不同生物质炭输入水平下旱作农田温室气体排放日变化研究

在陇中黄土高原干旱半干旱区,采用小区定位试验,对不同生物质炭水平(0 t·hm~(-2)、10 t·hm~(-2)、20 t·hm~(-2)、30 t·hm~(-2)、40 t·hm~(-2)、50 t·hm~(-2))下农田土壤温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的日排放通量及其影响因子进行连续观测,并确定1 d中不同生物质炭处理水平下的最佳观测时间。结果表明:6个生物质炭输入水平处理下,春小麦地土壤CH_4、N_2O和CO_2通量变化趋势与气温日变化轨迹大体一致,均表现为白天排放量大于夜间,并在4:00—5:00时,出现对CH_4通量的吸收峰,以及N_2O与CO_2的排放低谷;全天内各处理CH_4平均排放通量依次为:10.14mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、7.82mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、6.57mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、-0.10mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、1.05mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和2.89mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),N_2O平均排放通量依次为:288.79mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、201.78mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、157.14mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、112.06mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、154.60mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和164.02mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CO_2平均排放通量依次为:85.44 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、80.91 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、76.49 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、65.29 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、67.19 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和69.10 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1);当生物质炭输入量小于30 t·hm~(-2)时,土壤CH_4、N_2O、CO_2排放通量随其输入量增加而显著减小,但当其输入量超过30 t·hm~(-2)时,3种温室气体排放通量则呈显著增大趋势;当生物质炭输入水平为30 t·hm~(-2)时,春小麦土壤全天表现为CH_4的吸收汇,其余各水平处理下的土壤表现为CH_4的弱排放源;6种处理水平下,全天春小麦地土壤表现为N_2O、CO_2的排放源。0~5 cm的土壤温度及水分(y)与生物质炭输入量(x)回归方程分别为y=-0.017 6x+16.585(R~2=0.302 6,r=-0.55,P0.05)和y=0.056 5x+13.626(R~2=0.815 1,r=0.903,P0.05),生物质炭输入量与0~5 cm的土壤水分呈显著正相关关系;无生物质炭输入处理下3种温室气体的吸收或排放通量与地表温度及5 cm地温均呈显著正相关关系,其他各处理也表现出不同程度的正相关关系。因此,当生物质炭输入水平为30 t·hm~(-2)时,更有利于CH_4、N_2O和CO_2 3种温室气体的增汇减排;生物质炭输入水平差异引起的土壤温度及水分差异可能是不同生物质炭处理CH_4、N_2O和CO_2日排放通量产生差异的主要原因;由矫正系数及最佳时段温室气体排放量与累积排放量回归分析可得,3种温室气体的最佳同期观测时间为8:00—9:00。     

生物质炭输入减少稻田痕量温室气体排放

为揭示不同水平生物质炭输入对稻田土壤理化性质、水稻产量及温室气体排放的影响,采用自制竹炭在4种不同施用水平下(0、10、20、40 t/hm2)输入稻田土壤,开展了水稻一个生长周期的田间试验。结果表明,生物质炭输入可显著提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量(P0.05),且有机碳含量增幅与生物质炭施用水平呈正比(相关系数为0.78,P0.01)。生物质炭施用可显著降低土壤容重(P0.05),最大降幅为0.25 g/cm3,土壤容重随着生物质炭施用量的增加而降低。不同处理水稻产量无显著性差异(P0.05)。CH4累积排放量与生物质炭施用量呈负相关性(相关系数为-0.24,P0.01),投加生物质炭可显著降低稻田CH4排放通量和累积排放量(P0.05),但过量施用生物质炭(超过20 t/hm2)并不能显著降低CH4累积排放量(P0.05)。相比对照处理(不输入生物质炭),生物质炭输入后一周内可显著性降低N2O排放通量(P0.05),并在排水烤田时升高,最终稳定于9.80 mg/(m2·h)。生物质炭输入可显著性降低N2O累积排放量(P0.05),但不同水平生物质炭输入处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。该试验条件下,生物质炭施用量为20 t/hm2时可实现稻田稳产和固碳减排目标,该研究可为太湖地区苕溪流域稻田增汇和温室气体减排提供参考。     

