studied in Aegilops comosa and Ae. uniaristata, the two species belonging to section Comopyrum of Aegilops. In Ae. comosa, the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.00 and the proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.667; in Ae. uniaristata they were 1.19 and 0.143, respectively. The two species were genetically distant from each other (I=0.561) supporting the previously assigned different genome symbols, M and N.     

Genetic diversity of Central Asian and north Caucasian Aegilops species as revealed by RAPD markers

RAPD analysis of 112 accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss. (genome DD), Ae. cylindrica Host (CCDD), Ae. crassa Boiss. (DDMM), Ae. biuncialis Vis. (UUMM) and Ae. triuncialis L. (UUCC) collected in the Central Asia and north Caucasia was conducted. Aegilops accessions were divided into two major groups, corresponding to the D genome species and the U genome species. These groups were also separated into sub-groups according to species, except for the Ae. tauschii-cylindrica complex of accessions from Central Asia. Aegilops tauschii from north Caucasia was divided into two varietal groups, tauschii and meyeri. The Central Asian accessions of Aegilops species were more diverse than the accessions from north Caucasia. Aegilops tauschii and Ae. cylindrica accessions from north Caucasia were genetically uniform. Associations between altitudal variation of Aegilops species and variability of RAPD markers were not found.     

Differences in seedling growth characteristics among provenances of Aegilops speltoides Tausch

Differences in physiological characteristics were analysed among accessions/provenances of Aegilops speltoides and between these accessions and the Triticum aestivum cultivar Sparta. The seedlings were cultivated for 21 days in Hoagland 3 nutrient solution. At the end of the experiment, shoot and root dry matter was determined and total plant dry mass and shoot to root ratio were calculated. Daily measurements of the leaf length were used for the calculation of the leaf growth rate and phyllochron intervals. Finally, leaf area of individual leaf blades and the nitrogen content of the whole plant were determined. With few exceptions, no statistically significant differences among accessions of Ae. speltoides were found. Compared to these accessions, T. aestivum cv. Sparta produced considerably more dry matter. This was mainly due to larger leaf blade area, while net assimilation rates were similar. It was concluded that the variability among Aegilops provenances is of minor importance and any of the tested accessions could be used as a representative of Aegilops speltoides for further experiments.     

Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii Cosson for preharvest sprouting tolerance

On day 21, total germination percentages of threshed seeds of Ae. tauschii ranged from 0.0 to 92.6, indicating a large variation in preharvest sprouting tolerance. Out of 46 Ae. tauschii accessions, seven had a germination index lower than ten, which indicates good tolerance to preharvest sprouting and usefulness for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement. The variety tauschii showed a germination percentage and a germination index much higher than that of var. strangulata. Furthermore, the tough and tenacious glumes of Ae. tauschii also had an effect on tolerance to preharvest sprouting.     

小麦品种“良麦2号”α-醇溶蛋白基因序列分析

根据α-醇溶蛋白基因编码区两端保守区设计引物，对小麦品种“良麦2号”总DNA进行PCR扩增得到约900bp的DNA片段，对其进行克隆测序，获得3条基因序列，GenBank登录号分别为：DQ417343、DQ417344和DQ417345。其中，DQ417343和DQ417345分别为942bp和921 bp，可分别编码313和306个氨基酸残基；而DQ417344编码区长度为852bp，由于存在2个提前终止密码子，不能编码有功能的成熟蛋白，为假基因。序列比对显示这3个基因与已知α-醇溶蛋白基因有较高一致性，但在N-端重复区和多聚谷氨酰胺区存在一些差异。     

绿头鸭线粒体基因组全序列分析及河鸭类系统发育关系

参照近源物种线粒体基因组序列设计引物15对,用PCR产物直接测序法测得绿头鸭线粒体基因组全序列,初步分析其基因组特点和各基因的定位。结果显示：绿头鸭线粒体基因组全长16606bp,共有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码控制区(D-loop),其组成和排列顺序与已知雁形目鸟类相似。基于GenBank已有D-loop区序列,用N-J法构建河鸭类系统进化树。结果表明：河鸭类分为3个进化枝。其中,家鸭、绿头鸭及斑嘴鸭构成一枝 ,初步推断我国家鸭起源于绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭,或是绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭的杂交后代。     

Multivariate analysis of genetic variation in Aegilops tauschii from the world germplasm collection

A study of Aegilops tauschii subspecies constitution was undertaken. The data on allozyme and morphologic variation among 308 plants from 154 accessions were used for multivariate analysis. ACPH1 and (glume width)/(rachis segment width) ratio were found to be reliable criteria to distinguish between sspp. tauschii and strangulata.     

Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath derived from Aegilops tauschii Coss.

Inheritance of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii in hexaploid wheat backgrounds (synthetic hexaploid wheat and common wheat varieties) was analyzed. The results indicated that hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii can be transferred and are expressed in hexaploid wheat. In a synthetic hexaploid wheat ('Ae. tauschii' 188) hairy auricles was proved to be controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which was different from the Pa gene located on chromosome 4BS of common wheat. The hairy leaf sheath phenotype of 'Altar 84/Ae. tauschii 188' was also controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which is obviously different from the Hls gene in T. dicoccoides. We suggest to designate the Ae. tauschii genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath as Pa2 and Hls2, respectively; such genes could be used as useful genetic markers in common wheat.