水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布

采用根钻取样方法对年生水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,水曲柳落叶松地下生物量的空间分配差异显著。在林分水平上,水曲柳的根生物量密度高于落叶松(分别为4442.3和2234.9g/m3)。两树种在相邻区域中分配的细根生物量较高,表明种间根系竞争较弱。落叶松行间的水曲柳细根生物量密度和根长密度均高于水曲柳行间的落叶松细根,表明水曲柳地下部分具有较强能力。根系的空间分布有利于混交林中水曲柳的生长。图1表4参19。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of fine root abundance in a mixed oak-beech forest

Spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuation of fine root density (mass per unit soil volume) and abundance (mass or surface area per unit ground surface area) were investigated by the sequential coring technique in a 100–220 year old mixed Fagus sylvatica-Quercus petraea stand on acidic sandy soil in northwest Germany. The fine root systems of the two co-existing species overlapped completely with beech roots being twice as abundant as oak roots. Since Fagus and Quercus occupied equivalent parts of the canopy volume, oak appeared to be under-represented in the below-ground space. There was evidence for some degree of below-ground niche partitioning between the species in both the vertical and the horizontal direction. Oak fine roots were found to be more superficially distributed than beech roots in the organic layers, indicating a vertical stratification of the root systems of the two species. In the forest floor, fine roots were more abundant in the vicinity of aok stems where thicker organic layers occurred. However, this distribution pattern was not a consequence of a greater abundance of oak roots close to their parent stem, but was due to a higher frequency of beech roots here.     

水曲柳与长白落叶松混交造林技术的研究

水曲柳与长白落叶松混交造林技术研究的结果表明,混交林中水曲柳的平均胸径、树高和单株材积分别为纯林的108.76%~123.71%、105.46%~114.59%和121.66%~161.26%;混交林中长白落叶松的平均胸径、树高和单株材积分别为纯林的127.78%~136.23%、104.07%~111.71%和179.8%~207.45%;双行混交的效果优于单行混交。混交林中长白落叶松24a生的单株平均材积为0.13007m3,为纯林单株材积的1.53倍。混交林的土壤养分含量较水曲柳和长白落叶松纯林平均提高了34.78%;减少了土壤容重,增加了土壤表层的孔隙度、持水量和通气度,改善了土壤的物理性状。     

Ecological distribution and seasonal change of soil microorganisms in pure and mixed plantations

lntroductionSoiImicroorganismsareimportantingredientsinsoilandobviouslyaff6ctsoiIf6rtiIity,andtheycanchangethephysicochemicaIpropertiesofthesoilsbythejrmetabolicactivities.The'reproductionofmi-croorganismscanintensiveIyinffuencegrowthanddeveIopmentofpIants.Therootsoffensecretevari-OuskindsofexosmosemateriaIsuchassaccharide,aminoacidandvitamins,whichcanalsostimuIatethereproductionofthesoilmicroorganisms.Thenumberandspeciesofthesoilmicroorgaoismsaredifferentwiththechangeofthesoiltype,environ…     

水曲柳落叶松人工林近自然化培育对林地土壤理化性质的影响

利用天然林窄带状皆伐后营造的20年生落叶松。水曲柳人工纯林,水落混交林以及与之相邻的天然林构成近自然化培育梯度,研究不同林分各土层(0～10cm,10～20cm)土壤理化性质的差异。结果表明:20年生不同近自然化培育的人工林以及天然林之间在林地土壤物理性质上并未产生显著差异(P>0.05),土壤部分化学性质变化较为明显。水曲柳纯林土壤物理性质表现出优于其他林分的趋势,其中下层土壤密度较天然林下降10.4%,下层土壤饱和持水量和毛管持水量分别较天然林增加21.2%和18.2%;水落混交林和天然林次之,落叶松纯林表现最差。人工林土壤各层pH值均略低于天然林(pH=5.50),其中落叶松纯林土壤酸度最大(pH=5.32),但各林分间差异不显著。落叶松纯林土壤上层有机质、全N、全P含量均显著低于其他林分;各层有效P含量均显著高于其他林分(分别为15.92和7.42ug.g-1);落叶松纯林各层土壤水解N和下层速效K显著含量低于其他林分(P<0.05),上层速效K仅显著低于天然林(P<0.05);水曲柳纯林、水落混交林、天然林之间各养分含量差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。与落叶松人工纯林相比,水曲柳人工纯林和近自然化培育的水落混交林的土壤理化性质则更接近天然林的趋势。     

