螨类化学控制存在的问题及其对策

农业害螨具有个体小、繁殖快、代数多、适应性强、易产生抗药性等特点,是公认的最难防治的有害生物群落之一.化学控制仍将是防止螨类猖獗危害的一个重要手段.本文系统介绍了螨类化学控制的发展、主要杀螨剂品种及使用方法、杀螨剂应用存在的问题及对策,并展望了螨类化学控制中新型杀螨剂的创制和应用,对农业害螨的化学控制具有重要指导意义和价值.     

伪钝绥螨对叶螨与花粉的选择性

用朱砂叶螨和苹果或桃花粉同时喂饲伪钝绥螨,其若螨和雌成螨对朱砂叶螨有较强的选择性。叶螨的丝和粪的引诱作用增强了这种选择性。幼螨活动性差,取食量极小,对2类食物的选择性不明显。     

广州地区菜田植绥螨和冲绳钝绥螨的生物学

植绥螨是菜田害螨的主要天敌类群,也是最有效的捕食性螨类。近廿年来,由于植绥螨的一些种类如智利植绥螨PhytoseiulusPersimilis Athias-Henriot,纽氏钝绥螨Amblyseius newsami(Evans),拟长刺钝绥螨Amblyseivs Pseulongispinosus Xin,Liang et ke等在综合防治叶螨所显示的作用,引起了国内外昆虫和螨类学者的极大兴趣,并作了大量的研究工作。但国内在菜田     

空仓螨害的生物防治

新入仓的粮食,首先遇到上一季仓储中残余螨类的为害,因此,空仓治螨是极为重要的.生物防治相对廉价,而且有效,对环境安全.对捷克斯洛伐克26个农业仓库的螨类区系调查表明:一些螨类存在于所有粮仓,辐螨亚目的螨类在76.9%的粮仓中发现.每100m~2面积释放普通肉食螨2000～3000头,害螨数量显著减少.     

螨类标本的采集、鉴定、制作和保存

螨类与农林业、畜牧业和人类健康有密切的关系。笔者对螨类的生活习性、活动场所和采集方法作一较全面的介绍。根据螨类的形态特征和生物学特性,叙述常见螨类的鉴定方法、重要科的区别、玻片标本的制作和保存方法：     

螨类是怎样生活的?

自然界里蜱螨数量仅次于昆虫,它们的习性及生活方式多样。 一、螨类的繁殖 螨类是雌雄异体的动物,除若干螨类至今未发现雄螨外,都有雌雄存在。它们的生殖方式是有性生殖。有些螨类经雌雄交配,产生受精卵,经幼螨和若螨期,而后发育为成螨。这称为两性生殖。雌雄交配方式,有些是雄螨以交接器直接插入雌螨交配孔,把精子给予雌螨(图一)。但也有不少螨类,其雄螨缺乏交接器,交配方式是雄螨产下精包(图二),内包含精子。雌螨以螯肢、足或须肢把精包塞入雌螨交配孔;或象瘿螨那样,雄螨把精包产在叶片上,由雌螨拾起精包,以完成授精过程。多数螨类的受精卵发育     

杀螨剂作用机制研究进展

本文对近年来在杀螨剂的作用机制、代谢及螨类抗药性机制方面的研究进展做了综述。     

(七)瘿螨

瘿螨是植物寄生性螨类的重要类群,其为害仅次于叶螨,居第二位。由于体躯呈蛆状,足仅有二对,过去认为是特殊的螨类,而现在一般认为在系统发生上与叶螨总科是近缘的。成螨体长约为200微米左右。     

杀螨剂微量筛选技术研究

介绍了一种杀螨剂微量筛选方法。用直经为9 cm、盖子开孔的塑料培养皿,中心处放一直径为2 cm的蚕豆叶片,下垫脱脂棉,加适量水保湿,其上挑接雌成螨10头/皿,使其产卵、孵化。然后用Potter喷雾塔对成螨、幼(若)螨和卵同时进行定量喷药处理,并定期考查结果。该方法具有筛选速度快、用药量少、漏筛率小等特点,比较适合于新杀螨剂创制研究中对大量新化合物杀螨活性的初步筛选。     

生物源杀螨剂研究现状和发展前景

螨类属于节肢动物门,蛛形纲,蜱螨亚纲.世界上有50万多种螨类.螨类可以分为植食性螨和捕食性螨、寄生性螨和吸血性螨,或者腐食性、粪食性、菌食性螨它们有各种各样的形态和习性,几乎遍布于世界上任何地方,甚至在凤尾菇、平菇和人类的脸上都有螨类的存在,所以杀螨剂的需求很大.     

