茶云纹叶枯病病原菌侵入与叶位关系的研究

采用茶园调查和室内接种相结合的方法,研究了茶云纹叶枯病病菌（Colletotrichum camelliae）侵入与不同叶位的关系。结果表明：自然状态下,病害症状主要出现在成、老叶上。2006年嫩叶组、成叶组和老叶组3处理的病叶率分别为0.89%、18.89％、10.67％,2007年分别为2.00%、19.56％、13.78％,其中嫩叶、成叶上的病害都是当年病菌侵染所致。茶枝离体接种时,症状出现在嫩叶和成叶上,而且以前者为多, 2006年3处理的病叶率分别为15.28%、9.73%和0%,2007年分别为12.50％、8.73％和2.78%。结果显示：分生孢子的侵染叶位以嫩叶为主,在各类叶片上均有较高的萌发率,但只有部分能够形成附着胞,在嫩叶和成叶上形成率较高,老叶上几乎不能形成。不同叶位的解剖结构如角质层厚薄、栅栏组织层次多少、海绵组织细胞排列松紧等都与病菌侵染有一定的相关性。     

增产菌对茶云纹叶枯病和茶炭疽病抑制作用的研究

１９９２－１９９３年，笔者就增产菌对茶云纹叶枯病、茶炭疽病的抑制作用进行了初步研究，采用了室内测定和田间试验相结合的方法，结果表明：在培养基平板上，ＹＩＢ对两种供试病原菌有明显的抑菌作用；１９９２年田间对茶云纹叶枯病和茶炭疽病的防效分别为４５．９４％、５８．９８％，１９９３年分别为５２．２２％和３４．１６％。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

荔枝采后炭疽病的发生情况及对贮藏效果的影响

为了明确广东、海南荔枝采后主要病害及其发生和危害情况，从两省荔枝主产区取果，在常温贮藏条件下观察荔枝采后病害的发生情况，测定荔枝果皮上炭疽病菌潜伏侵染率及其对荔枝采后生理变化和贮藏效果的影响。结果表明：荔枝采收后在28℃下贮藏，炭疽病、霜疫病和酸腐病的发病率分别为95．3％、6．5％和8．2％。炭疽病在采后3—4天开始表现症状，7天后发病率为60．8％～100％，9天后发病率为83．1％～100％，该病害是引起荔枝采后腐烂的主要病害，其病原菌主要来自采前潜伏侵染。从幼果果皮上可分离出潜伏侵染的炭疽病菌，随着果实的生长，果皮上的潜伏侵染率不断上升，到采收时炭疽病菌潜伏侵染率达到90％左右。炭疽病菌潜伏侵染率较高的荔枝果实。其采后呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、果皮丙二醛含量均显著升高，褐变腐烂较快，贮藏效果较差，即使在采后用杀菌剂处理，防治效果也不明显。采收时荔枝果皮上炭疽病菌潜伏侵染率越低，贮藏效果越好。在荔枝果实生长期间喷雾2—3次杀菌剂可显著地降低炭疽病菌潜伏侵染率，减轻荔枝采收后炭疽病的发生严重程度，提高荔枝贮藏效果。     

茶网饼病在武夷山市重发原因及防治措施

武夷山市是全国著名的茶区。目前武夷岩茶已发展到7000hm2以上,成为农村经济的重要产业。近年来,茶网饼病为害严重,2002年发生面积达2240hm2,发生区茶树平均病叶率3%～5%,严重的达20%以上,造成叶片大量脱落,影响树势。为控制其为害,本站自1999年以来对茶树网饼病发生为害规律和防治技术进行了探讨。1重发原因茶网饼病是担子菌亚门网状外担菌(ExobasidiumreticulatumItoetSaw.)侵染所致。主要为害成叶、嫩叶,老叶也发病。多发生在叶缘和叶尖上。初在叶片上呈现针尖大小的浅绿色油渍斑点,后渐扩展,严重时扩展至全叶。在叶背出现网状凸起,上…     

茶尺蠖生物学习性研究

本试验对茶尺蠖的生活习性作了进一步的研究。结果表明,茶尺蠖成虫羽化后,大多于次日晚20:00～凌晨01:00交尾,交尾高峰集中在22:00～23:00,翌日黄昏开始产卵,20:00～00:00产卵最多。不同叶位饲养幼虫对其生长发育影响很大。咀食嫩叶的幼虫生长最快,化蛹率较高;食成老叶的生长较快,化蛹率最高;而食芽头的生长最慢,化蛹率最低。     