水曲柳人工林生长特性研究

水曲柳人工林生长特性的研究表明:水曲柳人工林胸径生长从第6年开始加快,6~21 a生间,连年生长量在0.40~0.67 cm之间,9~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.47~0.50 cm之间。树高生长从3 a生开始加快,3~6 a生间,连年生长量在0.50~0.67 m,9~18 a生间,连年生长量在0.67~1.00 m之间;9~24a生间,平均生长量在0.61~0.72 m。材积生长从12 a生开始加快,12~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.00088~0.002 99 m3之间;从9a生开始,连年生长量在0.001 34~0.006 82 m3之间。24a生人工林直径、树高、材积生长分别为25a生天然林胸径、树高、材积的1.81倍、1.92倍和6.12倍。     

对长白落叶松与水曲柳二代林栽培技术的研究

多年来长白落叶松(Larix gmelini)人工林的二代林更新是林区营林工作面临的一个大问题,由于落叶松人工纯林的种种弊端,特别是林地酸化和肥力的减退,引起了人们关注。通过试验证明了对长白落叶松间伐第一次后,可以直接营造水曲柳二代林,通过第二次间伐可以保证二代林的正常生长发育。     

落叶松与水曲柳混交林特征研究综述

落叶松和水曲柳是我国东北地区的主要造林树种,适合我国东北地区广泛栽培。本文对现有国内外落叶松和水曲柳种间关系、立地条件以及混交优势对生长的影响进行总结,其结果对落叶松和水曲柳混交林的经营及管理具有重要的理论意义。     

Effects of thinning on microsites and natural regeneration in a Larix olgensis plantation in mountainous regions of eastern Liaoning Province, China

In order to understand the effects of thinning on microsite conditions and natural regeneration in the larch plantation, thinning experiment was conducted in a 40-year-old Larix olgensis plantation in Qingyuan County in eastern Liaoning Province, China in 2003-2004 Five thinning treatments （0%, 10.2%, 19.8%, 29.7% and 40.3% thinned） were designed on the same site. After thinning, canopy openness and the microsite conditions such as photosynthetic photon flux density （PPFD）, soil moisture content, and soil temperature were measured in one growing season. Meanwhile, the investigation of natural regeneration was conducted at the end of the growing season. The results showed that the canopy openness increased with the increase of thinning intensities. PPFD and soil temperature and soil moisture content in different soil layers were positively relative with canopy openness after thinning. The richness of regenerating tree species did not significantly increase （p=0.30） after one growing season since thinning, but the regeneration density and frequency of tree species increased significantly （p〈0.05）. In addition, the number of regenerating tree species increased, and the increment was correlated with the characteristics of iudividual tree species. The increasing percentage of regenerating seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree species was more than that of shade-tolerant tree species. Among the investigated regeneration species, the biggest response of seedling emergency to the canopy openness was Phellodendron amurense. This paper confirmed the following conclusions： after thinning, the variety of regenerating tree species was correlative with the characteristics of regenerating tree species, and the distribution of unthinned trees and the site conditions in the investigated larch plantation were the additional factors influencing, the regeneration.     

Discrepancy in fine root turnover estimates between diameter-based and branch-order-based approaches: a case study in two temperate tree species

Fine root turnover plays a key role in carbon(C) budgets and nutrients cycles in forest ecosystems.However,the difference between branch-order-based and diameter-based approaches in estimating fine root turnover is still unclear.We studied root biomass turnover based on multiplying root standing biomass by turnover rate(inverse of median root longevity) in two Chinese temperate tree species,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.and Larix gmelinii Rupr.The minirhizotron(MR) technique was used to estimate longevities for first and second order roots,and total roots(R total) apparent on the MR tube surface.The corresponding biomass for each root group was estimated by soil monolith.The difference in biomass turnover between R total and the sum of the first and second order roots was used to represent the discrepancy between diameter-and order-based approaches.First order roots had shorter life spans and higher biomass turnover rates than the second order roots in both species.Biomass turnover estimated by the order-based method for F.mandshurica and L.gmelinii were 155.4 g m-2 a-1 and 158.9 g m-2 a-1,respectively,in comparison with 99.5 g m-2 a-1 and 117.7 g m-2 a-1 estimated by the diameter-based method,indicating that the diameter-based approach underestimated biomass turnover.The most probable reason was that the order-based method enhanced separation of the heterogeneous root population into relatively homogenous root groups with varying turnover rates.We conclude that separating fine root pool into different branch orders can improve the accuracy of estimates for fine root turnover,as well as the understanding of the belowground C allocation and nutrient cycling at ecosystem level.     

