富硒植物对大鼠体内镉排泄的影响

对大鼠日粮添加富硒植物,以促进镉的排出。代谢试验结果证实,富硒玉米、茶叶、黄芪等植物,有较强地加快大鼠体内镉经粪便和尿液排泄的作用。饲料中添加上述几种富硒植物后,第１周内镉排泄总量占４周内排镉总量的５０％以上。４周内添加富硒玉米组大鼠粪镉排泄总量是对照组的２．３７～２．８８倍,茶叶组和黄芪组大鼠粪镉排泄总量分别是对照组大鼠的１．３９～１．４２和１．０５～１．２７倍。尿镉排泄的结果与此类似。富硒植物加入饲料后,尽管饲料中硒含量比亚硒酸钠组低,但促进大鼠体内镉排泄、减少镉在体内沉着的效果却更明显。     

雏鸡钼适宜添加量的研究

钼是动物黄嘌呤氧化酶的必需成分。据分析,作为禽类主要饲料来源的豆科及谷实类籽实中,含钼量偏低,因此有必要研究钼缺乏对禽类生产的影响。本试验用177只父母代经钼耗竭的1日龄红布罗雏鸡,观察了在自然低钼饲粮情况下,补钼对雏鸡生长、死亡、红细胞溶血、组织中钼含量、肝脏、粪尿中钙磷含量、临床症状的影响。结果表明:采食低钼饲粮(1.38ppm)的雏鸡,羽毛呈结节状,     

不同钼水平日粮对雏鸭生长的影响

本试验目的在于研究补饲过量钼对雏鸭生长的影响及雏鸭对高钼的耐受性,为进一步系统研究雏鸭钼营养作用而提供初步生物学试验依据。由宜良引进健康活泼的1日龄北京鸭160只,第1周饲喂基础饲粮,并注射鸭瘟疫苗,1周后按试验要求随机分为4组,相应设0、10、100、1000 ppm4个钼水平组。按试验要求配制试验饲粮(表1,略),把钼源(钼酸铵)溶于少量去离子水中,按试验要求配入饲粮     

低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育及粪臭的影响

选择出壳新罗曼蛋鸡424羽，研究日粮中添加不同水平的低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育及粪臭的影响。日粮中添加的低聚糖水平分别为O．00％，O．15％，O．25％，O．35％，试验期为6周。试验结果表日月：0～6周龄蛋雏鸡日粮中添加O．15％～O．35％的低聚糖，可使雏鸡的ADG、F／G显著高于对照组(P＜0．05)，添加低聚糖O．15％，胸腺指数极显著高于对照组(P＜0．01)，法氏囊指数显著高于对照组(P＜O．05)，氮的排泄率低于对照组(P＞O．05)，粪便H2S的产生量极显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。低聚糖对日粮干物质排泄率、磷排泄率及粪便pH无显著影响(P＞O．05)。0-6周龄蛋雏鸡日粮中低聚糖适宜添加量为：0.15%-0.23%。     

丝兰属植物提取物对犬粪便质量、气味及氨态氮含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨在犬粮中添加两种市售产品A、B(有效成分为丝兰属提取物)对贵宾成犬粪便质量以及粪便中氨态氮含量的影响。将24只体重相近(3.78±0.63 kg)的1.5岁左右贵宾公犬随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组,每组6个重复,每个重复一只犬。预饲一周后,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮加250 ppm A产品、基础日粮加250ppm B产品、基础日粮加350ppm B产品,每周最后一天收集粪便留样,并进行质量和气味评分。第4周开始全部饲喂基础日粮,收集粪便及打分。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组在第1周结束时粪样气味有下降的趋势(P0.1),在第2、3周结束时显著性下降(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组在第1、2、3周结束时粪样气味显著性下降(P0.05)。试验Ⅰ组在第2周结束时鲜粪中氨态氮含量有下降的趋势(P0.1),在第3、4周结束时显著性下降(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组在第2、3、4周结束时鲜粪中氨态氮含量显著性下降(P0.05)。可见,本试验条件下,丝兰属提取物可以减少贵宾犬粪便臭味以及鲜粪中氨态氮的含量,并且250 ppm的B产品效果更好。     

