共存阳离子（Ca、Zn、K）对土壤镉有效性的影响

采用盆栽与吸附试验,研究了镉污染赤红壤上,施用相同摩尔浓度的钙、钾与锌对小油菜生物量、镉吸收量及土壤镉吸附的影响。结果表明,低和高镉污染赤红壤上,施用锌明显增加小油菜地上部生物量,较对照分别增产21.1%和7.82%。不同阳离子（钠、钙、钾和锌离子）共存改变土壤吸附镉能力的程度不同,与钠体系相比,钙、钾和锌体系中土壤镉吸附量分别降低65.6%、72.0%和96.9%,共存离子降低土壤镉吸附量的次序为锌离子〉钾离子和钙离子,锌离子的影响最为明显。高镉污染赤红壤上,钙和钾使小油菜吸镉量分别增加5.5%和14.4%,低于低镉污染赤红壤上钙和钾使小油菜吸镉的增加量（分别为16.6%和19.6%）;锌明显降低小油菜吸镉量,高和低镉污染赤红壤上,较对照分别减少45.8%和35.0%。3种阳离子与镉共存时,对土壤镉生物有效性的影响差异取决于竞争吸附与竞争吸收的大小,其机制有待进一步探讨。     

镉和铅在2种典型土壤中的吸附及其与温度的关系

采用批平衡法研究我国2种典型土壤对镉和铅的吸附特性及其与温度的关系,运用热力学参数△G°、△H°和△S°解释土壤镉和铅的吸附机理,并对镉和铅在复合共存情况下的吸附特性进行讨论.结果表明,镉和铅在土壤中的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,镉和铅的吸附分别符合Freundlich模型和Lang-muir模型.壤土对镉和铅的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量均大于红壤的.镉和铅复合共存时,2种重金属的吸附均受到抑制;温度升高时,镉和铅对彼此的抑制作用有所减弱.吉布斯自由能变△G°为负值表明镉和铅吸附反应为自发反应;△H°为正值衰明土壤对镉和铅的吸附为吸热反应.单一存在时,镉在填土和红壤中的主要作用力分别为氢键和范德华力;而铅在壤土和红壤中的主要作用力均为范德华力.复合共存时,镉和铅的主要作用力发生改变.     

根系分泌物对镉生物有效性的影响

通过凝胶色谱分析和吸附，解吸，扩散，盆载试验研究表明：玉米根系水溶性有机分泌物与镉的络合可达１２８ｍｍｏｌｅ／１００ｇ，新鲜根系分泌物减少土壤对镉的吸附，提高其扩散性，但经培养分解后则起相反作用。施用铵态氮显著降低根际土壤ｐＨ，增加土壤可解吸性镉和株吸镉量，施用硝态氮肥则相反。     

长期施肥对作物铜、铅、铬、镉含量的影响

为了弄清长期施肥对作物重金属含量的影响,利用长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥措施对小麦、水稻铜、铅、铬、镉含量的影响,并对其籽粒中重金属的含量进行了安全性评价,结果表明,长期施肥影响了小麦和水稻中铜、铅、铬、镉的含量,小麦、水稻籽粒中铅、铬、镉含量长期施肥处理均明显增加,其中铅、铬含量都超过了国家食品卫生标准,施磷处理水稻籽粒中镉含量也严重超标.小麦、水稻对土壤铜和铬的富集能力较强,对铅、镉的富集能力较小;小麦对铬和铜的富集能力大于水稻,其富集系数分别是水稻的2.5倍和2.8倍.而水稻对镉的富集能力大于小麦,富集系数是小麦的2.1倍.     

不同改良剂对重金属污染土壤中小麦镉吸收的影响

为探讨不同改良剂及用量对重金属污染土壤的修复作用和效果,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究不同改良剂(K2HPO4、鸡粪、Na2S)对小麦生物量、不同组织镉吸收量、土壤pH及土壤有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明:3种改良剂均增加了小麦籽粒和茎秆重,对小麦的生长起到了促进作用,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理下,小麦籽粒重和茎秆重最高;不同改良剂均可降低小麦地上部和根系镉含量,0.004 8g/kg Na_2S(C3)处理水平下,地上部和根系镉含量与对照相比分别下降了69.72%,59.42%,下降幅度最大。其中,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理水平下转运系数最小,对重金属从根系向地上部迁移的抑制力最强;鸡粪(B)、Na_2S(C)可显著降低小麦籽粒中的镉浓度,K2HPO4(A)对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度无显著影响,但随着用量的增加,小麦籽粒镉浓度呈现降低的趋势,3种改良剂对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度的作用效果为Na_2S鸡粪K_2HPO_4;施加改良剂增加了土壤pH,土壤有效态镉含量随改良剂用量的增加呈下降趋势,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)与对照相比下降幅度最大,达48%。     