萤光假单胞杆菌和芽孢杆菌防治苹果叶果病害的研究

萤光假单胞杆菌P_(420-4)和芽孢杆菌B_(526-7)及其混合制剂在平板上,对苹果轮纹病菌、炭疽病菌和斑点落叶病菌都具一定拮抗作用。利福平标记发现,P_(420-4)和B_(526-7)在苹果叶果面具有定殖能力。在苹果生育前期,间隔15天,连续3次喷洒混合制剂,后期烂果率、病叶率分别下降70.20～77.27％和39.62～69.31％,百叶鲜重和百果鲜重分别增加29.90～44.83％和16.18～22.40％。离体果实接种试验表明,随着浸果时间的推移,混合制剂抑制苹果炭疽病菌侵染和限制病情发展的能力下降。     

春茶芽枯病的发生与防治

70年代在我国茶树上发现的茶叶新病害茶芽枯病 ,近年来因冬季气候变暖 ,在闽东乃至江南茶区早芽种的茶园出现不同程度的发生危害 ,严重地影响着春茶的产量与制茶质量 ,给茶叶生产者造成较大经济损失。被病菌侵害的春茶芽叶叶梢生长受阻 ,叶片萎缩卷曲 ,直接降低了春茶产量与质量。1　发生规律与症状该病是由真菌侵染引起的 ,发生在气温 1 5～2 0℃ ,空气湿度较大的春季。且芽叶营养物质丰富的春茶 ,病菌器孢子借风雨传播、侵染。当气温高于 2 9℃时 ,病菌生长受抑制 ,停止发病。春茶芽枯病主要为害春茶幼叶和第一至第三片嫩叶 ,叶片初侵染时…     

圆斑根腐病在济南市长清区庭院巨峰葡萄上发生严重

根据我站近几年调查，圆斑根腐病在济南市长清区大田种植葡萄上有零星发生，但在庭院巨峰葡萄上发病严重。一般每年６月中旬始见病叶，病株率４０％以上，病叶率１０％左右，并迅速扩展，到８月中旬，病株率８０％，病叶率８０％以上，严重的１００％，并且叶片枯焦脱落，影响了葡萄的产量和品质。圆斑根腐病是由多种镰孢霉（Fusariumspp．）真菌侵染所致，属于半知菌亚门。病菌寄主范围广，除为害葡萄外，还为害仁果类、核果类的果树根部。葡萄根部发病，病菌首先侵入须根皮层，随之蔓延到肉质根，在肉质根上形成褐色圆斑，逐渐扩大，后期…     

喜树角斑病及其发生危害调查

喜树角斑病由病原真菌拟尾孢菌(Pseudocercospora camptothecae LiuetGuo)寄生引起,被害喜树叶片形成褐色的角斑,严重时大量叶片枯黄脱落,导致树枝衰退,植株枯死。此病的发生与高温及雨水有密切关系。病菌从叶背侵入引起叶片正面角斑症状。病菌主要在病叶组织上越冬。在马铃薯蔗糖培养基上形成淡黄白色至灰绿色、最后呈黑色的菌落,产生大量分生孢子及厚垣孢子。病菌接种侵染的潜育期为4d。     

柑橘溃疡病菌的侵染过程及噻森铜对溃疡病的防治效果

为高效精准防治柑橘溃疡病,本研究对不同成熟度柑橘叶片接种溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri subsp.cirri后的发病情况进行观察,并在显微镜下观察溃疡病菌侵染叶片的过程,并对不同浓度、不同施用方法下噻森铜的室内防治效果和田间防治效果进行测定,对施用噻森铜后土壤、叶片和果实中的残留进行测定.结果 表明,溃疡...     

Intraspecific variation in host susceptibility and climatic factors mediate epidemics of sudden oak death in western US forests

Umbellularia californica is one of the key infectious hosts of the exotic Phytophthora ramorum, which causes sudden oak death (SOD) in California and Oregon forests. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiologically relevant parameters for SOD in California and southern Oregon, including potential differences between the two states. Experimental infection of U. californica leaves was optimal when leaves were wet for 6–12 h, temperature was approximately 19°C and pathogen concentration was approximately 2·7 × 10⁴ zoospores mL^?1. Seasonal variation in host susceptibility and disease incidence was examined for two populations by inoculating detached leaves at 12 dates and by monitoring naturally infected leaves, respectively. Susceptibility of U. californica and disease incidence varied significantly in time and the variation was highest for both in spring. Susceptibility of trees from 17 natural populations from California and southern Oregon was assessed in detached leaf inoculations. One California and three southern Oregon populations had significantly and repeatable lower average susceptibility in artificial inoculations, but differences among three selected California and Oregon populations were not significant in inoculations of seedlings grown from seed in a common garden. This study concludes that U. californica susceptibility has a large environmental component, yet still predicts potential disease severity in different sites especially where infestations are young or the pathogen has not yet arrived. The accuracy and utility of predictive risk models for P. ramorum will be enhanced by the inclusion of both the environmental and host susceptibility components.     