间伐对辽东山区长白落叶松人工林生境和更新的影响

为弄清间伐对落叶松人工林内环境因子,进而对落叶松林内天然更新的影响,在辽东山区对40年生落叶松人工林进行了5种不同强度的间伐试验(分别为0%、10%、20%、30%和40%)。间伐后,对环境因子和更新状况进行了观测。结果表明,林冠开阔度随间伐强度增大而增加,间伐后其林冠下光量子数量、地表平均温度、不同层次土壤平均含水量与空隙度大小成线形关系;落叶松人工林间伐一年内,更新树种丰富度没有显著变化,而更新密度和更新频度都明显增加(p<0.05)。更新树种数量增加与树种特性有关,增长幅度为阳性树种>耐荫树种。所有的更新树种中,对林冠开阔度变化响应最大的是黄波罗(Phellodendronamurense)。实验结果证实了辽东地区落叶松人工林间伐后,更新数量变化与周围保留的树种分布、树种特性和立地条件有关。图9表2参43。     

三江平原丘陵区长白落叶松适生立地条件分析

在三江平原丘陵区佳木斯市孟家岗林场对不同立地条件下长白落叶松人工林生长指标进行标准地调查,建立立地指数导向曲线方程、同形立地指数族、立地指数表和优势木高与立地因子间的数量化模型,在此基础上,评价立地因子对落叶松生长的影响,得出影响落叶松生长的主要立地因子依次为坡向、土壤A层厚、坡度和坡位,适宜落叶松生长的立地是坡度平缓土层深厚的阴坡中下部。     

Simulation of the growth ring density of Larix olgensis plantation wood with the ARMA model

Because growth ring data have temporal features, time series analysis can be used to simulate and reveal changes in the life of a tree and contribute to plantation management. In this study, the autoregressive(AR) and moving average modeling method was used to simulate the time series for growth ring density in a larch plantation with different initial planting densities. We adopted the Box–Jenkins method for the modeling, which was initially based on an intuitive analysis of sequence graphs followed by the augmented Dickey–Fuller stationarity test. The order p and q of the ARMA(p, q) model was determined based on the autocorrelation and partial correlation coefficient figure truncated on the respective order.Through the residual judgment, the model AR(2) was only fitted to the larch growth ring density series for the plantation with the 1.5 9 2.0 m^2 initial planting density.Because the residuals series for the other three series was not shown as a white noise sequence, the modeling was rerun. Larch wood from the initial planting density of2.0 9 2.0 m^2 was modeled by ARMA(2, 1), and ARMA((1, 5), 3) fitted to the 2.5 9 2.5 m^2 initial planting density,and the 3.0 9 3.0 m^2 was modeled by AR(1, 2, 5).Although the ARMA modeling can simulate the change in growth ring density, data for the different growth ring time series were described by different models. Thus, time series modeling can be suitable for growth ring data analysis, revealing the time domain and frequency domain of growth ring data.     

不同立地条件下水曲柳人工林生长状况的初步研究

不同立地条件的水曲柳人工幼龄林生长指标的调查结果表明:缓坡造林,8 a生胸径最大值为6.0 cm,树高最大值为6.5 m;轻微水湿地造林,经2次施肥后,12 a生时平均胸径、平均枝下高生长量较缓坡造林的8 a生水曲柳仅具有微弱生长优势,平均树高、平均冠幅和平均枝下高低于8 a生缓坡水曲柳幼龄林;农耕地10 a生水曲柳人工幼龄林平均树高为4.50 m,为其他立地的150%,最大值为6.8 m,胸径最大值为7.3 cm,单位面积立木蓄积为其他立地的158.3%。水曲柳造林后第四年开始,胸径、树高、材积生长较快,胸径连年生长量由0.65 cm增至0.80 cm以上;树高生长量在4~6 a增长最大,连年生长量达1.00 m,平均生长量也持续在0.60 m以上;材积平均生长量、连年生长量自第四年开始,增幅较大,第六年连年生长量为第五年的1.92倍。     

Characteristics of root growth in a fast-growing and high-yield poplar plantation under subsurface drip-irrigation

The characteristics of root growth in the fast-growing and high-yield plantation of poplar I-214 (Populus × euramericana cv. ‘I-214’) were studied under two contrasting conditions, subsurface drip-irrigation (SDI) and normal irrigation (CK), on the sandy soil of Chaobai River, Beijing. The results showed that in the soil layer of 20–50 cm, there was a considerable increase in the amount of roots less than 10 mm in diameter (especially those of less than 2mm) under SDI, which was three times as much as that under CK. The absorbing roots under SDI were concentrated in the soil layer of 20–50 cm, while the roots under CK were distributed evenly in each layer. With respect to horizontal distribution, roots (d<10 mm) under SDI were distributed mainly near the subsurface emitters and the amount of roots in 3 m in a row under SDI were 50% less than under CK. Therefore, it is suggested that subsurface emitters with the shape of “#” should be collocated in the middle of two rows and two individual trees to increase the distributing and absorbing range of roots under SDI, and further increase the plantation productivity. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(2): 34–40 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Rooting patterns and fine root biomass of Pinus pinaster assessed by trench wall and core methods