环境材料对铅、镉、砷胁迫下玉米种子萌发的影响

环境材料的应用是缓解重金属污染对植物种子萌发抑制作用的重要途径之一,采用水培试验方法,在含有重金属铅（100mg·L-1）、镉（30mg·L-1）、砷（10mg·L-1）的培养液中添加环境材料（高分子保水材料、煤基营养物质和吸附性矿物材料）,探讨不同环境材料及其组合对玉米种子萌发的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各环境材料处理对重金属抑制玉米种子萌发均有不同程度缓解作用,且对根的伸长缓解效果较芽明显。高分子保水材料及其组合对缓解铅、镉、砷毒性作用明显;高分子保水材料、煤基营养物质和吸附性矿物材料组合对重金属毒害作物的缓解效果最大：该复合材料处理可使铅对玉米种子发芽率抑制率为零,芽长较对照减小64%;可使镉对玉米种子发芽率抑制率仅5%,而芽长较对照增加65%;可使砷对玉米种子发芽率增加26%,芽长较对照增加12%。     

四种典型重金属污染对土壤吸附磷的影响

以空白土壤和人工制备的不同浓度铜、砷、镉和铅污染土壤为对象,研究了在不同pH值、温度和柠檬酸浓度条件下重金属污染对土壤吸附磷的影响,并对其进行了相关过程的等温和吸附动力学的机理分析。研究结果表明,空白土壤和As污染土壤吸附磷的等温吸附过程符合Temkin方程,Cu、Pb、Cd污染土壤吸附磷的等温吸附过程符合Freundlich方程,空白土壤和重金属污染土壤吸附磷的动力学过程均符合Elovich方程;重金属污染对土壤吸附磷有一定的抑制作用,抑制程度与污染物浓度呈现显著的正相关,且随外在环境因子的改变而不同。当重金属元素铜、铅、砷、镉的含量分别为200、80、25、0.8 mg kg^-1时:pH值为5时,重金属对土壤吸附磷抑制作用最小,土壤吸附磷量分别降低了30.18%、13.54%、30.74%、37.23%,其抑制作用程度为:Cd> As> Cu> Pb;土壤吸附磷量与温度呈现显著的正相关,温度变化为25~45℃时,土壤对磷的吸附量分别增大了17.14%~28.83%、6.72%~16.05%、8.68%~9.13%、10.30%~23.45%,同一条件下重金属对土壤吸附磷抑制作用程度为Cu> Cd> As> Pb;重金属污染土壤吸附磷量与柠檬酸浓度成负相关,柠檬酸浓度为50 mg L^-1时,土壤吸附磷量分别降低了19.87%、21.94%、23.18%、24.84%,相同柠檬酸浓度下其抑制作用程度为Cd> As> Pb> Cu。     

有机酸淋洗对土壤Cd纵向迁移及有效性的影响

针对保定市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状,采用土柱模拟淋洗试验,以自然Cd污染土壤为对象,研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸3种淋洗剂对污染土壤中镉纵向迁移的影响,以及有效态镉在表层污染土壤中(0-20cm)的变化规律。结果表明:淋洗后表层污染土壤中Cd含量均随着有机酸添加量的增加而降低,随着EDTA添加量增加各处理较对照分别降低了4.72%,8.96%,19.38%,30.46%;不同柠檬酸添加量处理较对照分别降低了0.42%,1.14%,16.9%,27.9%;不同草酸处理较对照分别降低了4.23%,5.70%,14.01%,17.75%。随着有机酸添加量的增加,底层全镉(20-50cm)迁移深度增加,最大迁移深度可达到40cm,含量随着深度的增加而减少,3种有机酸对污染土壤镉迁移能力顺序为EDTA>柠檬酸>草酸。除低柠檬酸添加量处理下(<75kg/667m2)表层污染土壤有效镉含量较对照略有降低外,土壤有效态镉的含量均随着各有机酸添加量的增加而增加,且两者之间呈显著的线性正相关。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

镉与柠檬酸、EDTA在几种典型土壤中交互作用的研究

采用批平衡实验方法研究了镉在青黑土 (IB)、黄棕壤 (YB)和红壤 (R)三种土壤上的吸附和解吸过程以及吸附介质酸度、共存有机酸等对此过程的影响。结果表明 :柠檬酸、EDTA的存在明显降低了镉在黄棕壤和青黑土上的吸附 ,同时镉解吸率较在硝酸钠体系要小 ,有机物的存在增加了土壤中镉的相对非饱和吸附点位。而在红壤上有机物的存在对镉的影响则随介质pH的改变而发生显著变化。酸性条件下 ,有机物的存在增加镉在红壤上的吸附 ,而随pH的增加 ,有机物减少镉的吸附。同时镉在硝酸钠体系中的解吸率随总吸附量的增加而呈现峰形的变化规律。土壤类型变化显著影响镉与有机物之间的交互作用过程     

