应用血浆孕酮的测定进行家兔早期妊娠诊断

<正> 孕酮是由黄体和胎盘产生的一种类固醇激素,其主要作用为维持正常妊娠。在家畜的发情周期和妊娠期中,孕酮含量呈规律性变化。因此,通常以测定孕酮含量作为监测卵巢排卵和黄体功能状态的重要指标,在畜牧生产上可应用于发情鉴定和早期妊娠诊断。在国外,Challis等(1973)和Enbergs(1981)采用放射免疫分析法测定了家兔妊娠期中外周血浆孕酮水平的变化,及其与季     

猪妊娠期内分泌特点与妊娠诊断方法

<正>1内分泌的特点未孕猪血浆孕酮浓度在发情后15~16天急剧下降,但如果受胎则黄体持续存在,外周血循孕酮浓度可维持在30~35纳克/毫升的水平。尽管妊娠猪血去孕酮浓度在24天略降至17~18纳克/毫升,但孕酮浓度在妊娠的大部分时期都是升高的,仅在产仔前急剧下降。卵巢和黄体一直是猪维持妊娠所必需的。子宫内胎儿的数目不影响孕酮浓度,维持妊娠所需的最低孕酮浓度约为6纳克/毫升,孕酮浓度降低会发生流产,但孕酮浓度更高也不会增加胚胎     

犬分娩的预测和妊娠期变化

犬妊娠的很多方面具有独特性。因此，当提供饲养管理和妊娠期监控时，了解犬妊娠的时间进程和与排卵、受精、胚胎和胎儿发育及妊娠母犬有关的特殊生理变化是必要的。一个重要的事实是当查看排卵时间或促黄体生成素(LH)达到高峰的时间时(表1和表2)，妊娠期的长短和妊娠期的变化是可重复和可预见的。     

牛人工授精后受胎与血中孕酮浓度变化的关系(摘要)

给牛人工授精后第7日、20～22日共3次以酶免疫测定法测定血清中孕酮浓度变化,以探讨牛的发情状态的判定及早期妊娠诊断。供试牛共52头,其中47头(90.4％)为排卵性发情,1头(1.9％)为无排卵性发情,其于4头(7.7％)为非发情的牛。自人工授精60日后进行直肠检查,其中36头(69.2％)确认为妊娠,并且这些牛均为排卵性发情。妊娠牛(n=36),与授精后第7日的非妊娠牛(n=16)血中孕酮浓度差异显著。在授精后第20～22日,妊娠牛血中孕酮     

孕酮在反刍动物早期妊娠中的免疫耐受作用

孕酮的内分泌调节与免疫功能对动物早期妊娠建立和维持十分重要。目前,在反刍动物生产中,胚胎丢失、早期流产等问题一直困扰着养殖户,而孕酮引起的免疫耐受机制还不很清楚。作者通过介绍孕酮的来源及作用方式、孕酮与机体免疫、孕酮介导妊娠免疫耐受等内容,阐述了孕酮在反刍动物早期妊娠中的免疫耐受作用,为孕酮在妊娠免疫耐受方面的研究提供理论参考。     

犬假孕症的诊治

假孕症亦称伪妊娠 ,是指母犬发情后在未交配或配后没有受孕的情况下 ,全身状况和行为出现妊娠所特有变化的一种综合症 ,是母犬常见现象。假孕症虽然不会引起生殖道疾病 ,但会影响母犬的正常繁殖。该病多发生于发情后 2～ 3个月期间。犬发情排卵后 ,无论是配种未受孕 ,还是未配种 ,其卵巢上均能形成功能性黄体 (亦称性周期黄体 )。此黄体的功能可维持 60～ 1 0 0ｄ之久 ,并持续分泌孕酮 ,由于孕酮的持续作用 ,使母犬出现类似怀孕的明显征候。据我院 1 993年以来门诊资料统计 ,在 9730例病母孕犬中 ,假孕症病犬出现 1 96例 ,占孕犬的 2 1 % ,…     

