Kresse (Lepidium sativum L.) als Bioindikator zur Beurteilung der pflanzenphysiologischen Verträglichkeit von Flüssigmist

Uptake and distribution of nitrogen in old and new German summer wheats
Five old German summer wheat varieties, bred in the first third of this century, were compared with five new varieties in an outdoor pot trial. The modern genotypes had taken up slightly more N, both at anthesis and at maturity. At anthesis, N percentage in all organs was considerably higher for modern cultivars. This resulted mainly from a dilution effect caused by superior dry masses of old varieties. Modern genotypes accumulated more N in the upper leaves and ears. As compared with the old varieties, less N was found in the stems of the new cultivars. At maturity, N concentration in vegetative organs was simular for both groups of varieties. N percentage of grains was higher for old cultivars. However, the new genotypes achieved higher N yields. This resulted in part from the slightly higher assimilation of N. Moreover, new genotypes were superior in N translocation which was reflected by higher nitrogen harvest indexes. The postfloral loss of N from the vegetative tissue depended on the organ and the age of the varieties.     

Ertragsstruktur alter und neuer Winterweizensorten unter dem Aspekt der Einlagerung und Remobilisation von Fruktanen im Weizenhalm

Yield components in old and new german winter wheat varieties with respect to the storage and remobilization of fructan in the wheat stem
Yield components and changes in carbohydrate content of four old german winter wheat varieties, bred before 1950, were compared with six new varieties over two years in field trials. In both years the old varieties built up more biomass than the new varieties. In the latter a better harvest-index (0,56) as compared to the old varieties (0,43) was obtained, resulting in higher grain yields for the new varieties. Changes in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content were mainly due to variations in fructan content. Maximum of fructan content was mostly reached at the stage of early milk ripeness. In the new varieties a faster and more complete remobilization of fructan occurred; especially in the year with the short grainfilling period.     

贵州新老两代糯高粱品种（系）干物质及氮素积累转运差异分析

以贵州省新老两代酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,对其产量、干物质及氮素积累转运进行分析,结果表明,随着年代更替,贵州省酒用糯高粱产量、干物质和氮素积累总量逐步提高,新品种较老品系2年平均分别增加25.5%、23.4%和35.2%;新品种花后干物质和氮素积累占比平均分别为32.6%和31.2%,显著高于老品系;新品种花后干物质和氮素积累对籽粒产量的贡献平均分别为65.2%和49.6%,较老品系分别提高10.2%和12.2%;新品种的干物质、氮素转运量分别较老品系增加12.1%和32.5%,其中新品种的叶干物质和氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献分别较老品系提高3.0%和4.1%。同时贵州糯高粱花后干物质、氮素积累量和转运量与产量之间存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,花后氮素积累与转运能力的增强促成了干物质积累量的增加,从而提升了贵州糯高粱新品种的产量。     

不同绿豆品种花后干物质积累与转运特性

以夏播区高产绿豆品种冀绿2号、安9910和低产品种赤峰绿豆、泰来绿豆为材料,对开花至成熟期间植株茎秆、叶片、豆荚、籽粒等地上部各器官的干物质积累、分配与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,绿豆开花后,植株地上部总干物质积累和籽粒干物质积累均呈近“S”型增长趋势,花后16~31 d是生物产量和籽粒产量形成的关键时期;主茎开花节位叶片是籽粒充实的主要源器官,对籽粒产量的贡献率最大。不同绿豆品种间差异显著,高产品种冀绿2号和安9910各器官干物质积累和转运能力强,尤其是主茎开花节位叶片干物质合成和积累较多,具有较充足的源,加之其单株结荚数多,具有较大的库容,最终获得了较高的收获指数和籽粒产量。因此,绿豆生产中,选用库容大的多荚、大粒型品种,抓好花后田间管理,延缓主茎开花节位叶片衰老,同时采用去除无效分枝等措施增强源库间的物质运输与分配是提高籽粒产量的关键。     

不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661),中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3),高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料,研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明,不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著,其差异主要表现在开花后,随株高的增加,开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低,叶片则相反。通过¹³C同位素示踪研究表明,不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低,中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高,而上部叶片的转移率有所下降,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高,中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高;矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。     

黄淮海夏大豆干物质积累、转运及产量对播期的响应特征

为了明确播期对大豆干物质积累,花前、花后同化物转运及产量的影响,促进大豆新品种推广及高产稳产.以'菏豆37'为试验材料,设置6月5日(D1)、6月15日(D2)、6月25日(D3)3个播期处理,用Logistic曲线方程,对数据进行分析.D2播期下大豆营养器官、生殖器官及单株地上部进入干物质快速积累起始时间均最早,分别...     

