不同植被恢复模式对植被混凝土基材微生物特征的影响研究

为了解植被混凝土生态修复对土壤微生物特征的影响,测定了狗牙根、高羊茅、紫花苜蓿等几种不同植被恢复模式下土壤物理化学生物特征.结果表明:植被恢复后,土壤有机质,全氮、速效氮、微生物量碳氮升高.不同植被恢复模式对土壤改善作用不同,对有机碳、微生物量碳改善作用大小顺序为高羊茅>狗牙根>紫花苜蓿,对全氮、速效氮、微生物量氮改善作用大小依次为紫花苜蓿>高羊茅>狗牙根.植被混凝土恢复后,土壤呼吸强度升高而土壤微生物代谢熵降低.相关性分析表明微生物量碳、氮与土壤呼吸强度、土壤养分相关性密切,显然土壤微生物可以作为评价基材质量的生物学指标.     

雅砻江官地水电站生态护坡工程初期土壤肥力状况

以雅砻江官地水电站生态修复工程为例,对种植槽客土回填植草技术(ESS)和植被混凝土基材生态防护技术(CBS)在工程扰动区应用初期的土壤肥力状况进行了研究。通过选取4块具有一定代表性的生态恢复边坡样地及一块对照样地,对各样地的土壤肥力相关指标进行了测定,同时应用土壤标准综合级别法分析了土壤肥力的变化。结果表明,4块修复边坡样地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均高于对照样地,同时土壤肥力水平亦显著高于对照边坡,其中右岸植被混凝土边坡肥力最高。说明生态护坡技术可有效改善官地水电站工程扰动区的土壤环境,其中以植被混凝土护坡技术效益最为显著。     

植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤化学及生物学特性的影响

为探讨农牧交错带煤矿排土场不同植被复垦模式对土壤肥力的影响,以黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型(山杏+苜蓿(A1)、杨树+苜蓿(A2)、杨树+沙棘(A3)、杨树+披肩草+苜蓿(A4)、未复垦(CK))土壤为研究对象,通过简单相关分析和通径分析研究浅层(0—20cm)土壤化学性质和酶活性与土壤微生物量间的相关关系,揭示不同植被复垦下土壤微生物量差异的驱动因子,并采用土壤恢复指数(RI)评价不同植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤质量的影响。结果表明:(1)与未复垦(CK)相比,不同植被复垦样地土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均显著增加(p<0.05),但pH无明显变化规律且差异不显著(p>0.05),并且0—10cm明显高于10—20cm土层。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性和有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与pH和有效磷含量则均未表现出相关性。由于土壤微生物量碳和氮对有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性变化比较敏感,因此对土壤性质变化具有指示作用。(3)不同植被复垦土壤恢复指数在0—10,10—20cm土层分别表现为A3>A2>A4>A1和A3>A2>A1>A4。因此,杨树+沙棘(A3)和杨树+苜蓿(A2)复垦方式对矿区排土场土壤质量的改善较好。     

植被混凝土基材崩解特性试验研究

应用设计好的试验装置,对3组不同水泥掺入比的植被混凝土基材进行了崩解试验,阐述了植被混凝土基材遇水时的崩解机理。试验结果表明:水泥掺入比对植被混凝土基材总孔隙率的影响是抑制基材崩解的主要原因,掺有水泥的植被混凝土基材的崩解速率明显低于未掺水泥的基材样品,基材崩解速率随水泥掺入比的加大而降低。依据获得的试验数据分析得出了基材应用效果不佳的原因并提出了建议,可为植被混凝土基材的改良提供一定的理论基础。     

不同基材边坡土壤肥力变化趋势预测——以向家坝水电站工程区为例

[目的]对向家坝水电站工程区7种不同基材边坡土壤在2005—2014年的肥力进行测定和分析,并预测未来肥力变化趋势,旨在为大型水利水电工程区边坡植被重建及生态恢复提供理论与技术支撑。[方法]运用灰色理论研究各肥力因子间的灰色关联度,以此确立主要肥力因子来表征土壤肥力,而后建立Logistic预测模型探讨土壤肥力未来25a的变化情况。[结果]微生物量与其他肥力因子间的灰色关联度均大于其他肥力因子相互之间的灰色关联度,可作为主要肥力因子来表征土壤的肥力水平;2005—2040年上述边坡土壤微生物量(肥力水平)总体表现为:天然林天然次生林植被混凝土边坡厚层基材框格梁回填土客土喷播弃渣地。[结论]随着时间的推移,各边坡土壤的微生物量(肥力水平)将最终趋向稳定,在人工营造的边坡植被生境中,植被混凝土边坡的土壤肥力表现最佳。     