土壤－水分－植物体系中铅和镉的交互作用及其机制: Ⅱ. 根际中Pb-Cd的交互作用

The interaction of Pb-Cd can be observed not only in the uptake process of elements by plants and in their influence on the growth,but also in rhizosphere.The changes in extractable Cd and Pb concentrations in the rhizosphere soil of rice plants ,root exudates from wheat and wheat plant and their complexing capacity,with Pa and Cd were investigated under different Pb and Cd treatments.Results showed that the concentration of extractable Cd in the rhizosphere of rice in red soil was markedly increased by Pb-Cd interaction,It increased by 56% in the treatment with Pb and Cd added against that in the treatment with only Cd added in soil . The considerable differences in both composition and amount of root exudate from wheat and rice were found among different treatments.Pb and Cd might be complexed by root exudates ,The concentrations of free Pb and Cd in the solution were increased markedly by adding root exudate from wheat and decreased by that from rice due to Pd-Cd interaction.The distribution patterns of Pb and Cd in roots were affected by Pb-Cd interaction,which accelerated transport of Pb into internal tissue and retarded accumulation of Cd in external tissue.     

Root Exudates Increase Metal Accumulation in Mixed Cultures: Implications for Naturally Enhanced Phytoextraction

Soluble root exudates collected from the barley grown in Fe deficient-nutrition solutions were added to soil to study their effects on metal solubility. The results showed that the addition of barley root exudates from the Fe deficient-nutrition solutions resulted in a 4.7-, 3.2-, 9.7-, 4.9- and 11.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soluble Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Fe, respectively, in comparison with the root exudates from the full-nutrition solutions. When peas were placed in a mixed culture with barley in pots, the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Fe in the shoots of the peas were 1.5-, 1.8-, 1.4-, 1.4- and 1.3 times higher than those grown in sole (single culture pots). It was hypothesized that the root exudates from barley in the mixed culture system played an important role in the process of solubilizing metals in soil and facilitating the uptake of metals by peas. Although the improved efficiency from the current experiments was relatively low, it may indicate a potential approach to the remediation of metal-contaminated soils in a naturally enhanced way.     

From soil to rice – a typical study of transfer and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in China

For the purpose of studying the contamination, bioaccumulation and transfer of heavy metals and understanding the effects of soil properties on these, the work was carried out on a regional scale. A total of 30 sets of soil and pairing rice tissues samples (root, straw and grain) were collected in Xiangzhou of Guangxi, China; soil properties and Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn of different rice tissues were analyzed. The mobility and bioaccumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were assessed by transfer coefficients and bioaccumulation factors of them. The results indicated that the excess proportions of Cd and Pb were 50%, 3.33% and 30%, 6.67% in soil and rice grain, respectively, according to Chinese maximum permitted concentrations of heavy metals. Cd and Zn showed stronger bioaccumulation and mobility capability; the bioaccumulation and transfer of Cu were slightly lower than Cd and Zn; Pb had the weakest mobility. The bioaccumulation and mobility of heavy metals from soil to rice were restrained by soil pH, CaO, SOC, Fe oxides and Mn.     

根表铁氧化物和缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响

在人工光照植物培养室中采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同镉浓度条件下,水稻根表沉积的铁氧化物及缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明：（１）水稻根只的铁氧化物对其生长介质的镉有富集作用,并在一定程度上能促进水稻对镉的吸收。水稻生长的铁营养状况不同,则地上部镉含量不同,地上部镉含量达到最大峰值时根表铁氧化物的数量也不同。（２）当根表铁氧化物数量一定时,随着营养液中镉浓度的增大（镉的处理浓度为０、０．０     

工业和农业污染稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移比较

[目的]稻田土壤重金属污染是当前农产品安全生产关注的重要问题.本文比较分析工业和农业污染源稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移,以期为稻田土壤重金属污染控制提供参考.[方法]在长江中下游地区调查选取工业源和农业源重金属污染稻田各27块,在水稻成熟期使用抖根法采集根际土壤及水稻根系和籽粒样品,采用Tessier七步提取...     

不同磷肥浓度下土壤-水稻系统重金属的时空累积特征

针对磷肥是水稻田重金属污染的主要来源,采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的研究方法,在吉林省九台市饮马河老稻田区,开展5种磷肥浓度处理对土壤-水稻系统重金属Cd和Pb的时空累积、分布特征研究。结果显示,磷肥中Cd和Pb含量高于土壤背景值,但没有超出国家土壤环境质量（二级）限定范围。磷肥施入土壤后,部分滞留在土壤里,少量向地上部分迁移,水稻根部累积重金属含量较高。随水稻生育期的变化,成熟期重金属在根、叶和籽实累积量最大,茎的重金属累积量在孕穗期达到最大。重金属Cd在水稻各器官的迁移能力为根〉籽粒〉叶〉茎,Pb的迁移能力为根〉叶〉籽粒〉茎,Cd在水稻地上部分的迁移能力要明显强于Pb。磷肥施用量和重金属含量的关系可用线性回归方程来模拟,相关性检验显示重金属累积量与磷肥施用浓度均达到显著相关（P〈0.01）（除根中Cd含量与磷肥浓度达到0.05显著水平）,说明水稻栽培生产中过量使用磷肥,能产生重金属对土壤和稻米的污染,进而导致重金属对人畜健康的潜在威胁。     

