两种基因型泡桐体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以叶片和茎段为外植体,研究了毛泡桐和白花泡桐胚性愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生情况。结果表明,白花泡桐叶片和茎段胚性愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基分别为MS+0.3mgLNAA+14mgLBA和MS+0.3mgLNAA+8mgLBA,其最适培养基皆为MS+0.3mgLNAA+17mgLBA。从体细胞胚胎发育所需时间来看,两种泡桐叶片的体细胞胚胎发育能力均高于茎段。     

花生体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

成熟花生胚轴在MS 40mg/\L2,4-D 0.5mg/L KT培养基中可直接诱导产生体细胞胚，降低2，4-D的浓度，将诱导产生的体细胞胚组织块继代2-3次可诱导产生出米黄色颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织，继而产生体细胞胚。花生体细胞胚直接诱导起源于表皮或近表皮的细胞，其形成经历了跟合子胚相似的过程。花生胚性愈伤组织的细胞具有细胞小、胞质浓、核大、核仁明显，排列紧密的特点。经愈伤组织形成的体细胞胚以单细胞内起源方式发生。首先由体细胞胚单个原始细胞分裂形成2-细胞原胚，2-细胞原胚继续分裂成3-细胞原胚或4-细胞原胚，3-细胞原胚或4-细胞原胚继续分裂形成多细胞原胚，进一步发育形成一个完整的体细胞胚。     

龙眼体细胞胚胎发生过程的基因差异表达

采用mRNA差别显示技术对龙眼（Dimocarpus longan Lour.）体细胞胚胎发生过程中的胚性愈伤组织、球形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚、成熟胚等阶段进行分析.改进并优化了mRNA差别显示体系,获得若干差异片段,Northern blot和反Northern blot验证获得阳性片段3条：longan1、longan2和longan4.其中longan1在愈伤组织和球形胚阶段特异表达;longan2在5个阶段均表达,可能是组成型表达基因;longan4在子叶胚阶段特异表达.登录GenBank比较发现longan1与甜椒（AY129560）和番茄（AF413573）的apx基因具有较高的同源性,分别为97%和92%.     

泡桐体外器官直接发生的植株再生

以毛泡桐、兰考泡桐和白花泡桐的茎段和叶片为材料 ,建立其器官高效直接再生系统。结果表明 ,毛泡桐茎段芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS + 0 1mg LNAA + 1 8mg LBA ,叶片芽诱导的培养基为MS + 0 1mg LNAA + 1 5mg LBA ;兰考泡桐茎段芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS + 0 3mg LNAA + 1 8mg LBA ,叶片芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS + 0 1mg LNAA + 1 5mg LBA ;白花泡桐茎段和叶片芽诱导的最适宜培养基分别为MS + 0 3mg LNAA + 1 8mg LBA和MS + 0 1mg LNAA +1 8mg LBA。此外 ,毛泡桐、白花泡桐和兰考泡桐不同外植体幼芽生根的最适培养基皆为 1 2MS + 0 1mg LNAA。     

香蕉和荔枝体胚发生两种不同途径的研究(简报)

体细胞胚胎发生是植物界的普遍现象.体细胞胚胎发生的途径主要有两种:一种是直接胚胎发生,即由外植体表面直接产生体细胞胚胎,不需经过愈伤组织;另一种是间接胚胎发生,即先由外植体诱导出愈伤组织,然后建立胚性愈伤组织系,最后间接分化出体胚.     

亮甲酚蓝染色筛选及曲古抑菌素A对东北野猪核移植胚发育的影响

体细胞克隆的效率一直较低,这可能与成熟前卵母细胞的质量有关。猪卵母细胞主要来源于屠宰场的废弃卵巢,这暗示,卵母细胞可能处于发情周期的各个阶段。因此,体细胞核转移之前有必要筛选优质卵母细胞。本研究旨在探讨亮甲酚蓝染色筛选及曲古抑菌素A(TSA)对东北野猪(Sus scrofa ussuricus)核移植胚发育的影响。卵丘卵母细胞复合体经亮甲酚蓝(BCB)染色后分三组:BCB+组(胞质着色,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氧酶(G6PDH)活性低)、BCB-组(胞质未着色,G6PDH活性高)和对照组(不使用亮甲酚蓝染色)。卵母细胞体外成熟培养后,对卵母细胞进行核移植操作,来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚使用50nmol/LTSA处理,未使用TSA处理的来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚作为对照组。结果表明,BCB+卵母细胞的直径显著大于BCB-组(P<0.05)。来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚的初次卵裂时间要早于BCB-组及对照组。来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚的囊胚形成率显著高于BCB-组及对照组(P<0.05)。且50nmol/LTSA处理可将来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植囊胚率提高到(29.6±2.8)%(P<0.05)。总之,来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚发育能力较强,且50nmol/L的TSA可促进重构胚的体外发育。对卵母细胞进行BCB染色筛选并使用50nmol/L的TSA处理重构胚,可提高东北野猪核移植重构胚的发育能力,为通过体细胞克隆法保护东北野猪资源创造条件。     