Foliar resistance of cacao (Theobroma cacao) to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in the field: the effect of light intensity and time of day of leaf collection

Resistance of cacao leaves to Phytophthora palmivora was studied with regard to the time of leaf collection (morning, afternoon) and the degree of exposure of the leaves to light in the field (low, medium and high). The efficiency of leaf disc inoculations in predicting field resistance of nine clones was compared with that of detached and attached pod inoculations. Significant effects were observed, with leaves exposed to high light intensity and collected early in the afternoon showing highest susceptibility. The effect of time of leaf collection was reduced when leaves were stored overnight and leaf discs prepared and inoculated the following day, as compared to inoculations on the day of collection. Interactions between the main factors were significant, though less substantial than the clone effects. The most significant correlations with pod resistance ( r  = 0·70 to 0·97) were obtained for leaves collected early in the morning and exposed to intermediate shade conditions in the canopy. For other treatments, the correlations with pod resistance were still positive ( r  = 0·23 to 0·83) but often not significant. Pod inoculations in the laboratory were better correlated with field resistance ( r  = 0·92) than pod inoculations in the field ( r  = 0·72). Detached pod inoculations were also better correlated with leaf disc inoculations than those of attached pods. The results confirm the validity of laboratory inoculations of leaves and pods to assess field resistance to Phytophthora . Standardization of the leaf disc test is essential to obtain reliable results.     

Yield Reduction in Wheat in Relation to Leaf Disease From Yellow (tan) Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Yellow or tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and septoria nodorum blotch (caused by Phaeosphaeria nodorum) occur together and are a constraint to wheat yields in Australia. Recently, higher crop yields and lower fungicide costs have made fungicides an attractive management tool against these diseases. Yield-loss under different rates of progress of yellow spot and septoria nodorum blotch was examined in four experiments over three years to define the relationship between disease severity and yield. In these experiments, differences in disease were first promoted by inoculations either with P. tritici-repentis-infected stubble or aqueous spore suspensions of P. nodorum. Disease progress was further manipulated with foliar application of fungicide. The pattern of disease development varied in each year under the influence of different rainfall patterns. The inoculation and fungicide treatments produced differences in disease levels after flag leaf emergence. The infection of yellow spot or septoria nodorum blotch caused similar losses in grain yield, ranging from 18% to 31%. The infection by either disease on the flag or penultimate leaf provided a good indication of yield-loss. Disease severity on flag leaves during the milk stage of the crop or an integration of disease as area under the disease progress curve on the flag leaves based on thermal time explained more than 80% variance in yield in a simple regression model. The data provided information towards the development of disease management strategies for the control of septoria nodorum blotch and yellow spot.     

Factors affecting the development and control of black dot on potato tubers

Field trials were carried out over a 4 year period (2004–2007) to determine the effect of agronomic factors, specifically cultivar resistance, irrigation, crop duration and chemical control (in‐furrow application of azoxystrobin), on black dot development on potato tubers grown in fields where soilborne inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes was present. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, two field trials were performed each year and in 2007, 19 mini‐field trials were carried out across Scotland and England. Cultivar resistance was clearly demonstrated to be an effective method of reducing black dot disease severity on tubers (described here as the percentage of unmarketable tubers, i.e. those with symptoms covering a surface area of >10%). In the four field trials carried out in 2004 and 2005, in irrigated and fungicide‐untreated plots, 43·8% of tubers of cv. Maris Piper were unmarketable, compared with 17·0% of tubers of cv. Sante. Assessments of disease development on underground plant parts (stems, stolons and roots) revealed that cultivar resistance acted only at the tuber level, as disease symptoms on other parts were often high irrespective of published disease resistance ratings. Irrigation increased the severity of disease on tubers in two trials (England 2004 and 2006), but its effect was less significant when rainfall was high. Delaying harvest by 2 weeks increased disease severity in all six trials, whilst application of azoxystrobin consistently reduced black dot severity. There were significant interactions between factors. The results clearly show how black dot disease severity can be reduced through an integrated approach to disease management.     