Acaricidal 1,2,4,5-tetrazines

A series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines has been synthesised and screened for acaricidal activity. Laboratory tests have shown several of the compounds to be highly active mite ovicides. Further examination in the field has identified a highly active compound, which gives prolonged control of mites on top fruit. The selected compound (clofentezine) is shown to be safe to mite predators and beneficial species and has been developed commercially for use on top fruit. (Clofentezine is the B.S.I. approved common name of 3,6-bis-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine).     

Organophosphate insecticides and acaricides antagonise bifenazate toxicity through esterase inhibition in Tetranychus urticae

BACKGROUND: Bifenazate is a carbazate acaricide known for its potency, particularly against tetranychid mite species such as the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). It was recently shown that the compound needs to be activated by an S,S,S-tributyl-phosphorotrithioate (DEF)-sensitive mechanism in spider mites to display full acaricidal efficacy. The ability of well-known organophosphates and carbamates to inhibit the activation of bifenazate and thus compromise its acaricidal potential was tested.RESULTS: Esterase activity determined in vivo after pre-exposure of mites with organophosphates and carbamates revealed--depending on the compound--varying esterase inhibition nicely correlated with the ability of the individual compound to antagonise bifenazate action on mites.CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrate that organophosphates and carbamates interfere with bifenazate efficacy, most probably by inhibiting carboxylesterases responsible for the activation of the pro-drug. As a result of the strong antagonism, mixtures of bifenazate with carbamates or organophosphates should not be used under field conditions. Moreover, there exists a real threat in repeatedly applying organophosphates and bifenazate. The present study again illustrates how important mode of action information is for the proper planning of resistance management strategies.     

Spiromesifen toxicity to the spider mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> and selectivity to the predator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neoseiulus californicus</Emphasis>

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest of several agricultural crops and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important natural enemy of this pest mite. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of spiromesifen on the development and reproduction of T. urticae, and to assess the influence of spiromesifen and other acaricides on the population growth rates of the spider mite and its predator, N. californicus. Toxicity tests with spiromesifen at different life stages of T. urticae indicated that eggs less than 72 h old were more sensitive than other development stages. The oviposition rate of T. urticae was significantly affected by spiromesifen. Experiments on the effects of spiromesifen on the growth rates of T. urticae and N. californicus indicated that spiromesifen is innocuous to the predaceous mite but highly toxic to the spider mite, leading to population suppression in 10 days. Fenpropathrin, acephate and neem oil were not harmful to N. californicus, but were not so efficient as spiromesifen in controlling T. urticae, and had significantly less influence on the population growth rates of the spider mite. Among these three products, only neem oil caused significant reduction in the growth rate of T. urticae. Chlorfenapyr, abamectin, milbemectin and diafenthiuron significantly affected the population growth rates of T. urticae and N. californicus. Spiromesifen was the most promising acaricide for managing the two-spotted spider mite, when used in combination with N. californicus.     

Antibiosis of maize inbred lines to the carmine spider mite, tetranychus cinnabarinus

The antibiosis of tenZea mays L. inbred lines to the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae), was evaluated. Two maize inbred lines previously reported as resistant to this spider mite and a susceptible inbred line were compared with B96 (formerly called 41:2504B), reported as being resistant to the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae and to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). Other lines were derived from B96. All lines originated in the U.S.A. and were tested in Israel at two different growth stages. Four days after inoculation of detached leaf squares with adult mites, significant differences in susceptibility were observed among lines. At the 3-leaf stage lines B68, B96, B79, A619, B65, B49 and B64 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 43%, 64%, 66%, 67%, 77%, 81% and 87%, respectively, as compared with the most susceptible line, B52. At the flowering stage, the average reduction in mite daily fecundity was much lower: inbred lines B64, A619 and B96 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 48%, 51% and 86%, respectively, whereas the seven other genotypes had an intermediate or a susceptible reaction to the carmine spider mite, with A661 being the most susceptible. Our results show that B96 could be used as a source of resistance in developing improved resistance of inbred lines of maize to carmine spider mites.     

