大豆施用生物有机肥对产量及构成因素的影响

通过对大豆施用生物有机肥料试验的结果表明，不同施肥水平处理间的产量及其构成因素具有明显的差异。从生育性状和物候期方面无论是茎粗，还是根数、根长和根瘤数，处理都比CK表现好，并且对作物起到促进提早成熟的作用。     

油菜发育过程及生育期机理模型的研究Ⅱ.模型的检验和评价

利用国内3组不同年份、不同品种、不同播期、不同施肥处理的田间试验资料,对第Ⅰ报中所描述的油菜发育过程及生育期模型进行了验证.结果表明,模型对大多数生育阶段的模拟误差为3d左右,平均差平方和的根值(root mean square error,RMSE)也为3d左右,尤其对初花期、终花期、成熟期的模拟精度高、误差小.模型表现出较强的机理性以及较好的预测性和实用性.     

大麦顶端发育和物候期的模拟

为了能直观反映大麦生长发育进程,利用生理发育时问恒定的原理,建立了系统预测大麦顶端发育阶段和物候期的模拟模型。模型的检验结果表明,模型对大麦大多数发育阶段的绝对模拟误差都在0～6d,平均差平方和的根值（Root mean square error,RMSE）不超过4d。模型对出苗期、成熟期的模拟误差较小,RMSE分别为1．0和1．6d;对雌雄蕊分化期的模拟误差较大,RMSE为3．7d;对于比较重要的单棱期和药隔形成期,RMSE分别为1．8和3．2d,均没有超过4d。模型表现出较强的机理性和实用性。     

肥密处理对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

以中黄30、铁丰31和铁豆37为材料,在不同施肥和不同种植密度(12.0、16.5、21.0万株·hm-2)处理下,比较了3个大豆品种的农艺性状、产量和品质表现.结果表明:不同密度下,大豆产量差异极显著,并且高密度条件下的产量最高;不同肥力条件下,大豆产量差异不显著.不同肥密处理对不同大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量影响不同,低密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量,降低了3个大豆品种脂肪含量.中密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁丰31蛋白质含量.施肥处理降低了中黄30脂肪含量,提高了铁丰31和铁豆37脂肪含量.高密度施肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量.施肥处理增加了铁丰31脂肪含量.     

不同氮肥类型对大豆叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在大田条件下研究了3种施肥类型对豫豆29叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:3种施肥处理各时期叶片光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、叶绿素含量、成熟期产量均较对照有不同幅度的提高,除结荚期气孔导度外,以单施铵态氮肥处理提高最多,且不同叶位之间叶绿素含量表现为倒3叶>倒2叶>倒1叶.因此,施用铵态氮肥能够提高大豆叶片叶绿素含量,改善大豆叶片光合特性,促进大豆生长,优化产量构成因素,提高大豆产量.     

几种综合施肥措施对早熟温州蜜柑生长和产量的影响

对广西国有良丰农场十二年生早熟温州蜜柑采用几种施肥方法，比较不同施肥措施下，该地区早熟温州蜜柑各个物候期的生长发育情况和果实产量。结果表明：处理4分别在各个物候期前进行5次合理的氮、磷、钾配方施肥，明显影响果树的生长发育情况，果实成熟期相对提前；平均单果重量增加，达到125 g/个；平均单株产量明显增加，达到93.60 kg/株；平均产量最高，为73.94 t/hm2。因此，针对该地区独特的地理气候环境，适合于该地区的合理施肥方式对于提高果树产量和增加经济收入显得尤为重要。     

麦/玉/豆轮作制度下不同施肥措施对大豆产量的影响

在麦/玉/豆轮作制度下,通过在不同年份改变施肥量,研究前茬作物的肥料残效和不同施肥措施对大豆产量和农艺性状的影响.结果表明:麦/玉/豆轮作与大豆连作相比具有显著的增产效果.各处理平均株高较连作处理增加25.6%,单株荚数增加90.2%,单株粒数增加158.2%,茎粗增加10.5%.不同施肥水平间产量差异极显著.同样在轮作制度下,年际问调整化肥施用量,可以获得较好的作物产量.     

