A new product with formic acid for Varroa jacobsoni Oud. control in Argentina. I. Efficacy

An organic product based on formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated for use in Varroa control under autumnal climatic conditions in Argentina. Twenty colonies each received two gel packets with formic acid in two applications and numbers of falling mites were registered. After this treatment colonies received two other acaricides in order to compare efficacy. Average final efficacy in colonies treated with the organic product was 92% with a low variability. The gel matrix kept an adequate formic acid concentration inside the colonies with only two applications. This product is, therefore, a good alternative for Varroa control because it is organic, easy to use and presents a low variability in final efficacy between colonies. No queen, brood, or adult honeybee mortality was registered.     

西方蜜蜂卵标记信息素研究进展

综述了西方蜜蜂卵标记信息素的研究现状,包括蜂王产的卵和工蜂产的卵表面成分的鉴定和卵信息素成分鉴定及卵信息素来源的研究进展.     

长白山区中华蜜蜂与西方蜜蜂寄生瓦螨比较分析

采用形态测定和RAPD-PCR相结合的方法对寄生于长白山区的中华蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的瓦螨进行比较分析.结果表明,中、西蜂寄生瓦螨无论在形态水平还是分子水平上都是具有差别的.在选定的8个形态指标中,寄生于中华蜜蜂的瓦螨个体的指标有7个大于寄生于西蜂的瓦螨,其中有6个指标的均数差异达到显著(0.01相似文献   

室内人工饲养与自然羽化西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的形态特征比较研究

室内人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术被广泛应用于蜜蜂幼虫的生长发育、营养、病理、药理及生态风险评估等方面的研究中,已成为蜜蜂生物学研究的重要技术。为了探讨室内人工饲养培育的蜜蜂能否提供正常的实验样本,本文对室内人工饲养与自然羽化的成蜂形态特征进行了比较研究。结果显示:通过人工饲养幼虫技术培育的西方蜜蜂羽化率为67.57%;两种培育方式所得成蜂的羽化重无显著性差异;通过区辨分析和聚类分析,综合得出人工培育的西方蜜蜂与自然羽化的西方蜜蜂其形态特征无显著区别。本研究表明室内人工饲养培育的蜜蜂与蜂群中自然羽化的蜜蜂在个体大小和形态特征方面相类似,可以满足科学研究取样的要求。     

Efficacy of repeated trickle applications of oxalic acid in syrup for varroosis control in Apis mellifera: influence of meteorological conditions and presence of brood

Oxalic acid field trails for the control of varroosis (Varroa destructor) were carried out in an apiary located on the Mt. Imittos (Attica, Greece). The colonies received four successive applications (approximately one every 16 days) with 4.2% oxalic acid (OA) and 60% sugar solution by trickling method with two alternative types of syringes (an automatic self-filling dosing and a single-use) from the broodright to broodless period. The results indicate that the first three applications (from 6th October to 25th November-broodright period) resulted in 65.3% cumulative mite mortality, while only the last application (after the 26th November-broodless period) resulted in 77.3% mite mortality. Very low outern temperatures reduce to the minimum the bee movability, which may result into a slower development of the OA efficacy. No poor colony growth or queen loss were observed even if the bee colonies were received the four successive OA applications with the last one taken place at a very low outern temperature (6.2 degrees C). The trickling method using an automatic-filling syringe seems to be a very quick way for applying oxalic acid in large apiaries (approximately 150hives/h).     