HMBi对生绒期辽宁绒山羊氮、硫代谢的影响

试验研究不同水平HMBi对生绒期辽宁绒山羊氮、硫代谢的影响。采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择4只辽宁绒山羊羯羊为试验动物,配制HMBi水平为0%(对照日粮)、0.85%(试验日粮A)、1.27%(试验日粮B)、1.70%(试验日粮C)的4种日粮,试验分4个时期进行。试验期每日收集粪、尿,测定其中的氮、硫。试验结果显示,生绒期辽宁绒山羊日粮中添加HMBi能显著减少粪氮和尿氮,增加沉积氮和可消化氮(P<0.05);添加HMBi粪硫和尿硫显著增加,但可消化硫、沉积硫亦显著增加(P<0.05);添加HMBi能显著提高氮、硫的表观消化率、总利用率及生物学价值(P<0.05)。综合分析认为,生绒期辽宁绒山羊日粮中HMBi的适宜添加量为1.27%。     

柠檬酸饲粮添加喹乙醇 硫酸铜对哺乳仔猪生产性能的影响

纯种荣昌哺乳仔猪20窝(161头),随机分为5组,每组4窝,从20日龄起,分别饲以基础饲粮(1组);基础饲粮+0.5％柠檬酸(下称柠檬酸饲粮,2组):柠檬酸饲粮+喹乙醇(75ppm,3组);柠檬酸饲粮+硫酸铜(250ppm铜,4组);柠檬酸饲粮+喹乙醇(75ppm)和硫酸铜(250ppm铜,5组),至60日龄结束。试验结果表明,在基础饲粮中添加柠檬酸、喹乙醇、硫酸铜后,使哺乳仔猪生产性能得到改善。日增重(克)2—5组依次为289,303,298,330,与1组252相比,2—4组P<0.05:5组P<0.01;与2组比,3组、4组P>0.05,5组P<0.05。千克增重耗消化能(兆卡),1—5组依次为7.34,7.03,6.47,631和6.18;头均净收入(元)依次为22.55,24.93,28.63,29.03和30.89。此外进行肠道微生物区系观察,添加柠檬酸的2组比1组肠道中肠球菌、大肠杆菌分别减少6.88％和10.02％;乳酸菌、酵母茵分别增加5.1％和29.5％。     

低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能及粪臭的影响

选择新出壳罗曼蛋鸡424羽,研究了日粮中分别添加0%、0.15%、0.25%、0.35%的低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能及粪臭的影响.试验结果表明0～6周龄日粮添加0.15～0.35%的低聚糖,可使蛋雏鸡的ADG、F/G显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加低聚糖0.15%,氮的排泄率低于对照组(P<0.05),粪便H2S释放量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);日粮添加0.15%～0.35%低聚糖,粪便氨释放量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).0～6周龄蛋雏鸡日粮中低聚糖适宜添加量为0.15%～0.23%.     

溢康素对蛋鸡公雏肠道微生物数量影响的研究

选择１日龄健康罗曼白蛋鸡公雏２４０只，随机分为６组，每组４０只。分别饲喂溢康素添加量为０，００１２５％～０４０％的日粮。培养测定粪便中双歧杆菌数、大肠杆菌数、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌数。结果表明：日粮中添加００５％溢康素可使４周龄雏鸡粪便中大肠杆菌数显著减少（Ｐ＜００５），沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌消失，双歧杆菌数显著增加（Ｐ＜００５）。６周龄时，日粮中添加００２５％～０４％溢康素可使粪便中大肠杆菌数均显著减少（Ｐ＜００５）。添加００５％和０１％溢康素可使粪便中双歧杆菌数显著增加（Ｐ＜００５），其他溢康素添加组的鸡粪便中双歧杆菌数亦有增加趋势。溢康素对粪便ｐＨ无显著影响，但粪便含水量有下降趋势。     