宿州地区周年肥料运筹对复播大豆农艺性状和产量的影响

为在宿州地区筛选出有利小麦收获后复播大豆高产的周年施肥组合,本研究采用裂区试验设计,设置5个小麦季施肥处理、3个大豆季施肥处理,研究周年不同施肥组合对麦后复播大豆农艺性状及产量的影响。研究表明:麦季不同施肥处理的夏大豆株高和产量差异显著。常量处理与常量+生物炭处理的株高显著高于无肥处理,有机肥替代处理的大豆产量比无肥处理高13.20%且差异极显著,高量处理的大豆产量比无肥处理高10.52%且差异显著。大豆季不同施肥处理的夏大豆株高、主茎节数差异显著,且随着大豆季氮肥的增加而增加。大豆季施用氮肥对产量的影响不显著,产量随着氮肥增加先升高再降低。麦季施用有机肥,大豆季施用低氮基肥的周年施肥组合有利于在获得较高大豆产量的同时减少对环境的负面影响和氮肥用量。     

水肥耦合对大豆生长发育的正交设计实验研究

通过盆栽试验条件,设置不同灌水和施肥处理,研究水肥耦合对大豆生长的影响.试验结果分析表明:水分对大豆的生长影响大于肥的影响,大豆生长很大程度上依赖于水分供应的多少,在水分充足时增加施肥可以提高大豆产量和株高,但水分过高对大豆生长不利.总体上,随着水分和施肥量的增加,产量增加,在相对含水量55%、N含量为200 mg/kg、P为50 mg/kg、K为100 mg/kg时对大豆的生长最适合.     

不同作物茬口与施肥对连作大豆产量的影响

采用2因素有重复完全随机试验,研究苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种茬口与施肥对连作大豆产量的影响.3 a的试验结果表明:苜蓿茬口上连作3 a的大豆产量都显著或极显著高于玉米和大豆茬口上相应连作年份的大豆产量;不同年份,施肥对不同作物茬口上连作大豆的产量影响效果不同;在每公顷施二铵180 kg、尿素45 kg、氯化钾45 kg(C2)肥量以下时,各茬口连作大豆产量与相应茬口不施肥处理连作大豆产量间差异不显著;即使苜蓿茬口上不施肥,其连作1、2、3 a大豆产量也高于所有玉米茬与施肥水平组合的对应年份连作大豆产量,而全部显著或极显著高于大豆茬与各施肥水平组合的对应年份连作的大豆产量.苜蓿茬上施大豆专用复合肥375 kg·hm-2组合处理大豆产量最高(2911.5 kg·hm-2),显著或极显著的比其它21个组合增产0.57%～54.42%.可见在连作大豆情况下,相对玉米和大豆茬而言,苜蓿茬起到了增产、增效、环境友好型和降低施肥成本的作用.     

Understanding and modeling the effect of temperature and daylength on soybean phenology under high-yield conditions

Temperature and photoperiod can be used to simulate soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) phenology because they serve as surrogates for complex biochemical pathways leading to the appearance of certain developmental stages at the whole plant level. We developed a soybean phenology model (SOYDEV) which utilizes non-linear temperature and photoperiod functions and separates floral induction and post-induction for simulating time of flowering. This model accurately simulated the dynamics of vegetative development, final node number and the occurrence of major reproductive stages such as flowering (R₁), beginning pod (R₃), mid-pod elongation (R_3.5), beginning seed (R₅), and physiological maturity (R₇) in a long-term field experiment (6 years) with the semi-determinate soybean cv. NE3001, as well as in a 2-year cultivar × sowing date experiment with 12 (2004) and 8 (2005) cultivars. With cultivar-specific model calibration, root mean square errors (RMSE) of major phenological stages simulated with SOYDEV averaged 1.8 days in the long-term experiment and 3.3 days in the cultivar × sowing date experiment. Data from the cultivar × sowing date experiment were used to develop empirical relationships for estimating key cultivar-specific model parameters from published soybean maturity group ratings (0.8–4.2). Compared to using nine cultivar-specific parameters derived from the full calibration, estimation of model parameters from readily available cultivar information such as maturity group rating only slightly decreased simulation accuracy, resulting in RMSE (across stages and cultivars) values of 3.6–3.8 days. The proposed SOYDEV model may be particularly suitable for practical model applications because of its reduced need for cultivar-specific calibration. Further evaluation of the model is required under a wider range of variety maturity group ratings and environments.     

Simulation analysis of lucerne–wheat crop rotation on the Loess Plateau of Northern China

The Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) was parameterised and tested against datasets from two field experiments being conducted on Heilu soil at the Qingyang Research Station, Gansu, China as to investigate long-term lucerne productivity and management options of reducing impact of lucerne on winter wheat yield in a lucerne–wheat rotation system. With minimal parameterisation and configuration of the APSIM-Lucerne module, APSIM was able to simulate phenological development and seasonal growth of winter-dormant lucerne cultivar, Longdong compared with the observed data. Flowering date was accurately simulated using the established relationship between accumulated thermal time and mean photoperiod. After the APSIM-Lucerne module was configured for the seasonal variation in RUE (radiation use efficiency), the model simulated lucerne seasonal biomass production over three growing seasons in the continuous lucerne treatment with a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 1132 kg/ha (30% of the mean observed biomass). In the treatment where lucerne was removed in August 2001 and two winter wheat crops were sown and harvested in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing seasons, APSIM simulated winter wheat crop biomass in both growing seasons with a RMSD of 1420 kg/ha (20% of the mean observed crop biomass). Wheat grain yield was simulated with a RMSD of 918 kg/ha (27% of the mean observed grain yield). Using measurements of drained upper limit (DUL) and lower limit (LL), and standard soil evaporation and runoff parameters, the model was able to simulate soil water dynamics and water use by lucerne in the lucerne-fallow, continuous lucerne and lucerne–wheat treatments.     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆开花后氮素积累的影响

钾素营养充足,可以提高作物抗逆能力和产量。随着氮、磷肥在生产中施用的增加,钾肥已逐渐成为作物产量的最大限制因子。大豆开花后籽粒形成期是大豆氮素积累、产量提高的重要时期,文章对钾肥施用后菜用大豆和普通大豆两者开花后氮素的积累进行了比较研究。在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,设置3种施钾处理:不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)且在花、荚期喷施30 kg·hm~(-2)叶面钾肥(K2),探究菜用大豆、普通大豆开花后28~56 d内籽粒、叶片、茎中氮素积累动态。结果表明:施用钾肥增进两种类型大豆植株各部位中氮素积累。同时期内,两种类型大豆在各施肥处理下各部位的氮素积累量均为K2K1K0,大豆植株各部位中相对氮素累积量均为籽粒叶片茎。钾肥施用对提高菜用大豆籽粒氮素含量的效应高于普通大豆,与K0相比,K2处理下菜用大豆、普通大豆籽粒平均氮素含量分别增加了0.19%和0.1%。施用钾肥提高了菜用大豆叶片氮素转移效率,相比K0处理,K1、K2处理分别增加了6.1%、8.2%,而对普通大豆影响不大。钾肥施用显著增加普通大豆茎中氮素积累,但菜用大豆品种间差异较大。     

氮肥与复硝酚钠复配对南方大豆光合特性和产量及品质的影响

为确定南方大豆增产增效的栽培管理措施及光合特性与产量品质的相关性,本研究以5个南方主栽大豆品种为材料,于初花期（R1）和鼓粒期（R5）进行叶面喷施不同浓度的尿素和复硝酚钠,试验设置5个处理,3个种植区域,每个种植区3次重复,通过2年的数据,研究了叶面喷施氮肥以及氮肥与复硝酚钠复配对南方大豆品种产量、品质以及光合特性的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥可以提高南方大豆各品种的叶绿素SPAD值、净光合速率等光合特性,可提高单株有效荚数、单株粒重等产量构成因素进而提高大豆的产量;同时,氮肥与复硝酚钠复配与单独施用氮肥相比可使油6019、中豆44、中豆41和中豆63的产量增加,对脂肪和蛋白含量影响较小,对高蛋白品种皖豆28未起到增产的效果,但可使脂肪含量有所增加;经过氮素处理后,油6019的产量与品质呈现正相关性。综上所述,氮肥与复硝酚钠复配喷施具有进一步协同提高南方大豆品种产量和品质潜力,但由于对不同品种作用效果存在差异,针对不同基因型大豆品种需要制定最佳的处理方案。     

Leaf and seed micronutrient accumulation in soybean cultivars in response to integrated organic and chemical fertilizers application

Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

多光谱与热红外数据融合在冬小麦产量估测中的应用

为了解多光谱与热红外数据融合对冬小麦产量估测精度的影响,以30个黄淮麦区冬小麦品种为材料,利用三种灌溉处理（处理1、处理2和处理3灌水量分别为240、190和145 mm）下冬小麦拔节期、挑旗期、抽穗期与灌浆期的无人机多光谱和热红外动态数据,构造了多个光谱指数,以支持向量机构建冬小麦产量估测模型,并验证其精度。结果表明,植被指数与籽粒产量的相关性受溉水量影响,处理1下植被指数与籽粒产量均呈正相关,处理2下植被指数除土壤调整植被指数（SAVI）和转化叶绿素吸收反射指数（TCARI）外均与籽粒产量呈正相关,处理3下植被指数与籽粒产量均呈负相关。通过多光谱和热红外数据融合构建的冬小麦产量估测模型的预测精度比仅使用多光谱数据构建的模型提高8%。不同灌溉条件下,通过多光谱与热红外数据融合构建的模型的预测精度存在差异,在处理1、处理2和处理3下拔节期、挑旗期、抽穗期和灌浆期验证决定系数（R）最高值分别为0.63、0.68和0.56,均方根误差（RMSE）最低值分别为0.60、0.24和0.41 t·hm^-2,且在三种灌溉条件下灌浆期预测效果均最佳。因此,利用无人机光谱对小麦品种产量估测时应将多光谱与热红外数据融合,用支持向量机（SVM）算法构建产量估测模型,且模型在灌浆期具有较高预测  精度。     