母犬的妊娠管理

优化犬妊娠管理开始于饲养管理和在理想的体况下的正常的,健康的亲本选择。整个妊娠期,母犬的姿态,活动,食欲,体重和身体变化的情况应该由业主进行监控。如果食欲不振,体重增重停滞,或出现任何疾病症状应全面的体检,进行生化及随机抽样尿检。胎儿的健康应通过B超评估。临产将至和分娩进度可以通过直肠温度,血清孕酮浓度和子宫和胎儿的监视器监控。本文综述了犬的妊娠和分娩生理,论述了母犬正常妊娠管理的典型计划。     

孕马血清的制取方法

孕马血清的主要成分是促性腺激素。皮下注射孕马血清可使卵巢滤泡成熟及排卵,也可用来医治一些生殖器官机能障碍。通常利用妊娠45—90天的母马血液制取孕马血清。此期间血液中促性腺激素浓度最高。输血马间隔7天采血4—5升。     

牦牛不同妊娠阶段孕酮的主要来源器官研究

为明确牦牛不同妊娠阶段孕酮的来源，分别对53头不同妊娠阶段牦牛的黄体组织、肾上腺组织和胎盘组织进行体外细胞培养，同时对44头牦牛的上述组织进行匀浆处理，采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定培养液及组织匀浆上清液中孕酮的含量。结果显示，黄体细胞在体外培养时，妊娠前2个月内孕酮分泌量显著升高（P〈0．05）：妊娠2-5个月，培养液中孕酮含量变化不明显（P〉0．05），但在妊娠5个月以后，其浓度又开始显著增加（P〈0．01）。肾上腺组织体外培养时，分泌孕酮的能力随不同个体差别较大，孕酮浓度在整个妊娠期变化不明显（P〉0．05）。胎盘组织体外培养时仅分泌少量孕酮，且在整个妊娠期其浓度变化不明显。黄体组织匀浆上清液中孕酮浓度在妊娠前2个月内呈上升趋势（P〈0．05），之后其浓度开始下降，至妊娠第4个月时下降到最低水平，以后又逐渐上升（P〈0．05），妊娠6-7个月时达到峰值，临近分娩时，又下降至较低水平。肾上腺组织匀浆中孕酮含量的变化差异较大，且无明显的变化趋势，胎盘组织匀浆中孕酮的含量也很低，甚至检测不到。结果表明，黄体是牦牛整个妊娠期孕酮的主要来源器官。     

黄芩苷对小鼠的保胎作用及其对细胞因子的影响

本试验旨在研究黄芩苷的促孕保胎作用及其对母胎界面细胞因子的影响。取怀孕小鼠分成5组,除对照组外,其它4组于孕5-7天皮下注射溴隐亭建立流产模型,孕1-7天分别灌服蒸馏水、0.1、0.51、mg黄芩苷。孕3、5、7、10、12天采样,计算流产率,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清及子宫匀浆中干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-10(IL-10)、孕酮的含量。结果孕12天时1 mg黄芩苷组流产率降低,接近对照组,与模型组均有显著差异。孕5天各组血清和子宫匀浆中IFN-γ含量显著上升,其中1 mg黄芩苷组最高。孕酮含量随孕期延长而提高,以0.5和1 mg黄芩苷组最高。表明黄芩苷可剂量依赖性上调孕酮的含量,促进着床期IFN-γ分泌,胚泡附植后又降低IFN-γ的含量,调节着床和妊娠期Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡,影响内分泌-免疫网络,有利于胚胎着床和妊娠维持。     

Canine pregnancy and parturition

In contrast to the large variation in canine gestation lengths based on mating-to-whelping intervals (56 to 70 days), gestation length based on intervals from the preovulatory LH surge to whelping shows little variation (64 to 66 days). By considering the preovulatory LH surge as the central endocrine event of the fertile cycle, various events can be reasonably timed, including ovulation on day 2, oocyte maturation on day 4, reduced fertility after day 6, implantation around day 17, and development of fetal radiopacity after day 45. Throughout pregnancy, gestation is dependent on ovarian progesterone secretion and, thus, on pituitary LH and prolactin for luteotrophic support. Because prostaglandin F2 alpha is luteolytic in the bitch, it may be involved in the luteolysis observed immediately prepartum in association with rises in maternal cortisol and prolactin levels.     

