城市污泥堆肥用于生产碱茅草无土草坪的研究

根据混料设计{3,2}单形格子理论设计,分别从理化性状、碱茅草生长生理指标、草坪综合质量和草坪生产周期等方面分析了稻糠、污泥堆肥和蛭石不同比例混合基质的优劣。研究表明:稻糠与堆肥混合基质(T4),蛭石与堆肥混合基质(T6),稻糠、蛭石和堆肥混合基质(CK1)的容重适中,营养充足,pH和EC值适宜,适合草坪草生长。与大田(CK2)相比,含堆肥基质可显著提高叶绿素含量;T6、CK1的根系活力稍有降低,但提高了草坪草过氧化氢酶活性,而T4根系活力和过氧化氢酶活性稍有降低;且三者的游离脯氨酸含量虽有所增加,但无显著差异(P0.05)。综合评价草坪草质量以CK1最高,T4、T6次之。通过建立基质配比与生产周期的关系模型模拟优化共得5 151套基质组合方案,其中生产周期最短为18 d,共1 335套方案,体积分数范围分别为:0≤x1(稻糠)≤90%,10%≤x2(污泥堆肥)≤30%,0≤x3(蛭石)≤84%;因此,以稻糠、蛭石和污泥堆肥等开发高质量碱茅草无土草坪栽培基质是完全可行的。     

草坪锈病的为害与防治

草坪锈病是一种流行非常广泛、为害非常严重的真菌性病害,它可以为害绝大多数冷季型草坪草,如早熟禾、黑麦草、狗牙根及高羊茅等,其中以早熟禾、黑麦草受害最为严重。在适宜的环境条件下,锈病夏孢子可以大量发生并迅速蔓延,几天之内就会使草坪大面积感染。初期叶片上出现黄色斑点,发病区草坪看上去颜色不正常,有些发黄;     

不同施肥处理对高羊茅生长及种子生产的影响

高羊茅 (Festucaarundinacea)为华东地区主要草坪种之一 ,具有适应性广 ,抗逆性强等优点 ,目前在园林中中被广泛应用。但高羊茅的种子由于其成穗率低 ,抽穗不整齐 ,成穗蘖较高易倒伏 ,种子收获率及产量低 ,经济效益不高等原因 ,受到严重制约。而我国草坪种子生产刚刚起步 ,种子     

基于物联网的北方温室大棚智能管理系统研究与应用建议

在物联网技术逐渐完善、成熟的背景下,将物联网技术应用在北方温室大棚智能管理系统中具有重要意义.从物联网技术出发,探讨智能管理系统的设计要求,分析智能管理系统设计过程中的关键技术,从而提高温室大棚管理系统的综合利用效益,为促进我国新农村建设及农业的现代化发展奠定良好基础.     

氮磷钾肥对高羊茅生长及抗寒性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了氮磷钾肥对冷季型草坪草高羊茅生长、叶绿素含量及抗寒性的影响。结果表明,NPK配合施用能有效促进草坪草生长、叶绿素合成及提高抗寒性。NPK处理的叶片数、叶长及株高分别是不施氮处理的1.23、1.73和1.68倍,是不施磷处理的1.96、2.25和2.04倍。播种后100.d,NPK处理SPAD值分别比PK和NK处理高出2.53和3.14倍;越冬期NPK处理的脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和电解质渗透率(EL)分别是PK处理的313.6%、36.4%和13.4%,是NK处理的104.2%、14.0%和11.6%。试验结果还表明,磷肥对草坪草生长影响最大,氮肥次之,氮磷肥缺乏均降低草坪草抗寒性;钾肥施用与否对草坪草生长及抗寒性影响不大。说明氮磷钾肥合理施用能有效改善越冬期草坪质量。     

控释复合肥对冷季型草坪氨挥发和硝态氮淋洗的影响

通过田间试验,研究了控释复合肥、常规施肥、市售草坪专用肥对冷季型草坪氨挥发和硝态氮淋洗的影响。氨挥发采用通气密闭法收集测定,硝态氮利用土壤溶液提取器收集淋洗液然后进行测定。结果表明,常规施肥处理的氨挥发量为47.7 kg/hm2(占年施氮量的18.3%),显著高于控释复合肥处理(氨挥发损失为2.9 kg/hm2,占年施氮量的1.1%)和市售草坪专用肥处理(氨挥发损失为4.1 kg/hm2,占年施氮量的1.6%)。施氮不同程度增加了淋洗液中硝态氮的浓度,3种氮肥的硝态氮淋洗程度不同。0—50 cm土层,淋洗液的硝态氮浓度范围分别是:控释复合肥处理1.16~.7 mg/L,常规施肥处理1.21~0.1 mg/L,市售草坪专用肥处理1.51~6.7 mg/L;0—100 cm土层,淋洗液的硝态氮浓度范围分别是:控释复合肥处理1.15~.7 mg/L,常规施肥处理1.11~2.5 mg/L,市售草坪专用肥处理1.16~.2 mg/L。综上所述,控释复合肥降低了冷季型草坪氨挥发损失和硝态氮的淋洗,表现出明显的环境效益,是一种有应用前景的新型肥料。     