复垦年限及植被模式对煤矿复垦土壤微生物多样性的影响

了解露天煤矿区复垦状况及其对土壤微生物的影响机制,对于估算受损生态系统的恢复程度至关重要。该文以采用多种模式复垦的安太堡露天煤矿为研究区域,通过野外调查与采样分析,借助于Biolog EcoPlatesTM方法对复垦区和原地貌(对照)表层土壤中的微生物功能多样性状况进行了探索,评价了复垦年限和复垦植被模式对土壤微生物特征的恢复效应;并从土壤物理化学性质(土壤容重、pH值、土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾)和生物性质(土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮)中筛选可反映土壤微生物功能多样性变化的代表性指示物质。结果表明:1)露天煤矿复垦年限和复垦植被模式均对土壤微生物的功能多样性有明显影响。复垦年限越长的样地中土壤微生物有较高的活性和均匀度,但丰富度较低;若样地的复垦年限较长,复垦植物种植模式对土壤微生物多样性的作用强于复垦时长对其的影响。2)从土壤微生物多样性恢复层面分析,单一植物复垦配置的优化次序为杏树、榆树和柠条,混交林配置较优的选择为柠条×刺槐。3)土壤微生物生物量碳的含量与土壤微生物功能多样性指标Shannon-Wiener指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.01)和McIntosh指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.05)显著负相关,在一定程度上可作为复垦区生物多样性指示物质。研究成果将为露天煤矿及其所在区域的生态恢复、治理和监测提供参考。     

不同修复技术下抽水蓄能电站边坡土壤养分特征分析

以安徽绩溪抽水蓄能电站下库左坝肩边坡修复工程为例,在边坡修复工程完成2年后,对采用植被混凝土厚层基材生态防护技术(TBS)和种植槽护坡绿化技术(ESS)的边坡土壤养分进行了测定,同时应用构建的土壤综合养分评分指标体系分析了土壤养分的整体水平。结果表明,采用TBS技术修复的3个边坡样地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量等养分指标及土壤综合养分水平均高于采用ESS技术修复的3个边坡样地,说明采用含基材客土进行修复能有效改善抽水蓄能电站工程扰动边坡的土壤环境。此外,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量与土壤综合养分评分的相关性最为显著,后续边坡养护过程中调控上述3项指标可快速提升土壤整体养分水平。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复措施对土壤养分和微生物量C、N、P的影响

以黄土丘陵典型地区-宁夏固原不同植被恢复措施:撂荒地、人工草地、天然草地和灌木林地(柠条)为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的变化.研究结果表明:不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳和微生物量磷含量均表现为撂荒地<人工草地<天然草地<灌木林地,微生物量氮以人工草地略低,撂荒地和柠条林地较大.土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与土地利用方式关系密切.柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显的促进作用.     

宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤养分和微生物生物量的影响

本研究以宁夏固原天然草地、农地、撂荒地和不同年限的柠条林地为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化。研究结果表明:土壤养分除速效磷和全氮外,其他指标均为农地最低,撂荒地次之,并且随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳含量表现为撂荒地农地天然草地3年柠条林地13年柠条林地23年柠条林地,微生物量氮以天然草地最低,农地、撂荒地和不同年限柠条林地较大,不同植被类型土壤微生物量磷差异显著,在5~20cm土层和20~40cm土壤中表现尤为突出。土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与植被类型和植被恢复年限关系密切。柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显促进作用,并且随着植被恢复年限的增加改良效果越显著。     