Effect of Anticoagulants and Sampling Time on Results of Progesterone Determination in Canine Blood Samples

The concentration of plasma progesterone was measured by ELISA, in serum and samples prepared with three different anticoagulant agents – namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), heparine and sodium fluoride oxalate potassium(NaFK). Forty clinically healthy bitches were selected based on the signs of pro‐oestrus or oestrus. Values of progesterone concentration were significantly higher in serum than in EDTA‐plasma (p < 0.0005); heparin‐plasma (p < 0.05) and NaFK‐plasma (p < 0.005). During pro‐oestrus and oestrus until the time of ovulation, progesterone exhibited a conspicuous and statistically verified diurnal pattern (p < 0.05), its serum concentration being higher during 6.00–7.00 p.m. than 8.00–9.00 a.m. By the time of ovulation tendency of higher p.m. progesterone level reverses and from this point on the a.m. progesterone concentration is higher. The results of these experiments indicate that the concentration of canine progesterone assayed with ELISA may be affected by the time of collection and the method of preservation used.     

Endocrine Profile Comparisons of Fat Versus Moderately Conditioned Mares Following Parturition

The influence of progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estrogen on the mare's estrous cycle has been well researched and documented, but other endocrine profiles have not received as much attention. To evaluate endocrine concentrations in fat-conditioned (body condition score [BCS] of 7–8) versus moderately conditioned mares (BCS of 5–6), 24 mares were allotted to and maintained in respective groups from late gestation until pregnancy was confirmed after breeding on the second postpartum estrus. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T₄), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and leptin were assayed to characterize circulating blood concentrations. Additionally, LH and progesterone serum concentrations were assayed to evaluate the estrous cycle status of the mares. Leptin and progesterone concentrations were not different (P > .05) between the groups. Nevertheless, serum concentrations of T₄ were higher (P < .01) and IGF-1 concentrations lower (P < .01) in moderately conditioned as compared with fat-conditioned mares during times of ovulation and the interovulatory period. Furthermore, serum concentrations of LH were found to be different between the groups only when the estrous cycle approached the second ovulation (P < .0001). Results of this study suggest that mares maintained in a BCS of 5 or greater are similar in terms of reproductive efficiency. Although the circulating serum concentrations of T₄ and IGF-1 are different after parturition, their influence does not affect reproductive capabilities of mares with a BCS of 5 or greater.     

The effect of pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone or corticosterone on the time of ovulation and oviposition in the hen.

Pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were injected into hens between 16.30 and 17.00 h on the day of oviposition of the last egg of a sequence. 2. Pregnenolone did not affect ovulation, but all of the other steroids induced ovulation prematurely. 3. To induce premature ovulation in 50% of the hens, 82-31 mug+/-0-06 mug, 23-86 mug+/-0-07 mug and 659-26 mug+/-0-05 mug of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone, respectively were required for injection. 4. Differences were observed in the times of oviposition of eggs which ovulated in response to injections of either progesterone or a corticosteroid and it was suggested that the mechanism of action of progesterone and corticosteroids operates through different endocrine pathways.     

The value of progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and cloprostenol in controlling the timing of oestrus and ovulation in dairy cows and allowing successful fixed-time insemination

The relative merits of three hormone treatments of dairy cows: (1) intravaginally administered progesterone and oestradiol benzoate; (2) intravaginally administered progesterone and injected cloprostenol; and (3) injected cloprostenol; begun 35-75 days after calving and designed to synchronize oestrus and ovulation and allow successful artificial insemination (AI) at fixed times, have been assessed utilizing information from progesterone concentrations in milk. From this it was concluded that 89% of the cows had ovulated one to three times between calving and the beginning of treatment. Treatment (2) was more effective than (1) in synchronizing ovulation. This was due to the fact that when treatments began early in the ovulation cycle, the requirement for a rapidly effective luteolytic agent was provided by cloprostenol but not by oestradiol benzoate. Treatment (2) was also more effective than (3) in synchronizing ovulation. This is interpreted as meaning that progesterone treatment for 12 days had a beneficial effect in restoring normal cyclic ovarian function in the cows after calving. Whilst cloprostenol administered alone did not have this beneficial effect, there is no evidence that it had a detrimental effect. Based on all cows in treatment groups, the proportion that became pregnant to the fixed-time AI was significantly greater after treatment (2) than after (1), but when based on numbers of cows with synchronized ovulation, there were no significant differences among treatments in the proportions becoming pregnant. The progesterone/cloprostenol treatment had a disadvantage in that when begun during the 11-22 day period of the ovulation cycle, so resulting in a long, total period of suppression of ovulation (mean, 32.1 days), fertility to the fixed-time AI was poor despite effective synchronization of ovulation. Ovulation cycles immediately following the failed, fixed-time AI were normal, both in length and in maximum, luteal-phase progesterone concentration and indicated normal corpus luteum function. Thus the infertility could be ascribed neither to poor timing of AI nor to gross degeneration of follicles prior to their synchronized ovulation following the prolonged suppression of ovulation. The 12-day progesterone treatments when given to anovulatory cows gave, within 5.5 h of their beginning, a concentration of progesterone in milk that was not significantly different from the maximum reached. This concentration declined during the 12 days of the treatment but remained above pretreatment level until 5.5 h after treatment withdrawal; the maximum reached was about half that in normal ovulation cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effects of endometrial biopsy, uterine culture, and cervical dilatation on the equine estrous cycle