Variability of fine root (diameter < 2 mm) distribution was investigated in four 55 to 56-year-old Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stands using a combination of trench wall observations and destructive sampling. Our objectives were to assess patterns of fine root distribution, to estimate tree fine root biomass and to explore interactions with understorey vegetation in a gradient of relevant site conditions. Results showed that root density decreased with soil depth in all stands, and variability appeared to be highest in litter and subsoil layers especially where compacted soil layers occurred. Roots were clustered in patches in the top 0–50 cm of the soil or were present as root channels at greater depths. Cluster number, cluster size and number of root channels were comparable in all four stands. Overall fine root biomass at depths of 0–120 cm ranged from 2.7 to 7.2 Mg ha⁻¹ and was highest for the two driest stands. The use of trench wall records made it possible to reduce the variability of these estimates. Understorey species represented as much as 90% of the total number of fine roots in the upper layers, and the understorey formed a considerable proportion of the total ecosystem biomass, suggesting that understorey species are likely competitors for nutrients in this ecosystem. Further studies should focus on the interaction of the understorey and pine roots and the ecological significance of clustered roots and nutrient distributions.     

抚育间伐对华北落叶松人工林生长的影响

为确定华北落叶松人工林合理的间伐强度和具体的抚育措施,对不同抚育间伐强度下华北落叶松人工林林木胸径、单位面积蓄积量的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着间伐强度的加大,林木生长的指标胸径和蓄积量均呈上升后平缓的趋势;平均胸径的生长量变化依次为,间伐强度40%>间伐强度60%>间伐强度20%>间伐强度0;平均蓄积量的生长量变化依次为,间伐强度60%>间伐强度40%>间伐强度20%>间伐强度0。通过综合分析抚育的效果,保留蓄积为90～145m3/hm2(间伐强度40%～60%)的样地内抚育效果表现最好。     

长白落叶松人工幼龄林树皮生物量和养分贮量研究

以佳木斯市孟家岗林场长白落叶松13~18 a生人工幼龄林为研究对象,进行单木活树皮、死树皮(黑树皮、红树皮)的生物量和氮、磷、钾养分分析。结果表明:带皮胸径(x)与去皮胸径(y)的关系为:y=0.942 7x-0.110 5(R2=0.996 8,p0.001);树高或胸径虽然能够用于预测单木各类树皮生物量和树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量,但在对具体林分进行估测时,仍需考虑立地条件。幼龄林树皮总量为4 427.99~6 464.38 kg.hm-2,其中活树皮为1 745.44~3 165.39 kg.hm-2。幼龄林树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量分别为5.119~68.154 kg.hm-2、2.760~36.494 kg.hm-2、4.163~52.839 kg.hm-2,其中活树皮中氮、磷、钾贮量分别为3.981~48.941 kg.hm-2、1.908~23.552 kg.hm-2、3.359~42.079 kg.hm-2。     

华北落叶松人工林直径分布规律及其动态的研究

以山西省现场调查的30块华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr）人工林临时标准地为材料,利用分布密度函数对林分的直径分布进行模拟和预测。检验结果表明：86．67％的服从分布,拟合效果良好,并据此建立起了a、b、c参数的预测模型。理论参数方程可用于华北落叶松人工林经营管理的实践中,为合理经营华北落叶松人工林提供了科学的理论依据。     

栓皮栎人工林主要树种种群空间分布格局

为揭示连云港地区栓皮栎人工林主要树种的种群空间分布格局及其动态变化规律,根据群落调查资料,在计算树种种群的重要值的基础上,确定栓皮栎人工林的主要树种,并应用扩散指数、负二项参数、Lloyd的平均拥挤度、聚块性指标、Morisita指数对该人工林主要树种的种群分布格局进行分析.结果表明:连云港栓皮栎人工林主要树种为栓皮栎、盐肤木、黄檀和赤松,种群分布格局都为聚集分布,聚集强度表现为:栓皮栎种群＜黄檀种群＜盐肤木种群＜赤松种群;在不同发育阶段,主要树木种群的聚集程度不同,栓皮栎种群聚集强度随种群龄级的增加而减小,而盐肤木种群和黄檀种群的聚集强度则随种群龄级的增加而增加;种群分布规律与种群个体数的大小和种群的生物学和生态学特性有关.可以进行适当的透光伐作业改善林内的光照条件,促进伴生树种的更新.