我国意大利蜂(Apis mellifera L.)两种生态型的形态学比较

为了表征意大利蜂平湖生态型体征,本研究通过形态学方法分别对180群意大利蜂平湖生态型样本(实验组)和意大利蜂原生态型样本(对照)进行了13项尺度类形态学指标测定以及测定数据离散程度比较和差异性分析。结果发现,实验组的第四蜡镜长度和第四蜡镜面积测定值均数,均明显大于对照的相应测定值均数(P<0.05);相反,它们之间的吻长度、第三背板宽度、第四背板长度、第四背板宽度、第四蜡镜宽度、前翅长度、前翅宽度、前翅面积、前翅肘脉指数、后腿跗节长度以及后腿跗节宽度测定值均数,均没有差异(P>0.05)。这提示,相对于意大利蜜蜂原生态型,意大利蜂平湖生态型形成了明显的地方体征,即长的第四蜡镜长度和大的第四蜡镜面积。     

Occurrence of acute paralysis virus of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) in a Hungarian apiary infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni.

Viruses of the honey bee have been known for a long time; however, recently the attention of scientists and apiculturalists has turned towards the relationship between these viruses and the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Although clinical symptoms indicated the presence of some of the viruses of bees in Hungary, none have previously been isolated or identified. During July unusual adult bee and brood mortality was observed in some colonies of an apiary in Budapest known to be infested with Varroa jacobsoni. Large amounts of acute paralysis virus (APV) were detected serologically in healthy honey bee pupae killed by the injection of a bacteria-free extract of diseased adult bees. Crystalline arrays of 30 nm particles were seen in ultrathin sections of the tissues of injected pupae and naturally infected adult bees. In spite of the application of acaricide treatments the bee population in several colonies had collapsed by the end of summer and the apiary suffered severe wintering losses.     

西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）不同亚种及其杂交组合泌蜡力的研究

本试验研究了西方蜜蜂五个亚种和Ea与之正反交组合的泌蜡量，并分析了影响泌蜡量的主要因素与泌蜡量的关系，结果是影响蜂群泌蜡量的因素有：（1）蜂种；（2）蜜集度，另外，蜂群的子脾数，贮粉量，贮蜜量等对泌蜡力也有影响。     

利用高加索蜜蜂为俄罗斯紫花苜蓿授粉的研究初探

[研究目的]探讨高加索蜜蜂的授粉特性、效果以及栽蜂量之间的关系.[方法]本试验采用了大面积开放式授粉与小面积网棚隔离授粉相结合的方法进行了相关研究.[结果]高加索蜜蜂工作时间长,访花速度快,每目的工作时间约为11h,访花速度为30～40朵/min,比杂交蜜蜂和切叶蜂授粉效率高;没有传粉昆虫时俄罗斯紫花苜蓿不结实;高加索蜜蜂、杂交蜂、切叶蜂间的授粉效果差异不显著,与场地外综合授粉效果差异显著;紫花苜蓿开花以后第10日开始每公顷放置6个以上的高加索蜜蜂强群时其授粉效果最佳.[结论]本实验结论为俄罗斯紫花苜蓿的高效授粉和合理配置蜂群提供了基础依据.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the multiplex PCR method and traditional light microscopy in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees from winter hive debris in the Province of Warmia and Mazury (NE Poland). A total of 1000 beesdead after from the bottom of the hive from bee colonies were analyzed. Spores were identified with the use of a light microscope (400-600x magnification). Spores were assigned to species by the multiplex PCR method. The microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of Nosema spp. spores in 803 samples (80.3%). Nosema ceranae spores were observed in 353 positive samples (43.96%), Nosema apis spores were found in 300 samples (37.35%), while 150 samples (19.67%) showed signs of a mixed infection. A multiplex PCR analysis revealed that 806 samples were infested with Nosema spp., of which 206 were affected only by Nosema ceranae, 600 showed signs of mixed invasion, while no samples were infected solely by Nosema apis parasites. In two cases, the presence of spores detected under a light microscope was not confirmed by the PCR analysis. The results of the study indicate that Nosema ceranae is the predominant parasitic species found in post-winter worker bees from the bottom of the hive in the region of Warmia and Mazury.     