长期定位施肥对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气象色谱法,研究长期不同养分配施(CK,NK,NP,PK和NPK)后的农田土壤温室气体排放差异。结果表明,不同处理条件下,土壤CO2排放呈相似的变化趋势,受土壤温度和水分的共同影响,土壤CH4和N2O的时间变化在不同处理间存在差异,和温度水分的关系不明显。平均排放通量的分析表明,长期不同肥料配合施用后形成的不同肥力的土壤以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤温室气体排放的一个重要因素,土壤CO2平均排放通量顺序依次为CK相似文献   

施用有机肥对农田温室气体排放影响研究进展

有机肥因具有丰富的氮、磷、钾、生物活性物质,能改善地力及作物品质等优点,而被广泛运用。然而有机肥对农田土壤的作用机理复杂,对农田土壤温室气体的影响不容忽视。通过增加土壤中有机C、改变土壤的C/N、影响土壤呼吸速率、增强土壤微生物活性等途径影响农田土壤温室气体的排放量。本文结合当前国内外研究进展,综述了施用有机肥对农田温室气体排放影响因子及作用特征,并提出了今后重点研究方向,以期为更好地揭示有机肥对农田温室气体通量的作用机制和控制农田温室气体排放提供参考。     

免耕方式下土壤温室气体排放及影响因素的研究进展

综述了免耕方式下农田土壤中3种主要温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)的排放情况及影响因素。分析发现,这些温室气体的排放受到诸多因子的影响,如免耕农作持续时间、土壤特性、秸秆(种类、粉碎长短和施用方式)、降水和土壤温度等等。大多数研究都认为,免耕方式下CO2和CH4的释放有所降低,N2O的释放会加强,但这种结果并不是不变的,它会随着影响因素的变化而变化,有时甚至出现相反的结果。因此,免耕方式下,温室气体的排放情况是由不同免耕地区的环境条件决定的,只有结合当地实际情况才能对温室气体的排放做出正确的评价。最后指出了目前研究的不足,并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

添加生物炭对华南早稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气象色谱法研究生物炭添加对华南早稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响.试验设对照(CK),BC1、BC2、BC3(土壤中分别混入5、10、20t·hm-2生物炭)、RS(稻草直接还田)和RI(稻草加腐熟剂还田)6个处理.结果表明,与CK、RS和RI相比,生物炭处理能降低稻田CH4和N2O排放量及排放强度,综合排放强度最低的为BC3处理,值为0.98 kgCO2-eq· kg-1.在本实验的处理范围内,生物炭添加量越高,CH4平均排放通量及其季节排放总量越低,最低值分别为22.11mg·m-2·h-1和93.21kg·hm-2;N2O排放通量和季节排放总量则随生物炭添加量的增加呈上升趋势,最高值分别为285.65 μg·m-2·h-1和1.07kg·hm-2,但依然小于对照处理(368.13μg·m-2 ·h-1和1.13kg·hm-2).此外,试验发现高用量的生物炭(即BC3)处理水稻产量最高,值为7152.58kg·hm-2.综合分析各处理,BC3对减缓温室效应和稳定水稻生产贡献最大.     

不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

不同灌溉模式下寒地稻田CH_4和N_2O排放及温室效应研究

为了研究寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放特征,选取黑龙江省寒地稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌四种水分管理模式等4个处理的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测。结果表明,不同灌溉模式下的CH4和N2O排放高峰均出现在水稻生长旺季,而休闲期内排放较少。相对于淹灌,浅湿灌溉稻田CH4累积排放量降低了27.2%,控制灌溉处理的降低了34%,间歇灌溉处理的降低了48.2%。长期淹灌稻田N2O排放量比间歇灌溉稻田减少0.41kg/hm2,比控制灌溉稻田增加0.38kg/hm2,比浅湿灌溉稻田增加0.37kg/hm2。总体温室效应分析,节水灌溉模式能有效抑制温室气体的排放并显著地降低CH4和N2O的总温室效应。水稻生育期内,CH4排放量减少时期,N2O排放量有增加趋势,综合考虑CH4和N2O排放的消长关系,才能有效减缓稻田温室气体的排放。     

竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O通量的影响

【目的】氧化亚氮(N2O)是温室气体的主要组成部分,其增温效应极强,陆地生态系统是N2O的主要排放源之一。人工林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,但目前关于经营措施对人工林生态系统土壤N2O通量的影响研究较少。本文研究了竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O排放通量的影响,为调控亚热带人工林土壤N2O排放通量提供理论基础与科学依据。【方法】定位试验于2012年7月~2013年7月在浙江省临安市三口镇典型板栗林区进行,设对照、输入竹叶、输入生物质炭3个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定板栗林土壤N2O通量的动态变化以及土壤温度、土壤含水量、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量。【结果】不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈显著的季节性变化特征,最高值出现在7月,最低值出现在1月。与对照相比,竹叶处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别增加了17.2%和12.8%,而生物质炭处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别降低了27.4%和20.5%。竹叶处理的土壤WSON、MBN、NH+4-N及NO-3-N含量增加12.4%、19.1%、8.3%和13%,而生物质炭处理的NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量分别降低了14.1%和18%。在对照、竹叶以及生物质炭处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度(表层5 cm处)和WSOC含量均有显著相关性(P 0.05),与土壤MBC含量均无显著相关性。竹叶处理土壤N2O通量与NH+4-N、NO-3-N及WSON含量均有显著相关性(P0.05)。【结论】在不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈现明显的季节性变化特征,表现为夏季高、 冬季低。输入竹叶可显著增加板栗林土壤N2O排放通量,而输入生物质炭N2O排放通量显著降低;输入竹叶和生物质炭可能是通过影响土壤碳库与氮库特征而影响土壤N2O的排放通量。     

不同施氮量对设施甜椒温室气体排放及净温室效应的影响

本研究在华北地区进行温室甜椒(Capsicum)栽培肥料试验,通过测定不同施氮处理土壤N_2O和CH_4排放量、排放特征和土壤呼吸强度,估算化肥投入、灌溉能源消耗、机械燃油、农药施用等生产投入产生的CO_2当量进而计算净温室效应,探讨了氮肥用量对当地温室蔬菜栽培温室气体排放、净温室效应的影响。田间试验设当地农民传统施肥量(C)、不施氮肥(CK)、推荐施氮量(T1)、推荐施氮量+硝化抑制剂(NP)(T1+NP)4个处理,土壤排放的温室气体用静态箱法采集、Agilent 6820型气相色谱仪测定,土壤呼吸用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动监测系统监测。结果表明,与传统施肥量处理相比,推荐施肥量处理,N_2O排放量明显下降;而4个处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量分别为3.36、3.19、3.25、3.07 thm~(-2),处理间无明显差异,CH_4累积排放量表现出随施氮量升高而下降的趋势;4个处理的净温室效应分别为5460.91、3439.28、4873.21、4622.85 kghm~(-2),因此,可以认为N_2O排放和土壤CO_2当量随施氮量的增加而升高,减少氮肥投入使之保持在适当水平,可降低N_2O、CH_4等温室气体的排放;而在等氮肥投入量的条件添加硝化抑制剂也能,减少温室气体排放和减轻净温室效应。     

The role of hydropedologic vegetation zones in greenhouse gas emissions for agricultural wetland landscapes

