以“美丽中国”法理念提升草原生态环境法治体系

"美丽中国"作为在宪法中崭新宣示和确立的法理念,凸显生态环境价值的高度性、生态环境建设的系统性、生态环境保护的法治性。草原生态环境是承载"美丽中国"法理念的战略领域和空间。"美丽中国"法理念是指导我国草原生态环境法治保护的重大法理念,要按照"美丽中国"法理念的要求全面提升草原生态环境法治体系及其实施,主要是进一步提高草原生态环境法治的战略定位;完善草原产权制度、草原产业制度、草原公共设施和产品投入建设制度、草原生态环境保护制度、草原经济社会发展和社会保障制度、草原生态环境违法犯罪法律责任制度等;提高草原生态环境行政执法的到位性和执法力度;加强和完善草原生态环境司法保护。     

美国草原管理法律法规发展概况

草地资源的立法管理是各国管理草地资源防止草地退化的主要人为调控手段。美国草原立法开始早,立法体系完善,对美国公共草地合理管理做出了巨大贡献。美国草地立法经历了3个阶段:首先是草原立法和管理主要在各州层面上,对公共草地管理作用不大,使西部公共草地处于无序利用状态,草地退化严重;第二是《泰勒放牧法》颁布后,开始了公共草地管理,建立了有照放牧和放牧收费制度;第三是美国草地的多用途管理,出台了与草地资源管理相关的一系列法律,主要是《环境政策法》和《联邦土地政策管理法》,草地资源相关价值受到高度重视。在国家立法规定下,对草地资源的价值进行评估。研究美国草地立法过程和立法思想,对于合理管理中国草地资源具有重要指导意义。     

船舶抵押权与优先权关系之反思与重构

同一海产上有数个担保物权时，各类型权利间关系如何，各国立法规定不一，我国海商法第25条对此亦有所明文，但该条的简单化处理，其合理性与当事人利益保护的立法主旨，已有所不符，因此从比较法等角度对该问题作学理性的研究甚有必要。     

Status of law-making on animal welfare

Since the last report there have been major revisions of laws and ordinances. Deliberations on rules of Community law were also continued. On national level, the Act on the Shoeing of Horses amending the Animal Welfare Act and amendments of animal welfare provisions as well as the Deregulation Act were prepared, some of which have meanwhile entered into force. At legislative level, the work on the ratification laws for the Council of Europe conventions (Strasbourg) was concluded in order to enable Germany to adopt the revisions.They include (1) the European Convention for the protection of animals used for experimental purposes and (2) the European Convention for the protection of animals during international transport. At the level of ordinances, the amendment and extension of the Animal Welfare -Farm Animal Husbandry Ordinance are of vital importance for the sections on pig farming and laying hen husbandry. Another section refers to the husbandry of fur animals, on which an ordinance has been submitted to the Bundesrat (German upper house of Parliament). Deliberations on this issue have been adjourned. Drafts of a circus register were prepared to amend the Animal Welfare Act and to adopt a separate ordinance, and they are being discussed with the federal states and associations. Previously,the rules of Community law in the area of animal welfare were adopted as EC directives which the member states had to transfer in national law. This was done by incorporating them into national laws or ordinances, with non-compliance having to be sanctioned. It is the member states' responsibility to establish sanctions. Yet the Commission has introduced a directly operative animal welfare legislation by adopting EC Regulation 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport. This means that a national implementation is not required. Nevertheless, the establishment of sanctions continues to be the responsibility of the member states. A special authorisation by the legislator is required to be able to impose sanctions based on directly applicable EC law. This is done via the already mentioned Act on the Shoeing of Horses and amendment. To establish sanctions for this Community legislation, a "Sanctions Ordinance" is currently being discussed by the different departments. This way, a link between directly applicable Community legislation and national sanctions is established. At EC level there are currently discussed (1) the "Animal Welfare Action Plan", (2) a draft directive laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production and (3) preparations for a revision of the directive on the protection of animals used for experimental purposes have become known due to the preparation of a related impact assessment. At the level of international law, the Council of Europe has concluded its work on Annex A of the convention for the protection of animals used for experimental purposes. With regard to the European Convention for the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, the deliberations on fish and fattening rabbits are being continued. There is a discussion on the technical details of the Transport Convention. Since the first animal welfare conference of the International Office of epizootics (OlE) in February 2004 in Paris, two very comprehensive codes on slaughter of animals and on animal transport were adopted.The inclusion of further animal welfare issues into the OIE work programme will be discussed in the next future.     

