栽培基质超亲水pH传感器测量误差影响因素分析与补偿

栽培基质pH值是设施园艺中重要的生产过程信息之一。针对栽培基质pH值在线检测误差大、结果易受基质含水率和基质成分影响的问题,基于超亲水pH传感器,以泥炭、蛭石基质为原料,以配置的不同质量比和不同含水率的栽培基质为试验对象,开展了栽培基质超亲水pH传感器pH值测量试验研究。结果发现：栽培基质的质量含水率(θ_m)降低会引起超亲水pH传感器的pH值测量值线性降低和pH值测量误差线性增加,其测量误差绝对值最大为0.81,显著低于锑电极pH传感器(测量误差绝对值最大为2.15);超亲水pH传感器的测量误差受混合基质中泥炭、蛭石质量比的影响相对较小,由基质成分变化导致的测量误差最大变化为0.23,显著低于锑电极pH传感器(最大变化为1.10)。在此基础上建立了栽培基质超亲水pH传感器的测量误差补偿模型,并在采集的栽培基质中进行了应用试验;补偿前测量误差绝对值最大为0.32,补偿后降为0.18,测量误差进一步降低,验证了超亲水pH传感器及其测量误差补偿模型的有效性。研究结果为实现栽培基质pH值快速、准确在线检测奠定了基础。     

区域土壤水分监测点布设方式探讨

试验在面积为32 km2的封丘潘店乡进行,共布设39个测点,采用烘干法测定土壤含水率来确定合理监测点,通过19次土壤水吸力的监测数据分析得到时间稳定点,并与传统均匀布点进行比较。结果表明,采用时间稳定点作为土壤水吸力的监测点,无论对于研究区平均土壤水吸力值的表征,还是对于其它未布设监测点区域土壤水吸力状况的预测,误差均小于传统的均匀布点方式。为今后墒情监测网的布设提供了一定的参考依据。     

灌溉决策中的土壤特性空间变异研究

通过对灌区田间原状土样进行室内测试 ,并对测得的土壤水分特性值进行经典统计分析 ,得出土壤水分参数的统计特征值 ,这些参数近似为正态分布和对数正态分布 ,并对土壤水分参数进行地质统计学分析 ,绘出各参数值的半方差图和等值线图。根据研究分析结果 ,确定采用田间土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量作为评价分析参数。在灌溉决策系统中 ,根据半方差图确定观测点间距 ,从评价参数等值线图确定观测点在田间的位置。该研究方法对灌溉决策使用中子水分仪 (或 TDR)确定田间观测点的间距和位置有理论上的指导意义     

The use of insulated time-domain reflectometry sensors to measure water content in highly saline soils

In a conducting medium, the energy of a time-domain reflectometry (TDR) pulse is dissipated and the signal is attenuated. Above a certain high conductivity, however, the signal is completely attenuated and the soil short-circuits the sensor. This behaviour of the signal with conductivity severely limits the TDR technique in measuring water content in highly saline soils. By reducing the direct contact between the conductive soil and the metallic sensor the energy of the pulse is better maintained. Different combinations were tried: we insulated the central wire, outer two wires, and all wires of a three-wire sensor with two different insulators. The first insulator was an adhesive polyethylene sheet usually used as a transparent cover and the second insulator was an adhesive tape. The insulated sensors were used to measure dielectric constants in non-saline soils and water and in saline soils. The sensors with the insulated centre wire preserve maximum energy and maintain a clear signal in saline soils. The insulating materials have very small dielectric constants. The TDR exerts a larger influence in the vicinity of the wires of the sensor during measurements. Therefore, the insulated sensor measures a dielectric constant which is smaller than the apparent dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. The type of insulating material also has an effect on the dielectric constant. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the sensors for the specific insulator. Received: 30 December 1996     

土壤水分测量中相位差检测算法的实验与研究

TDR时域反射法是近些年发展起来的一种测定土壤含水量的新技术,因其快速、简便、高可靠性、高精度等优点受到越来越多的关注。为此,介绍一种在TDR时域反射法基础上发展起来的基于相位检测法的土壤水分测量技术,即基于相位检测的时域反射测量法(P-TDR)。针对时间差检测过程中的相位多值问题,提出了确定相位差测量值范围的解决算法,以及实际应用时的解决办法。同时,采用相位检测法设计的传感器对土壤水分测量的结果与烘干法的测量结果进行比较,验证了该方法的可靠性。     