Transovarial biotransference of etoxazole through a terrestrial trophic web

BACKGROUND: Transovarial transport is defined as the passage of chemicals from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries. Little is known about the effects of transovarial transport on non‐target species. This study evaluates etoxazole (a transovarial acaricidal compound) on a terrestrial trophic web consisting of a ubiquitous phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and three species of predatory mites. RESULTS: Predatory mite females that consumed eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae also produced infertile eggs. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females and the instantaneous rate of predatory mite increase at the population level (r² = 0.86). Reduced fertility of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females continued for 18 days following application. Eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females remained toxic to predatory mite females for 42 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transovarial transport could lead to magnification in the ecosystem by enhancing both bioavailability and movement of an active ingredient. The potential for enhancement of residual activity by terrestrial organisms and its significance once reaching the food web should be taken into account for new classes of acaricides and insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

柑橘全爪螨种群空间格局的地学统计学分析(英文)

应用地学统计学方法分析了柑橘园主要害螨柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)种群的空间格局及其动态。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨种群具有空间相关性,变程介于1.10 ～21.0 m,其半变异函数主要符合高斯模型,表现为聚集分布,其中3月、8月和9月的聚集强度较大;种群空间格局动态显示,4月、10月为该种群的两个发生高峰期,柑橘全爪螨种群数量快速上升扩散。地学统计学方法能够应用于柑橘全爪螨种群的空间格局分析,并有助于对该害螨进行发生预测与控制处理。     

三氯杀螨砜对苹果叶螨作用方式及其田间应用技术研究

以三氯杀螨砜药液处理苹果叶螨 ,结果表明 ,该制剂对卵若 (幼 )螨表现出较高的杀灭活性 ,但对成螨的杀灭活性低。进一步研究发现 ,该制剂能有效抑制雌成螨生殖力 ,田间应用虽不能迅速杀死成螨 ,但能逐渐压低螨口密度 ,与甲氰菊酯混用可显著提高速效 ,达到理想效果     

湖南丘陵桔园间种藿香蓟对桔树螨类和昆虫的影响

作者评价了湖南丘陵桔园间种藿香蓟对桔树螨类和昆虫的影响。桔园间种藿香蓟、免耕蓄草能改善桔园的小生境,提高桔园夏季相对湿度和冬季温度,降低夏季树冠和土壤温度,创造一个有利于天敌生存的良好环境;能提供钝绥螨的交替食料和栖息、产卵场所;能控制柑桔全爪螨的秋季为害,减轻柑桔全爪螨的春季为害和柑桔潜叶蛾的为害,但加重了柑桔花蕾蛆和天牛类害虫的为害。能提高树体的抗旱和抗寒能力,改善土壤结构,增加土壤肥力,提高柑桔品质和产量,降低防治费用。文中还评价了防治策略、灌溉方式和藿香蓟的长势等因素对间种藿香蓟控制柑桔全爪螨的作用。     

Penetration of the nonconventional acaricide JH 388 into arthropod eggs

The external shell of mite eggs represents a barrier. It is difficult for any xenobiotic agent to overcome this barrier on its way to the site of action. It was shown how it is possible to increase significantly the penetration of a new acaricide-ovicide by using selected dispersing agents. The penetration process was evaluated with the labelled compound, on two experimental models: the eggs of the lepidopteranManduca sexta (Johannson) and of the miteTetranychus urticae Koch.     

印楝素对柑橘园柑橘全爪螨自然种群的控制作用

针对我国柑橘园柑橘全爪螨种群严重发生的现状,本文应用均匀设计,通过干扰作用控制指数评价了印楝素的不同施用浓度和使用次数对柑橘园柑橘全爪螨自然种群控制作用,并建立了控制效果随这些因素变化的回归模型。结果表明,印楝素的使用次数对柑橘全爪螨种群的影响程度强于施用浓度,印楝素单独使用一次不能有效控制柑橘全爪螨种群的数量增长趋势,印楝素3.75 mg/L浓度使用2次或2.50、3.00 mg/L浓度使用3次,可使柑橘全爪螨种群数量得到较为有效的控制。