日粮类型对奶牛粪尿特性及氮排放的影响

通过研究不同类型日粮对泌乳奶牛粪尿及氮排放的影响,达到减少和控制氮排放的目的,本试验选用12头体重514 kg、年龄3～5岁的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干秸秆玉米,精粗比40∶60的A日粮、粗料为玉米青贮,精粗比分别是40∶60和60∶40的B和C日粮进行了对其粪尿特性及氮排放的试验研究。结果表明,日粮类型对奶牛粪便及尿液产生量均有一定的影响。粪便产生量结果为秸秆型A日粮>青贮型低精比B日粮>青贮型高精比C日粮。3种日粮的尿液产生量为C日粮>B日粮>A日粮。同时,日粮类型对奶牛氮平衡具有显著的影响,秸秆型日粮的乳氮、尿氮含量和氮的消化率极显著低于青贮型日粮低(P<0.01),粗料均为青贮玉米条件下,随日粮精料水平的提高,氮消化率和尿氮极显著增加(P<0.01),粪氮和乳氮增加不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,秸秆型日粮的摄入氮主要是从粪中排出,粗料为青贮玉米时,随日粮精料水平的提高粪氮比例减少,而尿氮比例增加,粪氮和尿氮占总粪尿氮的比例基本一致。     

猪粪中洛克沙胂的HPLC检测及排泄规律

在建立猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法基础上,选用24头育肥猪,分别混饲给予0、25、50、100 mg/kg洛克沙胂,混饲给药后不同时间采集粪样,以高效液相色谱法测定其中洛克沙胂质量浓度,了解洛克沙胂混饲给药后在猪体内的排泄情况,然后从江苏和山东省15个使用洛克沙胂的集约化猪场采集150头猪的粪样,调查猪粪样中的洛克沙胂含量。结果表明,所建立的猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法的平均回收率为82.09%~84.03%,变异系数为2.92%~5.45%,检测限为0.05 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;以不同剂量混饲给药后,洛克沙胂在粪中排泄量在36~48 h达峰,峰质量浓度分别为12.31、22.52、34.78 mg/kg,猪粪中检测不到洛克沙胂的时间分别为72、108、132 h;所调查150个粪样中洛克沙胂平均质量浓度为23.13 mg/kg。     

Utilization of 15N-labelled urea by laying hens. 1. Survey of the literature, 15N-excretion in feces and urine

Three colostomated leghorn hybrids with an average laying performance of 75% received a ration with 17.7% crude protein and an energy content of 519 energetic feed units for hens per kg mixed feed over a period of 8 days. In the first six days of the experiment the 1%-supplement of urea to the ration was labelled. Its atom-% 15N excess (15N') amounted to 96.06%. During the last two days the urea supplement was not labelled. The total N, trichloracetic acid (TCA)-soluble N and the ammonia N were determined in the feces samples collected daily. In the urine samples collected daily the total N, urea N and ammonia N per hen were determined as well. In all samples the atom-% 15N excess (15N') was measured. The percentage of 14N in feces of the 14N dose was, on an average of the three hens, 21.3% and the analogous quota of 15N' 4.6%. The quota of ammonia 14N of the total 14N in feces had an average of 2.5%, the corresponding 15N' quota was 10.1%. The atom-% 15N' of the urea N in urine was considerably above that of the total urine N and had a maximum of more than 50%. The quota of urine 14N of the 14N taken in had an average of 44.4%, and the corresponding 15N' quota was 56.9%. On an average of the three hens, 61.6% of the 15N' were excreted in feces and urine during the 8-day test period.     

Dietary adipic acid reduces ammonia emission from swine excreta

Adipic acid is only partially catabolized when it is fed to animals, and a portion of it is excreted in urine. The excreted portion may lower urinary pH and, as a result, ammonia emission. The present study tested this hypothesis. In Exp. 1, nursery pigs (n = 14) were fed (for a period of 7 d) either a standard nursery diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% adipic acid to assess effects on urinary pH (collected on d 5 or 6) and in vitro ammonia emission from the collected urine samples that were mixed with control feces. In Exp. 2, grower pigs housed 10 each in one of two chambers were fed a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% adipic acid. Ventilated air was quantified and analyzed for ammonia using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the effects of feeding 1% adipic acid on ammonia emission. The results from Exp. 1 showed that adipic acid strongly reduced urinary pH (from 7.7 to 5.5, P < 0.05). In vitro ammonia emission from these urine samples was significantly reduced at all the time points evaluated (1, 3, 18, and 46 h with reductions of 94, 93, 70, and 39%, respectively, P < 0.05). Experiment 2 showed that adipic acid supplementation reduced ammonia emission by 25% (P < 0.05), which corresponded to the predicted reduction in ammonia emission based on the reduction in manure pH observed. In conclusion, feeding adipic acid lowers urinary pH and reduces ammonia emission. The reduction in ammonia emission, though, does not correspond to the reduction in urinary pH but corresponds to the reduction in fecal pH as a result of mixing the urine and feces, in which feces act as a strong buffer.     