The food legislation evaluation of environmental chemicals in freshwater fish

During the last 1 1/2 decades different regulatory limits have been given to value pollutants in fish under food-legal aspects. Their requested target, which consists of an effective consumer's protection however has been missed by various reasons: The production and distribution of environmental pollutants cannot be suppressed by limits for food. The selective elimination of limit-exceeding individuals from a lot is impossible. Treating both, natural pollutants like geogenic mercury and anthropogenic ones similar seems to be indefensible with regard to food law. Therefore proposals are made to rule only anthropogenic pollutants by law, when regulatory limits are planned to be supplemented. In case of natural distribution less stringent advisory limits seem to be more suitable.     

Legal prerequisites for the establishment and management of animal preserves

Starting from the general provisions of Section 24 federal law concerning nature conservation the essential contents of different provisions of land law about licence of animal preserves are summarized and cleared up. Sectors of priority are the interpretation and exact definition of the term "animal preserve", explanation of special licensing requirements of law concerning protection of animals (housing and feeding must be adequate to standards of conduct; rearing of animals must be competent), and considerations about lawful contents as well as legal investigations of the definitive administrative act.     

论陕北丘陵区草业发展的研究方向及内容

根据陕北丘陵沟壑区的特点，提出了该区发展草业需要从草地植被恢复、草地保护、牧草品种选择及栽培技术、牧草加工利用、草地效益评价、草业产业化发展等方面进行科学研究，以保证该区草产业的良性发展及山川秀美建设的顺利进行。     

Risk characterisation and management of sewage sludge on agricultural land-implications for the environment and the food-chain

The disposal of sewage wastes may cause severe environmental problems as was graphically demonstrated with pollution on Sydney's ocean beaches in recent years. Sewage sludges contain valuable plant nutrients and organic matter which can improve the fertility and structure of the soil. However, human parasites, pathogenic micro-organisms and chemicals capable of causing soil contamination, phytotoxicity and residues in animal products may also be present. Although sewage sludge is frequently spread on agricultural land overseas, it is not common in Australia and most states do not have specific regulations to minimise risk and promote good practice. A sludge-to-land program began in the Sydney region in 1990. It follows guidelines written by NSW Agriculture to encourage beneficial agricultural use of sludge by adoption of environmentally sustainable practices. This article describes the major risks to the food-chain and the environment, which may be associated with applying sewage sludge to agricultural land. It summarises how the risks are managed, and where further research data are required.     

Board-invited review: the ethical and behavioral bases for farm animal welfare legislation

Concerns about farm animal welfare vary among individuals and societies. As people increasingly consider the values underlying current farm animal production methods, farm animal welfare policy debates have escalated. Recent food animal protection policies enacted in the European Union have fueled highly contentious discussions about the need for similar legislative activity in the United States. Policymakers and scientists in the United States are apprehensive about the scientific assessment, validation, and monitoring of animal welfare, as well as the unforeseen consequences of moving too hastily toward legislating farm animal welfare. The potential impact of such legislation on producers, food prices, animals, and concerned citizens must also be considered. Balancing the interests of all stakeholders has therefore presented a considerable challenge that has stymied US policymaking. In this review, we examine the roles of ethics and science in policy decisions, discuss how scientific knowledge relative to animal behavior has been incorporated into animal welfare policy, and identify opportunities for additional refinement of animal welfare science that may facilitate ethical and policy decisions about animal care.     

生殖激素对雄性生殖细胞凋亡调控的研究进展

随着工业化生产的不断扩大，由环境内分泌干扰物诱发生殖细胞凋亡的报道日趋增多。因此，激素在生殖细胞凋亡中作用的研究再次成为人们关注的焦点。文章对调节雄性生精活动的主要生殖激素如促黄体素、卵泡刺激素、睾酮等对生殖细胞凋亡的调控进行了综述。目的是为了进一步阐明生殖激素在生殖细胞凋亡过程中的作用机制，为男性不育，生殖系统肿瘤等生殖系统疾病的防治及环境毒物致病机理和药物残留学的研究提供理论基础。     

EST-SSR标记的开发及在动物研究中的应用

近年来大量ESTs数据的出现已成为开发SSR标记的重要来源。EST-SSR作为一种新型的分子标记, 不仅具备传统基因组SSR标记的特点, 而且以其开发经济和通用性高等优势已在植物和动物中得到开发和应用。作者就EST-SSR标记特点，开发步骤及在动物中的应用和发展前景进行了综述。     