灌溉水质对FDR土壤水分传感器的性能影响研究

为探究在灌溉控制系统中灌水水质对土壤水分传感器性能的影响效应,选择了3种国内外常用的基于介电原理(FDR)的土壤水分传感器(5TE、CSF13、FDS100)对其精准性、一致性等关键性能进行评价分析,结果表明:在测量精度方面,5TE和FDS100传感器精度较好,土壤含水量测试值与实际值的R2达到0.892与0.914;...     

基于LVDS传输线延时检测技术的土壤含水率传感器

为实现土壤含水率的快速准确监测,设计了一种基于LVDS差分传输线延时检测技术的土壤含水率传感器。该传感器将高频振荡信号分路为两通道LVDS差分信号,一个通道用于测试土壤含水率,另一个通道用于提供参考信号。由于土壤中水分的变化改变土壤介电常数,从而导致测试通道LVDS差分总线上信号传输延时的变化,则传感器检测该通道信号的传输延时就可以确定土壤含水率。为了获得LVDS总线设计线宽和线间距的最优值,以LVDS总线阻抗值均方误差最小化为目标,构建了线宽和线间距的最优化计算模型,并通过遗传算法求解出了最优线宽为0.178 9 mm和最优线间距为0.223 8 mm。试验表明,根据该参数设计的传感器在50 MHz频率时,对体积含水率8.31%以上的砖红壤土和黄壤土的预测模型为线性模型,决定系数R2为0.964 2,绝对预测误差在2.45%以内。     

A comparison of soil- and canopy temperature-based methods for the early detection of water stress in a simulated patch of pasture

This paper evaluates the sensitivity of two different methods of water stress detection in a simulated patch of pasture grown in a greenhouse. The performance of two indices, based respectively on canopy temperature and soil water content values — the latter gauged by means of a time domain reflectometry (TDR) system, was assessed against actual evapotranspiration, measured by a very accurate weighing system. Both methods were able to detect water shortage by the time transpiration was reduced to some 80% of its potential value. The soil-based index, however, relied on the estimate of root water extraction rate, which may not be known. It is concluded that detection of water shortage by means of a canopy temperature-based stress index is to be preferred to measuring soil water deficits by time domain reflectometry, despite the accuracy of the TDR-based soil water content estimate.     

Evaluating irrigation applied and nitrogen leached using different smart irrigation technologies on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum)

Irrigation technologies [i.e., automatic timer, automatic timer with rain sensor, automatic timer with soil water sensor (SWS), and evapotranspiration (ET) controller] were compared in a bahiagrass plot study by measuring irrigation applied, water volumes drained, and NO₃–N and NH₄–N leached. All irrigation technologies were scheduled to irrigate on Sunday and Thursday. Three different irrigation depths were evaluated with the automatic timer: 15, 19, and 32 mm. SWS treatment allowed scheduled irrigation if soil water content was estimated to be below 70 % of water holding capacity, while the ET treatment allowed scheduled irrigation if soil water content was estimated to be below 50 % of plant available water. The rain sensor, SWS, and ET controller treatments applied significantly less water (p < 0.05) than the automatic timer treatment (which irrigates on specific days and times without regard to system conditions), reducing water by 17–49, 64–75, and 66–70 %, respectively. NO₃–N and NH₄–N were only significantly different after the second fertilizer application, which coincided with the 32 mm per event irrigation rate for the automatic timer treatment. Under these conditions, the automatic timer treatment had significantly greater NO₃–N and NH₄–N leachate than other treatments due to greater occurrence of soil water content exceeding water holding capacity, which resulted in drainage. Findings suggest that water can be saved using rain sensors, SWSs, or ET controllers and that leachate NO₃–N and NH₄–N can be reduced using rain sensors, SWSs, or ET controllers.     