我国北方设施农业环境治理失灵的困惑与出路——以温室大棚蔬菜生产为例

以温室大棚为代表的设施农业,打破传统农业按季节生产惯例,提高了土地的总产出率,是人类以人工措施干预气候、创造非常态下作物生长条件的有益发明。但是,随着大棚使用年限的增加,生产环境劣化问题日益凸显。土壤盐渍化、酸化,有机质匮乏;病害泛滥,农药残留、地下水污染;从业者频发"大棚病"等,这些问题形成的主要原因在于化肥投施超量、连作生产和封闭的生产环境。治理失灵的根源是农民高产高效的愿望;大市场、大流通与小农经济的矛盾;病菌空气传播的不可控性;农家肥源严重不足,等等。以环境健康理念,因地制宜,改良温室内土壤;改进温室建设工艺;实行清洁生产,是解决设施农业环境问题的根本出路。     

环境因素对植物导水率影响的研究综述

植物的导水率表示单位压力梯度植物传导水分的通量, 是根系吸收及传导水分能力大小的一个重要生理生态指标。植物导水率受内在和外在因素的影响而发生明显变化。本文重点概述了包括根区土壤水分、养分、盐分、温度和灌溉方式等外在因素对植物导水率影响的研究进展。深入阐明不同环境因素下的植物导水率, 不仅可充实SPAC 系统水分传输理论, 而且有助于明确植物对环境的适应机制和高效用水的潜力。     

短期NaHCO3胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响

土壤盐渍化严重威胁草坪草的可持续发展,选育和种植耐盐草坪草可改良和利用大面积盐渍土壤。以3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L.)和早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草草坪外观质量、叶片萎蔫系数、叶片相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量和K+含量均随着NaHCO3浓度的增加而逐渐降低,且浓度越高,下降越明显;0.4%～1.0%NaHCO3胁迫降低了3种冷季型草坪草的地上部分和根系干重,且随着NaHCO3浓度的增加,生长受到胁迫的抑制程度显著增大,根系部分的受抑制程度比地上部分更明显;不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和Na+含量随着NaHCO3胁迫浓度的升高呈上升趋势,且浓度越高上升越明显;NaHCO3浓度0.4%时,3种冷季型草坪草已受到伤害;黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾在不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下的隶属函数平均值均表现为早熟禾黑麦草高羊茅,说明3种冷季型草坪草抗NaHCO3胁迫的能力均为早熟禾强于黑麦草和高羊茅。     

生物能温室对水稻生长发育影响的研究

生物能温室比烧火温室育水稻秧苗无论在温度、湿度、光照、气体均利于秧苗生长发育,室内CO₂浓度可高出大气4倍多。并可防治早春低温阴雨对水稻分蘖期和低温对齐穗期的影响。     

翅果油树净光合速率日变化及其主要影响因子

对翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化进行了测定,并分析其与蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等光合参数及环境因子的关系.结果表明:翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化呈"双峰"曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,最高峰分别出现在9:00和15:00,变化范围在1.25～11.35 μmol·m-2·s-1之间;11:00～12:00引起净光合速率降低的主要因素是气孔限制因素,9:00～11:00、15:00～19:00则为非气孔限制因素.净光合速率与光合参数的关系在一天中不同时段表现不同,6:00～9:00、15:00～19:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;9:00～12:00叶片净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度分别呈显著和极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈不显著负相关;12:00～15:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度呈不显著正相关.6:00～9:00影响叶片净光合速率的主要环境因子及其作用大小为光合有效辐射>胞间CO2浓度,且前者表现为正效应,后者表现为负效应;9:00～12:00为光合有效辐射>空气CO2浓度,且前者表现为负效应,后者表现为正效应;12:00～15:00为空气相对湿度,表现为正效应;15:00～19:00为光合有效辐射>空气温度,两者均表现为正效应.     