香精油抗蜂螨作用的研究进展

香精油及其组分具有显著的抗螨效果。萜类化合物(主要是单萜)是香精油的主要成分。占总量的90％左右。研究者通过筛选试验测定了多种香精油及其一些组分的抗螨能力。大部分表现出良好的抗螨效果。但只有少部分在蜂群试验中表现出强抗螨能力。因此，有必要对此作进一步的研究。以达到最优化目标。同时联合其它防治手段，建立一套全面的害虫防治策略，实现蜂螨的最终控制。     

西方蜜蜂定地饲养不同季节蜂王交尾成功率研究

为了弄清在连续4年的干旱后我地2014年全年蜂王交尾成功率,找出较佳的育王换王时间,更好的指导当地的养蜂生产。通过2014年不同季节组织交尾群进行交尾试验,结果由春季的13群蜂逐步发展到试验结束的40群左右的蜂群。6月14日至6月26日交尾成功率为100%,这段时间之前由于干旱等原因交尾成功率平均为47.5℅,9月20日后由于阴冷天气,早晚温差大,时有阴雨到10月9日交尾成功率为81℅,10月10日至11月1日降到60℅,所以全年育王换王的较佳时间段为6月14日至10月9日,结果为蜂群可持续发展提供科学依据。     

人工饲养条件下意大利蜜蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜粗蛋白质水平

本试验以酶水解酪蛋白为外源粗蛋白质,探究人工饲养条件下意大利蜜蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜粗蛋白质水平.移取1日龄幼虫960只,平均分为5组:对照组饲喂幼虫基础饲粮,粗蛋白质水平为8％,试验组在其基础上分别添加不同剂量的酶水解酪蛋白,使各组粗蛋白质水平分别为9％、10％、11％和12％.采用人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术饲养幼虫直至羽化出房.结果表明:1)幼虫饲粮粗蛋白质水平9％、10％组的化蛹率和羽化率与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),但显著高于其他试验组(P＜0.05);粗蛋白质水平12％组只能少数化蛹,不能成功羽化.2)与对照组相比,粗蛋白质水平为9％～11％时,幼虫和蛹的体重显著升高(P＜0.05);粗蛋白质水平对新出房工蜂的体重影响不显著(P＞0.05).3)粗蛋白质水平显著影响蜂体各发育阶段的抗氧化能力(P＜0.05),且对蛹和新出房工蜂而言,均表现粗蛋白质水平为8％时超氧化物歧化酶活性最强,9％时总抗氧化能力最大.4)与对照组相比,粗蛋白质水平为9％～10％时,幼虫和蛹的卵黄原蛋白基因相对表达量显著升高(P＜0.05),但对新出房工蜂影响不显著(P＞0.05).由此推断,人工饲养条件下意大利蜜蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜粗蛋白质水平为8％～10％.     

河西走廊油菜蜜蜂授粉研究报告

为了探明河西走廊地区油菜蜜蜂授粉增产效果,建立蜜蜂为油菜授粉示范推广基地,进行了蜜蜂为油菜花授粉的试验,以大田白菜型青油9号油菜为材料,选择距蜂群500、700、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000m和无蜂区观测不同实验组的油菜籽产量、出油率、结荚率、千粒重、角粒数、发芽率6个指标,结果表明,授粉距离越近,访花蜜蜂数越多,授粉效果越好。与自然授粉比较,油菜籽产量增产3.06%～21.52%,出油率提高0.60%～8.91%,结荚率提高3.19%～24.26%,千粒重增加1.37%～12.88%,角粒数增加7.62%～48.90%,发芽率的增长没有多大影响。在河西走廊地区蜜蜂为白菜型青油9号油菜授粉,授粉有效半径越小,授粉效果越显著,500～1000m区域内授粉效果差异极显著。     

Efficacy of tolfenamic acid and meloxicam in the control of postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy in the cat