Field and model analysis of the effect of water deficits on carbon and nitrogen accumulation by soybean,cowpea and black gram

Identification of the key physiological traits that limit carbon and nitrogen accumulation in grain legumes is an important step in understanding how to improve their productivity in water-limited environments. A growth model was used to assist in the interpretation of two field experiments comparing the performance of soybean, cowpea and black gram under water deficits, and to assess the importance of different physiological traits in determining productivity in these grain legumes. The coefficients of the relationships in the model describing leaf growth, carbon and nitrogen input, seed growth, and the water budget were obtained from the literature and from glasshouse and field experimentation.The principal differences in input variables to model the growth of soybean, cowpea and black gram were those describing leaf emergence rate, N fixation during seed filling, and the biochemical composition of the seeds. The relationship describing the response of leaf-area growth, radiation-use efficiency and N fixation to soil water content differed little among species. Similarly, those input variables associated with radiation interception and solar radiation-use efficiency were held constant for the three species.An important difference among the species was that N fixation continued during seed growth in soybean but did not in cowpea or black gram. As N is translocated from vegetative tissue to developing seeds, the absence of N fixation during seed-filling results in a more rapid decline in canopy photosynthetic capacity, thus limiting the potential productivity of cowpea and black gram. The study also highlighted the importance of the delay in reproductive development in cowpea and black gram in response to water deficits. The tendency for cowpea to yield higher under water-limited conditions was more closely related to the ontogenetic flexibility of the species than to any other physiological traits or response.     

玉米生长模型MCSODS对气候变化的适应性检验

利用河南省温县多年玉米栽培数据资料对玉米生长模型MCSODS的系统参数进行调试,使品种模拟参数符合当地情况。采用秋常、秋凉、秋暖不同年型下典型年份的玉米栽培资料检验玉米生长模型对气候变化的适应性。结果显示,不同年型下生育期的模拟误差根均方差(RMSE)在秋常条件下为2.06,吻合度最高;秋凉、秋暖年RMSE分别为2.32和3.45。产量模拟误差RMSE为494.8 kg/hm2,模拟效果一致性较好。2006、2007年玉米田间实测数据对系统叶面积指数和地上生物量模拟的检验结果显示,郑单958和浚单20叶面积指数的RMSE分别为0.441 0和0.402 2,地上干物重RMSE分别为1 683.0 kg/hm2和898.5 kg/hm2,模拟结果良好。     

氮、磷和钾肥对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素积累的影响

以大豆专用型品种南农9610为材料,研究了温室大棚条件下,氮、磷和钾肥不同肥料水平对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明:适量增施氮、磷和钾肥均可明显提高大豆籽粒产量,但施肥过多则降低产量.氮肥和磷肥对菜用大豆籽粒中氮有明显促进作用,磷和钾肥对籽粒磷有促进作用,氮、磷、钾肥对籽粒钾含量均具有明显的促进作用,而钾肥对籽粒中氮含量、氮对籽粒中磷含量具有负作用.施氮使籽粒中Mg、Mn和Fe的含量和积累量先上升再下降;而籽粒中Ca则在低氮时大幅度下降,此后逐渐回升;施磷和钾使Mg、Mn、Fe和Ca含量先上升再下降.     

稻麦“双迟”栽培模式及其周年生产力的综合评价

 采用大田试验,通过设置4种栽培模式,探讨了“双迟”（迟熟水稻+迟播小麦）栽培模式对稻麦周年生产力的影响。结果表明,随着换茬时间的推迟,稻麦周年生产力不断增加,其中,水稻产量呈增长趋势,而小麦产量先增后减,迟熟中粳茬小麦产量最高。延长水稻生育期和攻取大穗是稻麦周年高产的关键。水稻一些关键性投入的生产力随着熟期的推迟而不断增加;小麦方面,除种子生产力呈降低趋势外,其他因子生产力先增后减,迟熟中粳水稻+小麦模式下表现最高。适期播种有利于提高稻麦周年的一些关键性投入的生产力,适当延迟稻麦换茬时间可以提高稻麦周年经济生产力。就稻麦“双迟”栽培模式的概念和调控途径进行了探讨。