A new bacterial leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China

A new leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) was observed in many oat fields in Huan county, Gansu Province of China, during 2018–2019. Typical symptoms appeared as yellow necrotic and water-soaked lesions. The lesions developed from tip to base of leaves and eventually resulted in leaf withering. Disease incidence on plants (leaves) was approximately 36%–100%. A gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the necrotic lesions of all samples. Coupled with multigene sequence (16S rRNA and gyrB gene) analyses, Biolog Gen III MicroStation, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization identified the pathogen as Pantoea agglomerans. Pathogenicity tests by wounding and injection inoculations in the greenhouse established that P. agglomerans could induce typical symptoms as observed in the field. The infection rate in leaves was 44%–71% after 14 days. In addition, host range tests showed that P. agglomerans could infect other plant hosts, including Sorghum sudanense, Medicago sativa, Fagopyrum esculentum, Setaria italica, and Zea mays. This is the first report of P. agglomerans causing bacterial leaf blight disease (LBD) on oat in China. The current study can provide a foundation for the prevention of this disease in the future.     

Barley yield losses due to defoliation of upper three leaves either healthy or infected at boot stage by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenophora teres</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">teres</Emphasis>

This paper evaluates, in the greenhouse and under natural conditions, barley yield losses due to defoliation treatments of the upper three leaves either healthy or infected at the boot stage by Pyrenophora teres f. teres. Defoliation was assumed as a loss of a similar leaf area caused by net blotch disease severity of 100%. Contribution to grain yield was defined herein as a difference between defoliation treatments and a treatment where plants lost all their upper three leaves. In contrast, yield losses referred to differences in yield between defoliations and the control. In the greenhouse, removal of the antepenultimate leaf did not affect any yield component. For main stems, defoliating upper three leaves reduced grain yield by 30% and this was mainly due to flag leaf removal. These losses were similar to those induced by net blotch disease under natural conditions, but were of 42% for all tillers. Grain yield losses due to disease severity were not equivalent to the defoliation effect of a similar healthy leaf area. On the other hand and for a significant contribution to grain yield, flag leaf was dependent on the presence of the other two leaves. Inoculation and defoliation of 21 cultivars induced similar grain yield losses of 32%. However, biotic stress reduced by 40% the contribution of their upper three leaves. Under field conditions, yield losses were not significant until barley plants lost more than one upper leaf and flag leaf contribution was equivalent to that of the remaining leaves. Characteristic roots, defined as leaf coefficients for plant performance, were 0.13, 0.06 and 0.01 for the flag, penultimate and antepenultimate leaves, respectively. Because antepenultimate leaves become trivial at the boot stage, we propose that coefficients of the remaining leaves should be used when modelling yield losses due to barley foliar diseases.     

Effects of fungicide on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in relation to development of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Controlled‐environment and field experiments were done to investigate effects of the fungicide Punch C (flusilazole plus carbendazim) on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in oilseed rape. In controlled‐environment experiments, for plants inoculated with L. maculans, fungicide treatment decreased lesion size and amount of L. maculans DNA in leaves; for plants inoculated with L. biglobosa, fungicide did not affect lesion size or amount of pathogen DNA. When release of ascospores was monitored using a Burkard spore sampler, the timing and pattern of ascospore release differed between the four seasons. In 2006/2007, the majority of ascospores released were L. maculans, whilst in 2007/2008 the majority were L. biglobosa; in both seasons L. maculans ascospores were released before L. biglobosa ascospores. In field experiments in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased severity of stem canker on cv. Apex, but gave no significant yield response. In 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, fungicide treatment decreased phoma leaf spot incidence in autumn and stem canker severity at harvest, and increased yield. Fungicide treatment decreased stem canker severity more on cv. Courage, with a good yield response, than on cv. Canberra. In 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased the frequency of spread of L. maculans into stem pith tissues and in 2006/2007 fungicide decreased the amount of L. maculans DNA in stem tissues (measured by quantitative PCR). These results are used to suggest how effects of fungicides on interactions between L. maculans and L. biglobosa might affect severity of phoma stem canker and yield response.     

甘肃省大丽花病毒病病原鉴定及病生理研究

经对受病毒感染的甘肃省临洮县大丽花进行间接ELISA和鉴别寄主测定,结果表明黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)是其病原之一。田间调查表明大丽花病毒病在甘肃临洮县发生普遍,发病率达36%;其主要症状有花叶、卷叶花叶、蕨叶和矮缩。不同大丽花品种之间病毒病发病率有一定的差异,在调查的8个品种中‘鹦嘴红’发病率最低,只有7.43%,而‘洮阳荷花’发病率最高,达到42.47%。大丽花感染病毒后叶绿素(a+b)比正常的下降了23.61%;在叶片组织病变观察中,发现叶片感染病毒后叶绿体内的淀粉颗粒含量增多且肿大,油粒增多,几乎占满整个叶绿体结构。