Objective The hypothesis was that Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores would be lower, and mechanical wound thresholds (MWT) higher, in cats receiving tolfenamic acid compared to those receiving placebo in the postoperative period following elective ovariohysterectomy. Animals Sixty‐nine client‐owned cats. Methods A prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo‐controlled study was performed in cats which underwent ovariohysterectomy following preoperative tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, or placebo. A second dose of the same analgesic was administered 24 hours postoperatively. Assessments were made 1‐hour before induction and 1, 2, 4, 6, 22, and 25 hours postoperatively. Pain was assessed by a blinded observer using Numerical Rating (NRS) and VAS scales. The MWT were measured using a force‐measuring device. Group comparison was performed by using one‐way anova and chi‐squared test for qualitative and quantitative data, respectively, and a mixed model for repeated measurements (p < 0.05). Results Sixty‐five cats were included in the study. There were no differences between groups at baseline. There was a treatment effect on the NRS scores at 6, 22 and 25 hours. The meloxicam group was less painful than controls at 6 and 22 hours; both treatment groups were less painful than controls at 25 hours. There were no differences between groups in VAS for pain or sedation. The number of animals receiving rescue analgesia did not differ between groups. There was a treatment effect on MWT; thresholds in both treatment groups were significantly higher than that observed in controls at all time points. Conclusions Preoperative tolfenamic acid or meloxicam reduced wound sensitivity following ovariohysterectomy in the cat. Clinical relevance Tolfenamic acid and meloxicam administered preoperatively provided a similar analgesic effect in the postoperative period lasting 24 hours. Mechanical thresholds may be a better way of evaluating postoperative analgesia provided by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in cats.     

The importance of the zona pellucida for disease control in livestock by embryo transfer

From the point of view of disease risk, the movement of livestock by embryo transfer is undoubtedly much safer for trading than the movement of live animals or semen. Nevertheless, strict governmental control by veterinary certification of health of embryos is still vital. In cattle, sheep and pigs, unlike laboratory species such as the mouse, infectious agents do not appear to pass through the zona pellucida (ZP) into the embryo proper. Some agents do, however, adhere firmly to the outer surface of the ZP, especially onto those of the pig. Disease risks associated with the inadvertent transmission of infectious agents when embryos are moved are, therefore, intimately connected with the nature and properties of the ZP. This article reviews current knowledge on the physical and adhesive properties of the ZP and discusses how risks associated with the possible presence of infection on its surface can be minimized. Further research is urgently needed so that realistic but safe veterinary certification of the health of embryos for international trade can be devised.     

西方蜜蜂种质(遗传)资源的多样性——第41届国际养蜂大会“蜜蜂科学论坛”综述(一)

【目的】西方蜜蜂种质(遗传)多样性减少可能是蜜蜂消失的一个原因,蜜蜂消失的流行趋势最终波及到当地土生土长的西方蜜蜂。【方法】对西方蜜蜂进行传统形态测定分析、生态地理学分析、蛋白质多态性分析、DNA多态性分析以及其它特征变量分析是研究西方蜜蜂种质多样性的主要方法。【结果】西方蜜蜂种质资源信息数据的建立和完善,西方蜜蜂亚种和(或)地理类型的保护和繁育以及西方蜜蜂的优良性状选择和良种选育是研究西方蜜蜂种质多样性的重要内容。【结论】有关西方蜜蜂种质多样性的报道构成了目前蜜蜂学科的一个研究热点。     

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration

The radiographs of 37 incontinent adult male dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence were compared with those of 28 control dogs to determine if, as in the bitch, differences in bladder neck position and urethral length were implicated in the pathophysiology of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Bladder neck position was significantly different; compared with continent dogs, incontinent animals were significantly more likely (P<0.005) to have intrapelvic than intra-abdominal bladder necks. However, after allowing for the influence of body size, and unlike the situation in the bitch, there was no significant difference in proximal urethral length between the two groups. Bladder neck position was significantly related to prostate size (P<0.001) and it is suggested that this is one reason why castrated male dogs are more prone to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence than entire animals. A logistic regression analysis revealed that both bladder neck position and castration status were significant risk factors for incontinence and that they appeared to be acting independently of each other.