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) source strength for agricultural wetland ecosystems in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is currently unknown. In particular, information is lacking to constrain spatial variability associated with GHG emissions (CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O). GHG fluxes typically vary with edaphic, hydrologic, biologic, and climatic factors. In the PPR, characteristic wetland plant communities integrate hydropedologic factors and may explain some variability associated with trace gas fluxes at ecosystem and landscape scales. We addressed this question for replicate wetland basins located in central North Dakota stratified by hydropedologic vegetation zone on Jul 12 and Aug 3, 2003. Data were collected at the soil-atmosphere interface for six plant zones: deep marsh, shallow marsh, wet meadow, low prairie, pasture, and cropland. Controlling for soil moisture and temperature, CH₄ fluxes varied significantly with zone (p < 0.05). Highest CH₄ emissions were found near the water in the deep marsh (277,800 μg m^− 2 d^− 1 CH₄), which declined with distance from water to − 730 μg m^− 2 d^− 1 CH₄ in the pasture. Carbon dioxide fluxes also varied significantly with zone. Nitrous oxide variability was greater within zones than between zones, with no significant effects of zone, moisture, or temperature. Data were extrapolated for a 205.6 km² landscape using a previously developed synoptic classification for PPR plant communities. For this landscape, we found croplands contributed the greatest proportion to the net GHG source strength on Jul 12 (45,700 kg d^− 1 GHG-C equivalents) while deep marsh zones contributed the greatest proportion on Aug 3 (26,145 kg d^− 1 GHG-C equivalents). This was driven by a 30-fold reduction in cropland N₂O–N emissions between dates. The overall landscape average for each date, weighted by zone, was 462.4 kg km^− 2 d^− 1 GHG-C equivalents on Jul 12 and 314.3 kg km^− 2 d^− 1 GHG-C equivalents on Aug 3. Results suggest GHG fluxes vary with hydropedologic soil zone, particularly for CH₄, and provide initial estimates of net GHG emissions for heterogeneous agricultural wetland landscapes.     

Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions

The use of biochar as soil improver and climate change mitigation strategy has gained much attention, although at present the effects of biochar on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions are not completely understood. The objective of our incubation study was to investigate biochar's effect on N₂O and NO emissions from an agricultural Luvisol upon fertilizer (urea, NH₄Cl or KNO₃) application. Seven biochar types were used, which were produced from four different feedstocks pyrolyzed at various temperatures. At the end of the experiment, after 14 days of incubation, soil nitrate concentrations were decreased upon biochar addition in all fertilizer treatments by 6–16%. Biochar application decreased both cumulative N₂O (52–84%) and NO (47–67%) emissions compared to a corresponding treatment without biochar after urea and nitrate fertilizer application, and only NO emissions after ammonium application. N₂O emissions were more decreased at high compared to low pyrolysis temperature.Several hypotheses for our observations exist, which were assessed against current literature and discussed thoroughly. In our study, the decreased N₂O and NO emissions are expected to be mediated by multiple interacting phenomena such as stimulated NH₃ volatilization, microbial N immobilization, non-electrostatic sorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, and biochar pH effects.     

The effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on emissions of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from a wheat field in a semi-arid environment in northern China

There are no reports on the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO₂] on the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ from semi-arid wheat cropping systems. These three soil gas fluxes were measured using closed chambers under ambient (420 ± 18 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (565 ± 37 μmol mol⁻¹) at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experimental facility in northern China. Measurements were made over five weeks on a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zhongmai 175). Elevated [CO₂] increased N₂O and CO₂ emission from soil by 60% and 15%, respectively, but had no significant effect on CH₄ flux. There was no significant interaction between [CO₂] and N application rate on these gas fluxes, probably because soil N was not limiting. At least 22% increase in C storage is required to offset the observed increase in greenhouse gas emissions under elevated [CO₂].     

The inhibitory effect of difluoromethane on CH4 oxidation in reconstructed peat columns and side-effects on CO2 and N2O emissions at two water levels

Methane emissions from soils are the net result of two processes: methane (CH₄) production and CH₄ oxidation. In order to understand how both processes respond to environmental changes, it is necessary to distinguish between CH₄ production and oxidation. In bacterial cultures and small soil samples, difluoromethane (CH₂F₂) was found to inhibit CH₄ oxidation reversibly, without affecting CH₄ production. Hence, CH₂F₂ allows the study of CH₄ production directly and of CH₄ oxidation indirectly. To our knowledge, however, the inhibitory effect of CH₂F₂ within soil columns has not yet been evaluated. We therefore tested which CH₂F₂ concentration is needed for complete inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in reconstructed 28 cm high peat soil columns under different water levels (WL). We found that soil columns require considerably higher headspace CH₂F₂ concentrations for complete inhibition of CH₄ oxidation than small soil samples. Inhibition remained complete until ca. 24 h after CH₂F₂ exposure. Then, the inhibitory effect diminished. The time needed for the inhibitory effect to disappear depended on WL; at a low WL of −15 cm, the inhibitory effect declined slowly and oxidation rates recovered by 90% only after 12 days. At WL = −5 cm, CH₄ oxidation recovered much faster (90% recovery after ca. 3 days). Last, CH₂F₂ addition significantly decreased the N₂O emissions, whereas CO₂ emissions remained unaltered.     