油松针叶萜烯组分相对含量同 环 境 和 生 长 因 子 的 关 系

在山西、河北、陕西和甘肃4省,选择油松12个种源的36个林分、288株成年油松样木。利用GC及GC/MS分析技术和相关、回归等方法,测定分析了油松针叶萜烯化合物相对含量以及化合物总数同环境因子和生长因子之间的关系。结果表明,化合物总数随海拔高度的升高而减少;部分化合物相对含量同环境因子存在相关关系;各化合物相对含量同油松高生长的单相关作用很小而存在复相关作用。     

南酸枣对红壤酸度的影响

Changes in acidity of Udic Ferrosols, caused by growth of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, in comparison to wild grass, were investigated for Ph distribution in the soil profile, exchangeable acidity, and cation status in the soil leachate of a simulated leaching experiment. Soils were sampled in profiles at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. In the 15--60 cm layer the soils with 10-year old C. axillaris had significantly lower Ph (P < 0.05), with the largest difference being 0.41; and in the 25--75 cm soil depths, especially in the 30--55 cm layer, the soils had a significantly higher exchangeable acidity, ranging 1.93 to 3.02 cmolc kg-1. There was also higher aluminum, potassium, and sodium contents in the soil leachate under C. axillaris than with wild grasses. This suggested that the growth of C. axillaris accelerated acidification of Udic Ferrosols and promoted soil clay mineral weathering.     

不同施肥量对绿肥产量和养分积累的影响

大田试验条件下研究不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对绿肥[豆科绿肥紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)和禾本科绿肥看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.)]产量及养分积累量的影响。试验结果表明,施肥能显著增加绿肥产量,绿肥鲜草产量较不施肥处理增加42.8%~311.1%,与缺素处理相比,氮、磷、钾肥的增产率分别为57.1%~177.5%、27.8%~178.7%、14.2%~32.4%。两种绿肥的鲜草产量均随氮、磷、钾肥施用量的增加而增加,中、高水平的氮、磷肥用量下看麦娘的产量均高于紫云英,所有钾肥处理的看麦娘产量均高于紫云英。绿肥的养分积累量均随施肥量的增加而增加,中高水平的氮、磷肥用量下看麦娘的氮、磷积累量高于紫云英,不同钾水平下的看麦娘钾积累量均高于紫云英。氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为112.5 kg(N).hm?2、19.7 kg(P).hm?2、37.5 kg(K).hm?2时,两种绿肥总产量及碳、氮、磷、钾积累量最高,分别为49 424 kg.hm?2和3 212 kg(C).hm?2、151 kg(N).hm?2、19.8 kg(P).hm?2、156 kg(K).hm?2。此时看麦娘产量、碳、氮、磷、钾积累量分别占总量的59.0%、65.7%、66.3%和64.4%。紫云英田间自然洒种的看麦娘无成本投入且养分积累量高,不失为一种优质绿肥。     

Grazing intensity and environmental factors effects on species composition and diversity in rangelands of Iran

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of grazing, precipitation and temperature factors on plant species dynamics (diversity and composition) in the semi-steppe of Isfahan semi-arid rangelands, Iran. The effects of Sheep grazing were studied in a controlled experiment along grazing gradient with seven intensities (from very heavily grazed to nongrazed) during six consecutive years (2006–2011). The results show that plant species dynamics varied among years, but were only slightly affected by grazing intensity. Since the experimental years were much dryer than the long term average, the abiotic constraints may have overridden any grazing effect. The differences among the years were predominantly determined by the abiotic factors of temperature and precipitation. Most of the variations in species dynamics and coexistence between the C₄ and C₃ species were explained by seasonal weather conditions, i.e., temperature and precipitation regimes during the early season (March-June). The dominant C₃ species, Poa bulbosa, was highly competitive in March-June at low and high temperature and rainfall levels, respectively. In contrast, the most common C₄ species Cynodon dactylon benefited from high and low early season temperature and rainfall levels, respectively. However, biomass of P. bulbosa was positively correlated with temperature in March, when effective mean temperature ranges from 0 to 5°C and thus promotes vernalization and vegetative sprouting. Our results suggest that, over a six-year period, it is temporal variability in temperature and precipitation rather than grazing that determines vegetation dynamics and species distributions in grazed semi-steppe ecosystems. Our results also support that the variability in the dominant species biomass, rather than diversity, determine ecosystem functioning. This study provides fundamental knowledge on the complex interaction of climate, vegetation, and grazing.     