水洗处理对秸秆生物质炭吸附解吸Cd2+和Pb2+的特性影响

水洗处理在不影响生物质炭性质的前提下,可以去除附着在其表面的热解副产物,从而保证对重金属离子的去除能力。以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,比较两种秸秆类生物质炭对溶液Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附解吸特点及其水溶性盐分含量的影响。结果表明,小麦和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附过程均更好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程。小麦秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量达12.82 mg g?1和9.91 mg g?1,为玉米秸秆吸附量的1.31 ~ 1.76倍和1.06 ~ 1.53倍。洗脱水溶性盐分可以降低生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附,水洗后小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+的最大吸附量分别降低42.36%和60.13%,对Pb2+的最大吸附量分别降低29.47%和62.72%。水洗处理提高了两种秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸率,其中小麦秸秆生物质炭提高幅度较大,由原来对Cd2+的解吸率为1.84% ~ 13.05%提高到7.88% ~ 20.19%,对Pb2+的解吸率为1.57% ~ 11.82%提高到6.34% ~ 16.94%。因此,可溶性盐分在秸秆生物质炭吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的过程中具有重要作用,该研究结果将为制备高效修复重金属污染土壤的生物质材料提供技术支撑。     

Cadmium,Nickel, Chromium,and Lead Levels in Soils and Vegetables under Long‐Term Irrigation with Industrial Wastewater

Abstract: The industrial activity areas, rivers, and water sources in neighboring areas are influenced by wastewater of manufacturers. Utilizing water influenced by wastewater increased heavy metals in soils and plants. In 2004, to investigate the effects of wastewater on cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) content in soil and plants, wastewaters of three manufactures (chrome chemical, wood and paper, and textiles) were examined. At harvest time roots, whole shoots (rice, spinach, clover, grass), and rice grain in industrial wastewater–influenced areas and uninfluenced areas were sampled. Soil samples were also taken (0–15, 15–30 cm). Results indicated that when wastewater was discharged into the river water, the concentrations of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb increased in river water. Application of river water influenced by industrial wastewater for irrigation of rice and another plants enhanced, the amounts of available Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in soil. In subsurface horizons (15–30 cm), the concentrations of heavy metals were more than in the surface horizon (0–15 cm). With increasing cation exchange capacity in the soil, the amount of available Cr increased. When the calcium carbonate content in soils was raised, the available Cd and Pb increased in the soil, but Ni and Cr decreased. Meanwhile, organic matter enhanced the concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Accumulations of heavy metals were higher in the roots of rice (control and treatment) than in shoot and rice grain. Cadmium accumulation in rice root was three times that in whole shoot, and grain was two times more than control. The concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Pb in root, whole shoot, and grain of rice were two times higher in industrial wastewater–treated areas. The concentrations of heavy metals in root and whole shoot of spinach, clover, and grass in industrial wastewater area increased about 100%, but not to a toxic level. Cadmium translocated more than other heavy metals from soil to root, whole shoot, and grain of rice, and whole shoot of spinach, clover, and grass.     

水分管理对复合污染稻田Pb、Cd和As迁移特性及稻米质量安全的影响

水稻种植管理过程中水分控制关系着稻米质量安全.本研究通过田间大区试验,研究了种植根部起垄(RR)、干湿交替(IF)、长期淹水(CF)和常规管理(CK)4种水分管理模式对土壤重金属Pb、Cd和As的迁移、转运特性及对水稻质量安全的影响.结果表明:RR模式可以显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd和As含量;CF模式可显著增加土壤中Pb...     

冶炼企业影响的土壤-水稻系统中重金属分布特性及污染评价

以苏南某冶炼厂原址场地附近土壤、水稻为对象,研究了土壤及水稻籽粒中重金属（Cu、Pb、Cd）污染状况及其迁移、累积特征。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属综合污染指数均大于3,污染等级超过5级,属重度污染且各重金属间污染程度呈现Cd〉Cu〉Pb的特征,水稻籽粒中重金属Pb、Cd超标严重。在迁移、累积方面,表层土壤重金属呈现出由东南向西北方向扩散的趋势,且向下迁移及在水稻籽粒中累积的趋势明显,各重金属在水稻籽粒中富集能力的大小顺序为Cu〉Cd〉Pb。