螺旋离心泵叶轮域流体能量损失研究

以螺旋离心泵为研究对象,采用计算流体力学方法,对叶轮内部流场进行数值计算,分析了叶片工作面和背面轮毂、轮缘处的压强和速度分布。定义Rothalpy值作为能量损失定量评价的指标,对输送介质为清水和固相体积分数为20%、颗粒粒径为0.076 mm的固液两相含沙水在螺旋离心泵叶轮域的能量变化进行了分析,得出叶轮不同位置处能量变化规律。结果表明:叶轮螺旋段头部是整个叶轮域能量转换的过渡区域,螺旋段是叶轮域流体介质能量增加的主要区域,螺旋段中部的壁面摩擦损失对螺旋段做功能力有一定影响,液流在离心段能量损失最大;较输送清水,当输送固相体积分数为20%、颗粒粒径为0.076 mm的含沙水时,叶轮做功能力有所提高,在叶轮出口处,两类流体介质的能量趋于均匀。     

“彗星式通孔”减阻犁的试验研究

在分析犁耕阻力形成的基础上,提出改善摩擦面摩擦条件的设想。通过在铧式犁的犁胸和犁铧上设计“彗星式通孔”,使犁耕过程中犁面与土垡的接触界面形成气液相介质层,改变土壤与金属的摩擦性能,减小摩擦系数,从而达到减摩减阻的目的。田间试验表明:设计有“彗星式通孔”的犁在水耕时可减小犁耕比阻8％～12％,旱耕时犁耕比阻也可减小2.5％～3.5％左右。     

施入保水剂土壤吸水膨胀试验

以施入保水剂的土壤为研究对象,建立了施入保水剂土壤吸水后的空隙变化模型,并对不同含水率条件下土壤孔隙进行了测定,对模型进行了求参和验证,表明此模型具有较好的模拟效果,并以此为基础对施入保水剂条件下的土体吸水膨胀和孔隙度变化进行了分析,结果表明,保水剂施入量越高,膨胀量增加越大,孔隙度的增加也越大.     

电容式植物含水监测传感器的数学建模及电路设计

国内目前的农业灌溉过程中,主要利用土壤和环境湿度来判断作物缺水状况。在研究平行板电容传感器工作原理的基础上,提出了用电容传感器测量植物含水情况,并提出在测量中将电容极板间被测物质和间隙空气抽象为固、液、气三相的方法,理论上分别建立了用于植物水分测量的三相介质的并联、串联数学建模,并做了数值模拟分析。分析认为在一定的激励信号作用下,平板电容的电容值与极板间被测介质含水率呈对应关系,得出了平行板电容传感器可以实现直接针对植物含水情况测量的结论,解决了间接测量的滞后性和准确性差的问题,确定了三相介质并联的建模方法可以作为传感器系统理论分析的最佳方案。在理论分析可行的基础上对传感器电路结构设计做了初步分析、介绍。     

绿地精准灌溉控制系统设计与最优灌溉量分析

为了提高绿地精准灌溉控制系统中两点法测量土壤墒情的测量精度,通过对土壤水分传感器一体化的研究,设计了双层复合土壤水分传感器,相比于传统的两个传感器策略,使用该复合型土壤水分传感器测量结果更加精确,且降低了能耗。为了获得绿地作物的最优灌溉量,确保灌溉水不浪费且能满足作物正常生长的需求,以高羊茅为例,通过实验,在综合分析高羊茅生长需求、土壤墒情和部分气象资料的基础上,得出适合于高羊茅的最优灌溉量为12 mm。     

Dielectric coated water content reflectometer for improved monitoring of near surface soil moisture in heavily fertilized paddy field

Mat rush (Juncus effusus L.), used for ‘Tatami’ (a traditional Japanese mat), is a type of crop requiring a large amount of fertilizer (450–600 kg ha⁻¹ of N). In a heavily fertilized mat rush paddy field we examined the monitoring of soil water content (θ) by using the water content reflectometer (WCR). WCR sensors with and without coating rods were prepared and tested for their performance in different solutions. In addition, these sensors for Gley Lowland Soils were also calibrated for measuring θ. The results showed that the measured water content using the uncoated WCR, increasing with the EC of the solution, was 1.6 times of that for distilled water while the output for the coated WCR became 1.04 times. The coating prevents conduction losses while it influences the sensitivity of the WCR sensor. The monitoring of θ using both coated and uncoated WCR sensors in a mat rush paddy field was conducted throughout a cropping season. For the coated sensors, water content could be determined accurately even after fertilizer applications, while with the uncoated sensors it was overestimated. Thus, it was concluded that the use of insulated WCR sensors make it possible to accurately monitor the near surface soil moisture in a heavily fertilized paddy field.     