Propagule Quantity and Quality in Traditional Makushi Farming of Cassava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis>): A Case Study for Understanding Domestication and Evolution of Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Modeling how crop plants evolve under domestication requires estimating among-plant variation in important parameters of the reproductive system, including fecundity – the number of propagules produced – and propagule quality. Measuring these traits poses particular problems in vegetatively propagated crop plants. Unlike seeds, vegetative propagules are not intrinsic biological entities but are prepared by farmers. Propagule number and quality are thus determined by the interaction between plant traits and how farmers prepare propagules. We conducted observations, interviews and experiments to study this interaction in cassava grown by Makushi Amerindians, examining how both sources of variation, in plant traits and in farmers’ practices, combine to determine the number and quality of propagules produced. Increased stake mass, determined mostly by stem diameter, leads to increased yield and also to increased asexual ‘fecundity’ of the resulting plant. Farmers’ practices reflect knowledge of this relationship. Diameter is the key criterion in the selection of stems for stakes. Larger diameters are preferred; when thinner stems are used, stakes are cut longer, partially compensating for reduced mass. These results suggest that conscious and unconscious selection to increase ‘fecundity’ and propagule quality in cassava would act to favor plants with thicker stems. Mean stem diameter is greater, and variation in stem diameter is lower, in little-branched plants. Selection for increased asexual ‘fecundity’ can thus have led to reduction in the degree of branching, one of the most striking differences between domesticated cassava and its wild ancestors. Measuring variation in asexual fecundity is a key step in analyzing evolution of the mixed clonal/sexual reproductive systems that characterize many vegetatively propagated crop plants.     

甜玉米作为填闲作物对北方设施菜地土壤环境及下茬作物的影响

在北方设施菜地雨季休闲敞篷期种植填闲作物（甜玉米）,通过现场采样及室内分析测试,研究了正常施肥条件下休闲和填闲前后NO3--N的淋失状况、土壤电导率的变化以及对下茬作物产量和品质的影响。结果表明,种植填闲作物较休闲处理0～100cm土壤硝态氮表观损失量减少了28.4kg·hm-2,剖面NO3--N的累积峰也低于休闲处理;种植填闲作物可以显著降低表层土壤（0～20cm）的电导率,较正常休闲处理低41.4%;种植填闲作物并未造成下茬作物产量的降低,同时可显著降低下茬作物果实中硝酸盐含量,较休闲处理降低了28.9%。从降低NO3--N淋失的角度看,雨季敞篷休闲期种植填闲作物可以作为减少氮素淋失的一种有效手段,同时,对提高下茬作物品质,降低可食部分硝酸盐含量有明显的作用。     

Denitrification Rate and Controlling Factors for Accumulated Nitrate in the Deep Subsoil of Intensive Farmlands: A Case Study in the North China Plain

Denitrification in subsoil(to a depth of 12 m) is an important mechanism to reduce nitrate(NO_3~-) leaching into groundwater.However, regulating mechanisms of subsoil denitrification, especially those in the deep subsoil beneath the crop root zone, have not been well documented. In this study, soil columns of 0–12 m depth were collected from intensively farmed fields in the North China Plain. The fields had received long-term nitrogen(N) fertilizer inputs at 0(N0), 200(N200) and 600(N600) kg N ha~(-1) year~(-1). Main soil properties related to denitrification, i.e., soil water content, NO_3~-, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), soil organic carbon(SOC),pH, denitrifying enzyme activity(DEA), and anaerobic denitrification rate(ADR), were determined. Statistical comparisons among the treatments were performed. The results showed that NO_3~- was more heavily accumulated in the entire soil profile of the N600 treatment, compared to the N0 and N200 treatments. The SOC, DOC, and ADR decreased with increasing soil depth in all treatments,whereas considerable DEA was observed throughout the subsoil. The long-term fertilizer rates affected ADR only in the upper 4 m soil layers. The ADRs in the N200 and N600 treatments were significantly correlated with DOC. Multiple regression analysis indicated that DOC rather than DEA was the key factor regulating denitrification beneath the root zone. Additional research is required to determine if carbon addition into subsoil can be a promising approach to enhance NO_3~- denitrification in the subsoil and consequently to mitigate groundwater NO_3~- contamination in the intensive farmlands.     