修剪留茬高度对北京地区草坪草耗水量的影响

水资源短缺,城市用水紧张,使得草坪灌溉用水管理受到极大关注。为了研究草坪修剪管理的节水效果,采用小型排水式蒸渗仪,通过田间实验研究了充分供水条件下3种草坪草(早熟禾、高羊茅、黑麦)不同修剪高度(留茬高度：5、10、15 cm和不修剪)处理对耗水量的影响,并根据水量平衡原理计算得到了3种草坪草的耗水量。研究结果表明：草坪草的耗水量均随修剪留茬高度增加而增加,不同草种间存在差异。3种草坪草修剪留茬高度为5 cm时较不修剪耗水量减少36.78%(早熟禾)、34.02%(高羊茅)、33.54%(黑麦),平均减少耗水量34.78%。所得参数可以为类似地区3种草坪草灌溉系统的规划设计和节水管理提供基础理论依据。     

Competitiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains in relation to environmental stress and plant defense mechanisms

Summary Six Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains (Ciat 151, Ciat 895, Ciat 899, CE3, H2C, Kim5s) were tested for nodule occupancy in different bean cultivars at two field sites (one fertile, one acid tropical soil) and in the greenhouse. The effects of several environmental factors such as low pH, high temperature, Al and Mn toxicity, iron deficiency, bean tannins, and bean phytoalexins were tested in vitro. Strain Kim5s was competitive under all tested conditions while strains CE3 and H2C had consistently low nodule occupancy levels. Strain Ciat 151 was superior to the other inoculant strains in the acid soil but competed poorly in the fertile soil. Strain Ciat 895 was more competitive in the fertile soil. There was a decline in nodule occupancy for all strains tested from the first trifoliate leaf stage to the pod-filling stage. No plant genotype effect on nodule occupancy was observed. There were significant (P<0.05) plant genotype and location effects, but no significant strain effect on acetylene reduction activity, plant dry weight, and nodule number. The greenhouse experiments confirmed, at least partially, the results from the field trials. In Leonard jars with an acid soil, strains Ciat 151 and Kim5s were amongst the most competitive strains. In coinoculation experiments, Kim5s was the most competitive strain, followed by Ciat 899 and Ciat 895. The competitiveness of a given strain was affected by the coinoculant strain. Tolerance in vitro to low pH, high growth temperature, Al or Mn toxicity, or Fe limitation was not related to competitiveness of the inoculum strains. The sensitivity of the strains towards bean tannins or bean phytoalexins also was not correlated with their competitiveness.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤环境因子对植被分布影响研究

湿地植被生长的影响因素包括非生物因素和生物因素两部分。其中,非生物因素中对湿地植被格局影响较大的主要是水文和土壤环境因子,也是当今湿地生态水文过程研究的热点和重点。通过研究鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地4种植物群落带下各土壤环境因子的含量变化特征,结合研究区20个植被样方的典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)排序,分析了鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地主要土壤环境因子及其对植被分布的影响。结果表明:不同植被群落下的全氮含量有明显差异,依次为苔草带藜蒿-狗牙根带芦苇-苔草带苔草-虉草带;总有机碳与全氮含量大小在不同植被群落带的分异趋势相同,二者存在极显著相关关系;土壤全磷含量随植被群落不同的变化规律不明显;随植被群落带离湖泊水体距离逐渐减小,土壤中速效钾含量有增大的趋势,但程度较小。鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤有机碳与全氮、有效磷呈极显著相关关系,土壤含水量与土壤有效磷呈显著负相关关系,有效磷与全氮呈极显著相关关系。土壤含水量是影响鄱阳湖湿地研究区植被分布的最主要因素,土壤pH、全钾含量也是影响湿地植被分布的重要土壤环境因子。     

Impacts of agricultural practices on aquatic oligochaete populations in ricefields

Summary The impacts of N fertilizer, pesticides and green manure on aquatic oligochaetes in irrigated ricefields were investigated in experimental plots. Populations, determined by the wet sieving of soil cores, were dominated by the Tubificidae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. Total densities ranged from 0 to 40 000 m^-2. Oligochaete numbers increased in response to additions of urea N. An inhibitory effect of carbofuran on oligochaete populations was observed during the first season of experimental pesticide treatments, but not during the following year. The green manure Sesbania rostrata stimulated population development more than Azolla microphylla. Populations in plots maintained as wet fallow remained low throughout the crop cycle. Population dynamics were associated with the crop cycle. Peak densities were achieved 30–50 days after transplanting.     

Meta-analysis of the effects of management factors on Miscanthus × giganteus growth and biomass production

Biomass crops in the U.S. have the potential to reduce the dependence on foreign energy supply, to lower net greenhouse emissions, and to diversify agroecosystems. Miscanthus × giganteus has been extensively researched in Europe but the response to key agronomic management factors has not been summarized. In this study we have collected most of the relevant and up to date European literature on the response of dry biomass production to planting density and nitrogen (N) fertilizer and we provide quantitative estimates of the effect of these practices. The data were analyzed through non-linear mixed models which take into account the hierarchical structure of the data due to variability among countries, locations and years. M. × giganteus responded to N fertilizer only after the third growing season and planting density only had a significant effect on the second growing season. The similarity among growth curves, when dry biomass production was analyzed as function of thermal time, shows the stability of the cropping system against other environmental factors.