Evapotranspiration of citrus as affected by soil water deficit and soil salinity

Summary The extent to which evapotranspiration (ET) of Valencia citrus trees is affected by differing soil water depletions (SWD) and soil salinity regimes was determined during five seasons during which soil salinity levels varied. Three weighing lysimeters, each with a 14 year old tree, were used to measure daily ET and to schedule irrigation to maintain SWD at maxima of 15, 75 and 150 mm respectively. Tensiometers and salinity sensors were used to indicate the in situ soil matric and soil solution osmotic potentials. Total soil water potential was calculated from tensiometer and salinity sensor readings weighted for root density with depth. The total of these for the summer months was found to be linearly related (Fig. 5) to the mean ET/Ep (Ep=A-pan evaporation). The slope and threshold of ET reductions with decreasing soil water potential for the low frequency irrigation treatment (150 mm SWD) show good agreement with the slope and threshold of yield decrease that is calculated from soil salinity in the lysimeter using previously reported salinity-yield relationships. The reduced water uptake due to increasing soil salinity has important implications for soil salinity control, since the lower uptake should in theory increase the leaching fraction. This implies a degree of self adjustment to the leaching fraction when irrigating with increasingly saline waters if water applications are scheduled as for non-saline conditions.     

基于HWSD的GSAC模型网格化产流参数估计与校正

针对基于网格的萨克拉门托模型(GSAC)产流参数难以估计的问题,提出利用世界和谐土壤数据库(HWSD)土壤属性数据估计和校正该模型产流参数的方法。首先,采用HWSD土粒百分含量和土壤质地分类数据估算流域各网格顶层(T层)与底层(S层)土壤的凋萎系数、田间持水量、饱和含水量等土壤水分常数;再采用一个气候指数和HWSD的T层张力水容量、田间持水量及凋萎系数推求GSAC模型上层厚度,继而利用上层厚度将流域各网格的HWSD土壤水分常数转换为GSAC模型上、下层土壤水分常数;最后利用GSAC模型上层厚度与转换了的土壤水分常数估计流域各网格的产流参数;在估计产流参数的同时,采用12个系数对这些产流参数进行校正,所有的校正系数通过自由搜索(FS)算法率定GSAC模型确定。呼兰河流域的应用结果表明:基于HWSD土壤属性数据估计GSAC模型网格化产流参数的方法简便易行,利用校正产流参数驱动的GSAC模型在率定期与验证期的纳什效率系数(NSEC)分别为0.81和0.83,与不校正产流参数情况相比,校正产流参数的GSAC模型能够取得更高的模拟精度。     

给水度测定仪设计

针对目前原状土测定给水度方法存在较大误差,设计了一种原状土给水度测定仪,并提出新的测试思路及其计算方法.首先设计了给水度测定仪的结构及其操作过程,然后在分析土体入渗过程和释水过程的基础上,根据给水度定义,对给水度的计算公式进行推导,得到了用介质和渗透液的物理性质指标表述的给水度计算公式.分析结果及实例计算表明,原状土给水度测定仪测定过程简单,渗流过程与实际流态相近,公式计算结果准确.     

示踪物运送时间法测流的原理及应用

混合进管道水流中的示踪物,随水流质点以相同的速度在管道中运动,在相隔一定距离的两个过流断面上检测示踪物浓度的电极传感器,通过电脑测流仪采集电极输出的信号,并由该仪器对信号进行处理,可以迅速列表打印通过管道的流量。该法不受泥沙和水草的影响,可用于清水和液固两相流的流量测量。     

双针结构土壤水分传感器探针最优长度分析与试验

在两针平行式探针结构的阻抗模型的基础上,进一步理论推导了终端开路式和终端短路式两种类型土壤水分传感器探针长度与阻抗特性的关系.借助高频分析软件HFSS确定了两针平行式土壤水分传感器的最佳探针结构,并采用有机溶液模拟土壤体积含水率进行了试验,试验结果表明:终端开路式和终端短路式土壤水分传感器探针长度在0 ～8.3 cm时,其土壤体积含水率测量范围达到0～100％.