毛乌素沙地不同植被恢复措施下土壤理化性质空间分布特征

[目的] 探讨不同植被恢复措施下土壤理化性质的空间分布特征,为半干旱沙区植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法] 以毛乌素沙地西南边缘3种典型植被恢复模式(封育草地、飞播林地和人工柠条林地)为研究对象,以退化草地为对照,通过采集0—40 cm范围内3个土层的土壤,研究了其土壤理化指标和土壤综合肥力。[结果] ①在不同措施下土壤表层(0—10 cm)含水量显著增加,而在深层(10—40 cm)土壤则显著降低;与之相反的是土壤表层容重显著降低,而在深层土壤差异不显著,呈现弱变异;植被恢复显著降低了上层(0—20 cm)土壤pH值,而对20—40 cm土层差异不显著;此外,同一植被类型下随着土层加深土壤含水量(SWC)、容重(BD)、pH值均逐渐增加。②不同措施下土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)含量显著增加,封育样地SOM最高,飞播样地土壤TN最高,而速效磷(AP)含量显著降低,土壤全磷(TP)、SOM、TN等养分含量具有表聚性,土壤AP和速效氮(AN)含量在不同植被恢复、不同土层之间存在差异性。③土壤综合肥力指数呈现为：飞播样地(0.794)>封育样地(0.662)>对照样地(0.637)>柠条林地(0.603),即土壤质量在飞播样地最高,而在柠条林地最低。[结论] 3种植被恢复模式均对土壤各理化指标有显著影响,不同植被恢复措施导致土壤各指标在垂直剖面上发生不同程度的变异,毛乌素沙地适宜进行飞播造林,而不宜大面积种植人工柠条林。     

Changes in nutrient content,enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil due to application of different vermicomposts: a comparative study of ergosterol and chitin to determine fungal biomass in soil

In this experiment, vermicomposts, prepared from five different waste materials, were applied to acid lateritic soil under field conditions and soil samples were collected after 90 days to study the effect of vermicomposts on different chemical and biochemical. Results suggest that vermicompost prepared from paddy straw is most effective to improve nutrient content, enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil. Vermicompost application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the concentration of organic C, mineralizable N, available P and exchangeable K in soil. Amylase, protease, urease and acid phosphatase activities were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils compared with the control. Both basal and substrate‐induced microbial respiration, microbial biomass C and N and fungal population in lateritic soil were increased due to vermicompost application. Ergosterol and chitin content were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils over the control. Application of vermicompost increased the proportion of fungal biomass in total soil microorganisms.     

保水剂和微生物菌肥配施对旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响

为探讨保水剂和微生物菌肥配施后旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响,在内蒙古黄土高原旱作农田设置不施用保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK)、保水剂和微生物菌肥配施(A)、单施微生物菌肥(B)和单施保水剂(C)4个处理,分析燕麦全生育期内0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性时空动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)全生育期,土壤微生物量碳含量呈"双峰"曲线变化,峰值均出现在孕穗期和灌浆期;氮含量呈先降低后升高再降低趋势,苗期含量最高;过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均呈"单峰"曲线变化,过氧化氢酶、土壤蔗糖酶峰值在孕穗期,土壤脲酶则在抽穗期。(2)除CK外,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm,其中配施(A)对0—10,10—20 cm影响均显著(p0.05),单施(B、C)仅对10—20 cm土层影响显著(p0.05)。(3)10—20 cm土层,配施(A)与其他3个处理间差异均显著(p0.05),提高微生物量碳含量4.82%～40.28%、微生物生物量氮含量8.44%～68.66%、过氧化氢酶活性13.32%～60.16%、蔗糖酶活性10.45%～39.14%、脲酶活性12.40%～55.62%。(4)配施(A)能同时显著(p0.05)提高燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量,提高幅度分别为8.40%～20.12%和10.80%～25.09%。因此,保水剂和微生物菌肥配施在黄土高原旱作区具有较好改善土壤微生物活性效果,提高旱作燕麦产量。     

蚯蚓活动和秸秆施用方式对土壤生物学性质的动态影响

通过实验室短期培养研究接种蚯蚓和有机物不同施用方式(混施与表施)对土壤微生物类群、土壤微生物量以及呼吸强度等土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,接种蚯蚓对土壤可培养酵母菌、细菌数量和土壤底物诱导呼吸强度有明显促进作用。最高增幅分别达到相应未接种蚯蚓处理的5.18,8.88,2.50倍。蚯蚓活动对土壤微生物量及真菌数量的影响受到秸秆施用的影响:在混施和不施秸秆的处理(SRME、SE)中显著抑制丝状真菌数量;在混施秸秆处理中蚯蚓活动降低了SMBC含量。秸秆的施用方式对土壤微生物性状也有较大影响。混施秸秆处理中,土壤酵母菌、细菌数量、土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸强度增加也最为明显,而丝状真菌数量的增加幅度却不如表施秸秆处理。各处理土壤微生物量碳随时间变化趋势比较一致,呈现先降(第4周)后增的变化趋势,其他测定项目没有一致的随时间变化的规律。方差分析表明秸秆施用对土壤微生物量氮和可培养微生物数量变化的贡献最大,分别达到96.5%(SMBN)、77.9%(细菌)、69.4%(酵母菌)和85.3%(丝状真菌)。并且时间、秸秆和蚯蚓因子间存在强烈交互作用。     