牧草化感抑草作用研究进展

 利用牧草的化感抑草作用去防治田间杂草是当前研究的热点话题,它是利用自身分泌的活性物质来达到抑草杂草目的的,它可以通过残渣覆盖土壤或利用伴生植物生长等方式来抑制杂草生长的,而且当前已经鉴定出的有化感抑草作用的物质很多,可以利用这些物质来合成新型的除草剂,即可以达到生物防除杂草的目的,还不会造成环境污染;综述牧草化感作用当前研究热点,研究存在问题,提出今后牧草化感作用发展的前景。     

香根草在我国的研究简史及应用进程

详细综述了香根草技术在我国发展的简史、香根草在我国的自然分布概况、以及在水土保持、提高农作物产量、环境保护、经济利用以及其他等方面的应用和研究,并对香根草的应用研究前景提出一些建议,希望能更好地推广和利用香根草,以提高其生态和经济效益。     

代谢组学及其在动物营养研究中的应用

代谢组学作为一种高通量、高灵敏度、高精确度的现代分析技术,在过去的十几年里得到了迅速的发展,被广泛应用于植物学、微生物、食品学、营养学、毒理学、药物学和环境科学等领域的研究中。随着动物营养学的研究向宏观扩展和微观的深入,代谢组学作为一种强大的技术手段为其提供了重要的技术支持,它将会成为动物营养学研究的重要手段之一。作者从代谢组学的提出、代谢组学的特点及其研究方法对代谢组学进行了简单介绍;并从在研究营养素与机体的相互关系中的应用、用于饲料营养对动物机体影响的评价、用于研究动物消化道菌群与宿主的相互作用、在动物性食品安全中的应用及代谢组学在发酵饲料开发中的应用5个方面综述了代谢组学在动物营养研究中的应用。     

蚕丝蛋白在非绢丝领域的研究进展

介绍了蚕丝蛋白的组成,概述了蚕丝蛋白在食品、医药医疗、化妆护肤品、生物工程、环保、轻工业领域的研究进展。     

Ecologic study of the risk factors for environmental mastitis in cows

An index was developed to measure the proportion of intramammary infections caused by environmental microorganisms on dairy farms. This environmental index can be interpreted as the probability that an intramammary infection was caused by an environmental pathogen, rather than by a contagious pathogen. Using the environmental index as the outcome variable, risk factors for environmental mastitis were studied on 10 dairy farms in New York. Turning the cows outside was associated with lower environmental index, and having cows drink from a stream increased the environmental index. Selective (rather than uniform) nonlactating cow intramammary treatment was related to a lower environmental index (apparently because the farms practicing selective nonlactating cow treatment suffered from epizootics of contagious mastitis).     

Conditions for the formation of mycotoxins in animal feed

The development of moulds and the production of mycotoxins are closely related, but the optima of environmental factors for both do not necessarily coincide. Depending on the species, the percentage of toxinogenic strains differs considerably. Complex substrates, with a high content of carbohydrates, are favoured. Over a wide range of temperature toxin-production is possible, also at a very low partial pressure of oxygen. Too few is known about the factors, which promote toxin-production in the field. There seems to be a dependence on the area, where the grain is grown, and on the weather during the year of cropping, but the influence of methods of plant production, fertilization, plant protection and choice of cultivars have to be investigated.     

生态脆弱地区的特殊旅游环保模式研究

摘要：基于生态脆弱地区环境的敏感性和不稳定性等特征,构建一种包括主动性保护、开发性保护及重建性保护三层结构的旅游环保模式。采用推理演绎及对比分析的研究方法,揭示传统旅游环保模式的环境保护与旅游开发的脱节性和环保行为的滞后性缺陷,虽然其已有部分程度上的脱节性改善,但仍不适用于生态脆弱地区的旅游环境保护。而较为有效的模式应是将旅游开发与环境保护更加充分地结合,甚至环境保护工作要占较大比例或超前进行,而且环境保护工作的重点要向以开发行为的外界输入促进环境改善和环境重建的方向转变。     

《家畜环境卫生学》课程内容的扩展

家畜环境卫生学是我国高等农林院校动物科学专业的一门专业基础课。我国畜牧业发展过程中畜产品安全事件层出不穷、畜禽公共卫生安全防御体系薄弱以及动物福利差等一系列问题极为突出,结合世界畜牧业发展注重环境保护和动物福利保障等方面的大趋势,必须对原有的家畜环境卫生学课程内容进行改革。本文结合我国畜牧业发展实际,将畜产品安全事件、畜禽公共卫生安全防御体系以及家畜福利等内容引入本科生家畜环境卫生学课程,以期培养具有现代先进养殖理念的新型畜牧业人才。