生物炭施用下中国农田土壤N2O排放的Meta分析

为明确施加生物炭对中国农田土壤N_2O排放的影响和主要控制因素,以公开发表的试验数据为研究对象,采用Meta-analysis法定量分析了施加生物炭条件下,气候、土壤性质、田间管理方式、生物炭性质与施加量对土壤N_2O排放的影响,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明,当年降雨量≥600 mm时,生物炭显著降低土壤N_2O排放量(P0.05),且随年降雨量的增加而增强;当年日照时数大于1 000 h时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随年日照时数的增加而减弱。当土壤p H≥6.5时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随土壤p H的增加呈先增后减趋势;在壤土中施加生物炭对N_2O的减排效果显著(P0.05),而砂土和黏土不显著(P0.05)。生物炭对覆膜土壤N_2O的减排效果优于不覆膜土壤;生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施氮肥量增加而减弱,而随生物炭比表面积的增加而增强。当生物炭C/N处于30~500时,生物炭施用下土壤N_2O排放量显著降低(P0.05);当生物炭施加量处于20~160 t×hm-2时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施加量增加而增强。生物炭对土壤N_2O减排的影响存在显著的区域性特征,对华南、华东、华中和东北地区影响显著(P0.05),而对西北地区不显著(P0.05);施氮肥量、生物炭施加量、年均温和年降雨量是影响生物炭减排效果的最主要因素,这些因素的相互作用共同影响生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果。该研究可为生物炭在我国农区的推广应用和农田N_2O减排提供参考。     

A short-term investigation of trace gas emissions following tillage and no-tillage of agroforestry residues in western Kenya

Improved-fallow agroforestry systems are increasingly being adopted in the humid tropics for soil fertility management. However, there is little information on trace gas emissions after residue application in these systems, or on the effect of tillage practice on emissions from tropical agricultural systems. Here, we report a short-term experiment in which the effects of tillage practice (no-tillage versus tillage to 15 cm depth) and residue quality on emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were determined in an improved-fallow agroforestry system in western Kenya. Emissions were increased following tillage of Tephrosia candida (2.1 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ kg N applied⁻¹; 759 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹; 30 g CH₄-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹) and Crotalaria paulina residues (2.8 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ kg N applied⁻¹; 967 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹; 146 g CH₄-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹) and were higher than from tillage of natural-fallow residues (1.0 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ kg N applied⁻¹; 432 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹; 14.7 g CH₄-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹) or from continuous maize cropping systems. Emissions from these fallow treatments were positively correlated with residue N content (r = 0.62–0.97; P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with residue lignin content (r = −0.56, N₂O; r = −0.92, CH₄; P < 0.05). No-tillage of surface applied Tephrosia residues lowered the total N₂O and CO₂ emitted over 99 days by 0.33 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ kg N applied⁻¹ and 124 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹ t C applied⁻¹, respectively; estimated to provide a reduction in global warming potential of 41 g CO₂ equivalents. However, emissions were increased from this treatment over the first 2 weeks. The responses to tillage practice and residue quality reported here need to be verified in longer term experiments before they can be used to suggest mitigation strategies appropriate for all three greenhouse gases.     

生物炭及生物硝化抑制剂添加对黄土区设施菜地土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究生物炭及生物硝化抑制剂添加对黄土区设施菜地土壤N2O和CO₂排放的影响,并与化学合成硝化抑制剂作对比。试验设置6个处理:不施肥(CK)、施氮(N)、施氮+生物炭(N+BC)、施