不同土地利用方式下的蚯蚓种群特征及其与土壤生物肥力的关系

采用样方法对华北平原(河北曲周)盐渍化改造区7种土地利用方式下的蚯蚓种群进行详细调查,并通过培养实验研究了蚯蚓种群特征对若干土壤生物学指标的影响。结果表明:(1)在7种土地利用调查样地中共存在蚯蚓有3个科,5个属,5个种,其中赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)占调查样地总个体数的60%以上,梯形流蚓(Aporrectodea trapezoides)和赤子爱胜蚓两个种在本地区广泛分布,样点出现频率分别为74%和44%,为该地区的优势种;(2)不同土地利用方式的蚯蚓种群密度及生物量变化趋势是:庭院菜地>直立免耕>清茬免耕>商品菜地>传统玉米地>果园>原貌地。其中庭院菜地蚯蚓种群的平均密度和生物量分别达到272 Ind.m-2和68.04gm-2;(3)蚯蚓种群密度和物种数等种群特征与土壤基础呼吸强度、微生物生物量碳含量成显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤基础呼吸商成显著负相关(p<0.01);(4)不同土地利用方式下,蚯蚓的种群密度、生物量等种群特征对土壤中微生物群落的影响作用显著。蚯蚓生物量越大、种群越丰富的土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效成分越高,反之则相反。室内培养实验表明,随着蚯蚓个体数量增加土壤原生动物总丰度、微生物生物量碳、氮也存在升高的趋势,与用土壤生物学特性指标及土壤化学特性指标评价的结果基本一致。     

Microbial biomass and activity indices after organic substrate addition to a selenium-contaminated soil

High concentrations of Se in soil might have negative effects on microorganisms. For this reason, the effect of organic substrate addition (glucose + maize straw) on Se volatilisation in relation to changes in microbial biomass and activity indices was investigated using an artificially Se-contaminated soil. Microbial biomass N was reduced on average by more than 50% after substrate addition, but adenylate energy charge (AEC) and metabolic quotient qCO₂ were both increased. The Se content decreased by nearly 30% only with the addition of the organic substrate at 25°C. No significant Se loss occurred without substrate at 25°C or with substrate at 5°C. In the two treatments with substrate addition, the substrate-derived CO₂ evolution was about 30% lower with Se addition than without. In contrast, Se had no effect on any of the other soil microbial indices analysed, i.e. microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), AEC, ATP-to-microbial biomass C, and qCO₂.     

Microbial biomass and enzyme activities: Production and persistence

The production and persistence of microbial biomass and also urease, phosphate and casein-hydrolysing activities were investigated when either glucose or ryegrass were added, as energy sources, with ¹⁵NO₃^? to a clay-loam soil. Both direct count and fumigation methods were used to determine soil microbial biomass. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities increased after the addition of energy sources. Increases in phosphatase and urease activities coincided mainly with increases in bacterial biomass and with the rapid immobilization of labeled N. Conversely, the increase in casein-hydrolysing activities preceded the phase of net mineralization that occurred during the later period of incubation.Although microbial biomass and the biochemical activities tested increased in the soils treated with energy supplies, they eventually decreased to the level of the control soil. Even the increases in biomass and enzyme activities present at zero time, as a result of the addition to the soil of exogenous microorganisms and enzymes with the ryegrass, were not maintained after extensive incubation. The influence of homeostatie mechanisms which tend to maintain a stable biological composition in the soil microbial population is discussed. A possible relationship between the available “active” or “biological” space, total microbial biomass and total enzyme activity in soil is suggested.     