典型自然带土壤氮磷化学计量空间分异特征及其驱动因素研究

植物生活型、地形及区域气候特征等对土壤养分的空间分布有着重要的影响。通过对我国典型自然带土壤氮磷化学计量与植物生活型、地形及气候因素间相互关系的研究,探讨了我国土壤氮磷的空间变异与分布特征及其主要控制因素。结果发现,5个自然带的土壤全氮(TN)和氮磷比(N/P)存在显著差异(p0.01);除温带荒漠带较低(0.47 mg g~(-1))外,土壤全磷(TP)均值总体变化不明显(p0.05)。在不同自然带区域内,TN、TP及N/P变化与海拔、温度及降水呈现出显著的线性和非线性二次相关,即表现出线性与单峰模式。暖温带落叶阔叶林带、温带草原带、温带荒漠带森林土壤中TN,以及青藏高原高寒植被带草本土壤中TP、温带荒漠带森林土壤的N/P主要受海拔因素的影响,而温带草原带草本植物的土壤TP则主要受降水的影响。同时,研究还发现,在多要素共同作用时,其影响程度也略有差异,温度和海拔作为控制因素影响亚热带常绿阔叶林带森林和温带草原带草本土壤TN变化,但前者受温度控制更为明显,后者则以海拔为主要驱动因素,而温带荒漠带草本土壤和森林土壤的TN主要受海拔和降水作用的影响,但以降水影响为主;亚热带常绿阔叶林带森林土壤TP,温带草原带、温带荒漠带和青藏高原高寒植被带草本土壤的N/P受植物生活型、地形及气候的共同影响,但程度略有不同,其中TP表现为降水温度海拔,而N/P为温度海拔降水。因此,在自然带和植物生活型的主控背景下,海拔、温度和降水的主控或交互作用直接驱动土壤氮磷及其化学计量特征的空间分异。     

木薯叶粉饲喂肉鸭效果及影响其利用因素的研究

本试验的目的是探讨木薯叶饲喂肉鸭的效果和影响木薯叶利用的因素。将３３０只１０日龄樱桃谷鸭随机分为１０组，每组３３只。１组（对照组）日粮按商业部饲料局提供的内用鸭饲养标准配制，２，３，４组日粮分别使用５％～１０％（前期５％，后期１０％），１０％～２０％和２０％～３０％木薯叶粉，饲料中粗蛋白质水平与１组相同；５，６，７组分别在１组日粮基础上添加氰化钾、单宁及氰化钾加单宁；８，９，１０组分别在４组日粮基础上补加猪油、蛋氨酸及猪油加蛋氨酸。结果表明：随日粮中木薯叶粉含量的增加，饲料中氰化物和单宁含量也增加，鸭增重、饲料能量和粗蛋白质的利用率逐渐降低，但５％～１０％木薯叶粉组与对照组无显著差异；补加猪油和蛋氨酸能显著改善增重、饲料报酬及能量利用率，粗蛋白质利用率也提高。综合试验结果表明，限制木薯叶利用的因素是其能量低，蛋氨酸缺乏及抗营养因子的存在。５％～１０％木薯叶粉组与对照组无论增重、饲料报酬及能量、粗蛋白质利用率均无显著差异。建议肉鸭饲料中前期添加５％，后期添加１０％的木薯叶粉。     

Effect of Foliar Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Metabolism,Water Status,and Plant Growth in Two Maize Cultivars under Short-term Moderate Stress

Two contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, i.e. ‘Shaandan 9’ (S₉) and ‘Shaandan 911’(S₉₁₁) were investigated by examining foliar nitrogen (N) modulation of N metabolism, water status and plant growth under short-term moderate water stress (SMWS). On 10th day of SMWS, dry matter (DM), relative water content (RWC) and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were significantly decreased, whereas concentrations of free proline (FP), glycinebetaine (GB) and soluble protein (SP) were increased in leaves of both cultivars. Cultivar S₉ maintained greater DM, RWC and these N metabolism traits than S₉₁₁ during SMWS. Foliar N application much more raised DM, RWC, NRA, and concentrations of all solutes measured under SMWS above control. These positive effects were more pronounced in S₉₁₁ than those in S₉ during SMWS. Greater correlations were performed amongst all parameters under SMWS than control. Hence, we suggest that foliar N should be firstly applied to drought sensitive cultivars under drought.     

夏季休闲与种植对华北潮土剖面残留硝态氮分布的影响

本研究以高丹草(Pacesetter)结合单作春玉米(Zea mays L.)及休闲,探讨华北潮土区夏季多雨时期,牧草、作物及休闲三种土地管理方式土壤剖面0—200 cm NO3--N的分布及运移。研究表明,整个生长季节三种土地管理方式土壤NO3--N逐渐向下层移动,高丹草、玉米地均表现为NO3--N的逐渐耗竭,休闲地则为波浪式上升;种植结束时休闲地在0—200 cm土壤层次硝态氮较种植前增加,高丹草、玉米地则表现为较种植前降低,NO3--N在剖面60—80 cm深度出现积累。与休闲相比,植物对土壤剖面硝态氮的吸收显著减少了硝态氮向深层的淋溶,而休闲却增加了硝态氮向深层淋溶的风险。根长密度及根干重均随剖面深度增加而降低,在0—30 cm土层高丹草明显大于玉米,0—60 cm区域植物根长密度与相应层次土壤NO3--N消减量呈现显著正相关。高丹草对土壤上层氮素的吸收消耗大于玉米,其对截获残留硝态氮,阻止硝态氮大量向下迁移的作用更强,体现出植物吸收的"安全网"功能。     

中国北方主要旱地作物需水量的计算与分析

论述了作物需水量的概念及其计算模式,根据作物,土壤和气候资料,计算了中国北方主要旱地作物小麦、玉米、谷子、甘薯和马铃薯的作物需水量,并对这些作物的需水规律与作物生长关系进行分析。