奶牛对蛋氨酸锌的表观吸收率

本试验用粪分析法对蛋氨酸锌饲喂奶牛的表现吸收率进行了测试。试验分３组，每组同质奶牛４头，３组分别在饲料中按日粮加入６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ锌含量的蛋氨酸锌。试验结果，３组奶牛的表观吸收率依次为８５．０２％、７３．２９％、６４．６６％。结果表明奶中锌不能和蛋氨酸锌的添加量成比例地增长，饲料中锌的食入量较低，奶中锌的表观吸收率较高。饲料中蛋氨酸锌的添加量以２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ左右为宜。这项研究结果为奶牛饲喂蛋氨酸锌制取高锌奶提供了依据。     

灌喂石榴汁对大鼠体重及粪便和盲肠中鞣花酸、尿石素A含量的影响

目的通过给SD大鼠灌喂石榴汁,研究其体重增加和粪便及盲肠内容中鞣花酸及尿石素A含量,为深层次研究鞣花酸及尿石素A的生物学作用提供数据支持。方法选择24只平均体重为（169.08±7.88）g的雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组,每组8只,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。在相同日粮基础上,试验Ⅰ组大鼠每天每只灌喂1.5 mL石榴汁,试验Ⅱ组大鼠每天每只灌喂3.0 mL石榴汁,并获取大鼠体重数据及采集粪便及盲肠内容物样品。结果①试验Ⅱ组大鼠日增重显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,比对照组高36.32%;②灌喂石榴汁显著（P<0.05）增加大鼠粪便鞣花酸和尿石素A的含量;③灌喂石榴汁后,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组大鼠盲肠中鞣花酸和尿石素A的含量均极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组。结论给大鼠灌喂石榴汁可以显著提高大鼠体重,显著或极显著提高大鼠粪便和盲肠内容中鞣花酸和尿石素A的含量,且灌喂3 mL/（只·d）效果最佳。     

The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented high protein wheat during the rearing and laying period in hens. 9. True amino acid digestibility of rations with varying lysine levels in hens who had a colostomy]

24 experimental birds were fed the same basal ration containing 74% high-protein wheat, 4% extracted soya bean meal, 7% extracted groundnut meal, 2% feed yeast, 1.75% dried green meal, 1.25% mixed vitamins and 10% of a mineral mixture. The birds were placed in 4 groups each comprising 6 hens. The first two groups received an optimum of lysine (0.68%) added to the ration. The rations for the two other groups contained 0.55% lysine. 6 birds of each group receiving either the lysinesupplemented or the unsupplemented rations were colostomated to investigate in which way the hydrolysed urine would affect the true amino acid digestibility. 8.3% of urinary N from the total amount of faecal N were precipitated as uranyl acetate in the faeces of hens fed the lysine-supplemented ration as compared with 7.3% urinary N in birds receiving the unsupplemented ration. The corresponding figures for non-precipitable faecal N were 8.9% and 8.2%. A comparison was made between the levels of amino acids excreted by colostomated and non-colostomated hens showing that 12.4% +/- 3% and 11.7% +/- 3% more amino acids (figures for the supplemented and unsupplemented rations) were excreted in the presence of urine. On the basis of these results the authors recommend that only colostomated hens should be used in digestibility and total metabolism trials.     

Effect of dietary potassium on absorption of magnesium and other macroelements in sheep fed different levels of magnesium

Two metabolism trials were conducted with 24 crossbred wether lambs. Two levels of Mg (.1 and .2%) and four levels of K (.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8%) were fed in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each trial consisted of a 10-d preliminary period followed by a 10-d collection of feed, feces and urine. Increasing levels of dietary K resulted in a linear increase in fecal Mg excretion and a linear decrease in Mg absorption. A large depression in Mg absorption occurred when K was increased from 1.2 to 2.4% with a further decrease when K was increased to 4.8%. Lambs fed the high level of Mg (.2%) absorbed and retained more (P less than .05) total Mg (g/d, but not percentage of intake) compared with the low magnesium level (.1%). Dietary Mg did not affect the amount of K excreted, absorbed or retained. Increasing the level of dietary K resulted in a linear increase in urinary, fecal and total K excreted, absorbed and retained (P less than .05).     