In 10 mares, lysis of the corpus luteum was induced by endometrial biopsy and culture on day 4 after estrus, as evidenced by a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and a shortened interestrous interval. Estrus following the manipulations was prolonged. Endometrial biopsy and culture on days 1 and 3 after estrus or manually dilating the cervix on day 4 after estrus also decreased the serum progesterone concentration (within 24--48 hr after manipulation), shortened diestrus, and prolonged the subsequent estrus. In a 2nd experiment, endometrial biopsy on day 4 after estrus shortened the estrous cycle and diestrous period and prolonged the subsequent estrus. It was postulated that these manipulations stimulated corpus luteum regression, followed by estrus and ovulation in the mare.     

Serum relaxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, pseudopregnant, and ovariectomized, progestin-treated pregnant bitches: detection of relaxin as a marker of pregnancy

Serum concentrations of relaxin and progesterone were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in pregnant, pseudopregnant, or ovariectomized (between gestation weeks 4 and 5) pregnant Labrador Retriever bitches. Daily administration of 17 alpha-ethyl-19-nortestosterone was performed to maintain gestation in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches. This synthetic gestagen was selected because it did not interfere with the assay for endogenously secreted progesterone concentration in serum. Serum progesterone concentration was high in ovarian-intact pregnant or pseudopregnant bitches, but the mean progesterone concentration in pseudopregnant bitches (evaluated at 4 weeks after mating) was only 56% of the concentration in pregnant bitches. After ovariectomy, serum progesterone concentration decreased to undetectable values. Unlike progesterone, serum relaxin concentration increased during the latter half of pregnancy in the ovarian-intact and in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches, but relaxin was not detectable at any time in the pseudopregnant bitches. The amount of relaxin measured in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches was less (P less than 0.05) than that in ovarian-intact bitches, suggesting that the ovaries may have contributed to the total circulating relaxin concentration in the latter. Placental production of relaxin might have accounted for the serum relaxin concentration after ovariectomy; thus, the ovary and placenta each may secrete relaxin during gestation in bitches. Regardless of its source, measurement of serum relaxin concentration may offer a useful way of distinction between pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in dogs.     

不同药物治疗奶牛排卵障碍的疗效观察与研究

选用不同药物对38例患排卵障碍的患牛进行治疗并运用RAA法测定血清中的孕酮．结果表明：使用氯前列烯醇的排卵率为70％，二个情期受胎率为90％；使用HCG的排卵率为26．67％，二个情期受胎率为60％；生理盐水的排卵率为33．33％。使用上述药物患牛血清孕酮呈现下降趋势．与临床征象表现一致。     

Milk and serum progesterone levels in mares after ovulation

Twenty-four Finnhorse mares were examined by rectal palpation and ultrasonography every 6 h during late oestrus to determine the time of ovulation. Milk and serum samples were collected every 6 h after the detected ovulation for progesterone analysis. The progesterone rises took place within 0-54 h and 0-60 h after ovulation, in milk and serum, respectively. Statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) in progesterone levels were observed for the first time 12-18 h and 18-24 h after ovulation, in serum and milk, respectively, as compared to progesterone levels 0-6 h after ovulation.