Soil fertility and bacterial community composition in a semiarid Mediterranean agricultural soil under long-term tillage management

This research attempted to investigate a part of the United Nations sustainable development goal 15, dealing with preventing land degradation and halting the loss of microorganisms’ diversity. Since soil deterioration and biodiversity loss in the Mediterranean area are occurring because of intensive management, we evaluated some biochemical and microbiological parameters and bacterial biodiversity under long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) practices, in Basilicata, a typical Region of Southern Italy, characterized by a semiarid ecosystem. The highest biological fertility index (BFI) (composed of soil organic matter, microbial biomass C, cumulative microbial respiration during 25 days of incubation, basal respiration, metabolic quotient and mineralization quotient) was determined for the 0–20 cm of NT soil (class V, high biological fertility level). The analysis of the taxonomic composition at the phylum level revealed the higher relative abundance of copiotrophic bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the NT soil samples as compared to the CT soil. These copiotrophic phyla, more important decomposers of soil organic matter (SOM) than oligotrophic phyla, are responsible of a higher microbial C use efficiency (CUE) in tilled soil, being microbial community composition, C substrates content and CUE closely linked. The higher Chao1 and Shannon indices, under the NT management, also supported the hypothesis that the bacterial diversity and richness increased in the no-till soils. In conclusion, we can assume that the long-term no-tillage can preserve an agricultural soil in a semiarid ecosystem, enhancing soil biological fertility level and bacterial diversity.     

Microbial respiration and biomass (substrate-induced respiration) in soils of old-growth and regenerating forests on northern Vancouver Island,British Columbia

In studying the basal respiration, microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration, SIR), and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don)-western hemlock [(Tsuga heterophylla Raf.) Sarg.] ecosystems (old-growth forests, 3- and 10-year-old plantations) on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, we predicted that (1) soil basal respiration would be reduced by harvesting and burning, reflecting the reduction in microbial biomass and activities; (2) the microbial biomass would be reduced by harvesting and slash-burning, due to the excessive heat of the burning or due to reduced substrate availability; (3) microbial biomass in the plantations would tend to recover to the preharvesting levels with growth of the trees and increased substrate availability; and (4) microbial biomass measured by the SIR method would compare well with that measured by the fumigation-extraction (FE) method. Decaying litter layer (F), woody F (Fw) and humus layer (H) materials were sampled four times in the summer of 1992. The results obtained supported the four predictions. Microbial biomass was reduced in the harvested and slash-burned plots. Both SIR and FE methods provided equally good estimates of microbial biomass in the samples [SIR microbial C (mg g^-1)=0.227+0.458 FE microbial C (mg g^-1), r=0.63, P=0.0001] and proved suitable for microbial biomass measurements in this strongly acidic soil. Basal respiration was significantly greater in the old-growth forests than in the young plantations (P<0.05) in both F and H layers, but not in the Fw layer. For the 3- and 10-year-old plantations, there was no difference in basal respiration in F, Fw, and H layers. Basal respiration was related to changes in air temperature, precipitation, and the soil moisture contant at the time of sampling. The qCO₂ values were higher in the old-growth stands than in the plantations. Clear-cutting followed by prescribed burning did not increase soil microbial respiration, but CO₂ released from slash-burning and that contributed from other sources may be of concern to increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.     

Soil microbial biomass and activity: the effect of site characteristics in humid temperate forest ecosystems

Microbial biomass, respiratory activity, and in‐situ substrate decomposition were studied in soils from humid temperate forest ecosystems in SW Germany. The sites cover a wide range of abiotic soil and climatic properties. Microbial biomass and respiration were related to both soil dry mass in individual horizons and to the soil volume in the top 25 cm. Soil microbial properties covered the following ranges: soil microbial biomass: 20 µg C g^–1–8.3 mg C g^–1 and 14–249 g C m^–2, respectively; microbial C–to–total organic C ratio: 0.1%–3.6%; soil respiration: 109–963 mg CO₂‐C m^–2 h^–1; metabolic quotient (qCO₂): 1.4–14.7 mg C (g C_mic)^–1 h^–1; daily in‐situ substrate decomposition rate: 0.17%–2.3%. The main abiotic properties affecting concentrations of microbial biomass differed between forest‐floor/organic horizons and mineral horizons. Whereas microbial biomass decreased with increasing soil moisture and altitude in the forest‐floor/organic horizons, it increased with increasing N_tot content and pH value in the mineral horizons. Quantities of microbial biomass in forest soils appear to be mainly controlled by the quality of the soil organic matter (SOM), i.e., by its C : N ratio, the quantity of N_tot, the soil pH, and also showed an optimum relationship with increasing soil moisture conditions. The ratio of C_mic to C_org was a good indicator of SOM quality. The quality of the SOM (C : N ratio) and soil pH appear to be crucial for the incorporation of C into microbial tissue. The data and functional relations between microbial and abiotic variables from this study provide the basis for a valuation scheme for the function of soils to serve as a habitat for microorganisms.