Confirmation that the dog is a definitive host for Neospora caninum.

Two mixed-breed littermate dogs were fed mouse brains containing tissue cysts of the NC-beef isolate of Neospora caninum. Both dogs excreted N. caninum oocysts in their feces. Dog 1 which was given methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) prior to ingesting tissue cysts, excreted oocysts on days 5 to 10 inclusive and on day 17 after ingesting tissue cysts. Dog 1 had a serum antibody titer of 1:200 in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) 35 days after it was fed tissue cysts. Dog 2, which was not treated with MPA, excreted oocysts on Day 6 and Day 9 after ingesting tissue cysts. Antibodies to N. caninum were not found in a 1:25 dilution of serum on any examination period for Dog 2 during the study. Neospora caninum was not found in the tissues of either dog by histological or immunohistochemical means following necropsy 42 days after being fed tissue cysts. The identity of the oocysts excreted in the feces of the dogs was confirmed by mouse inoculation studies.     

Role of bentonite in prevention of T-2 toxicosis in rats

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of bentonite and nonnutritive dietary polymers on toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin in rats. Male weanling rats were fed diets containing 5% bentonite, anion exchange resin, cation exchange resin or vermiculite-hydrobiotite. Each diet was fed with and without 3 micrograms T-2 toxin/g of feed for 2 wk. Bentonite and anion exchange resin were the treatments most successful at overcoming growth depression and feed refusal caused by T-2 toxin. Subsequent experiments tested bentonite and anion exchange resin at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% of the diet. Bentonite fed at 10% was the most effective treatment at overcoming feed refusal and growth depression. Rats were fed 0, 5, 7.5 or 10% bentonite for 2 wk and then dosed with [3H] T-2 toxin. Urine and feces were collected for 21 h after dosing and tissues were excised for determination of residual 3H. Feeding bentonite had little effect on the fraction of the dose excreted in the urine. Significant increases in fecal excretion of 3H were shown, when the feeding of 5, 7.5 or 10% bentonite was compared with the casein-based, semi-purified control diet. Dietary bentonite had no effect on residual 3H in liver or kidney, but all concentrations of bentonite tested reduced residual 3H in muscle. More 3H was found in the digesta in the small intestine and in the wall of the intestinal tissue when rats fed 5% bentonite were compared with the controls. Intestinal transit time for rats fed bentonite diets was reduced compared with that of the controls as indicated by chromic oxide marker studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vanadium metabolism in sheep. III. Influence of dietary vanadium on kinetics of 48V administered orally or intravenously and comparison of compartmental and graphical models

Radiotracer techniques were used to investigate the influence of dietary stable V on the excretion, distribution and blood clearance kinetics of 48V in 14 rams averaging 58 kg body weight. Rams were fed a basal diet with added levels of 0, 50 or 200 mg/kg V as NH4 VO3 for 25 wk before either oral or iv administration of the isotope. A three-compartment model was determined by graphical logarithmic analysis of blood disappearance data from iv-dosed rams and compared with a simultaneous multicompartment model, which made it possible to ascribe physiological processes to the components of the graphical model. The principal route of excretion of 48V administered iv was via urine, whereas the isotope given orally was excreted almost entirely by way of feces, resulting in low tissue and urinary 48V levels. Increasing dietary V increased (P less than .05) the percentage of dose excreted in urine regardless of dosing route, but dietary V had no effect on 48V excreted in feces. Stable dietary V had no effect on blood clearance rates of orally or iv-dosed rams. Dietary V addition decreased 48V concentration in kidney (P less than .01), liver, spleen, testes and muscle (P less than .05) of iv-dosed rams, but had no effect in rams dosed orally. Kidney, bone, liver and spleen retained the highest levels of 48V activity 144 h after dosing. Dietary V appeared to have a minimal effect on V kinetics in rams.