高产夏玉米群体光合速率与产量关系的研究

高产夏玉米群体光合速率在整个生育期的变化呈单峰型曲线,开花期达最大值.紧凑型品种在适宜高密度下具有较高的群体光合速率,易获高产,平展型品种在适宜低密度下,大喇叭口期上部叶＞上部叶下部叶,平展型品种上部叶＞中部叶＞下部叶.高产群体光合最适叶面积指数紧凑型品种6-7,平展型品种4-5.玉米开花后的群体光合速率与生物产     

不同穗型水稻产量形成及物质生产分析

以穗倾角为分类依据,研究了不同穗型水稻群体产量形成和干物质生产特点。结果表明,直立穗型、半弯曲穗型、弯曲穗型品种平均产量依次降低,成粒率和千粒重较高是直立穗型高产的主要原因;弯曲穗型品种抽穗期干物重和表观输出率较高,直立穗型品种较低;直立穗型品种抽穗后干物重和成熟期干物重明显高于另二种穗型,抽穗后干物重占成熟期干物重和产量的百分比也较高;直立穗型品种上三叶短而宽、上中部叶片直立而下部叶片较平展,半弯曲穗型品种上三叶长而窄、叶片较平展,弯曲穗型品种上三叶长而宽、上部叶片平展而中下部叶片较直立;抽穗后直立穗型品种群体中下部透光性能好、叶面积和叶绿素含量下降较慢、丙二醛含量上升较慢;直立穗型和半弯曲穗型品种抽穗后单个颖花拥有的干物质越多,成粒率越高。     

The Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Seeding Rates on the Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions

Dry matter production of two different spelt (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and wheat varieties (Arina, Iena) were investigated at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200 grains/m²; S2 = 400 grains/m²) and two nitrogen levels (N1 = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha). The plot experiments were carried out at two contrasting locations (Muri: altitude 459 m asl); Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl) over three years (1988–1990). In addition nitrogen uptake and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was measured. Neither growth regulators nor fungicides were applied. The average grain yield of spelt was 25 % lower than that of wheat (32 % at Muri, 18 % at Oberwallestalden). At the reduced seeding rate (S1) grain weight and grain number per ear was increased by 33 % and 31 %, respectively as compared to the normal seeding rate (S2). The increase of the grain weight and the grain number per ear was larger for the two varieties of spelt (47 % and 42 %, respectively) than for the wheat varieties (23 % and 22 %, respectively). The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf of spelt and wheat was not significantly different, at the two growth stages measured (anthesis, anthesis + 23 days). Nitrogen yield in the above ground biomass (g N/m²) was not significantly different between spelt and wheat, neither at the beginning of stem elongation, nor at anthesis. At anthesis the nitrogen yield at the reduced nitrogen level (N1) was 16 % and 13 % lower than at the higher level (N2) for spelt and wheat respectively. A higher nitrogen efficiency of spelt under low input conditions was not apparent. Therefore it was concluded that under low input conditions, spelt is not more efficient in dry matter production than wheat. By comparing the “husked” yield of spelt (grains + glumes; representing the trade form) with the grain yield of wheat, spelt is higher yielding than wheat but only at marginal areas of cereal production.     

Nitrogen Rates and Water Stress Effects on Production, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes

Effects of nitrogen rates and water stress (WS) on production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were assessed at different stages under two levels of water supply conditions. WS caused a significant decline in dry matter, grain yield and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) whereas a marked rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed in leaves for the two genotypes. However, the responses of the two varieties to WS were different: significantly higher dry matter, grain yield and antioxidative enzyme activities and lower MDA content were observed for Shaandan 9 than Shaandan 911, therefore the former could be treated as a drought tolerance variety comparatively. A better correlation was obtained amongst dry matter, grain yield and physiological traits. The addition of nitrogen increased dry matter and grain yield as well as activities of SOD, POD and CAT to different levels and significantly decreased MDA content under WS. These effects were higher for Shaandan 911 than for Shaandan 9. Furthermore, a significant effect was found for Shaandan 911 between N rates for all traits unlike Shaandan 9. Hence, we suggest that nitrogen should be applied to a water‐sensitive variety to bring out its potential fully under drought.     

Growth Analysis in Relation to Pigeonpea Improvement

An attempt was made to assess possible constraints to higher production, with respect to partitioning of total dry matter to reproductive sinks in early pigeonpea. Growth, dry matter accumulation and yield components were determined in four diverse genotypes under four dates of sowing and different plant densities. Data on growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation (vegetative and reproductive) were obtained for three sowings, while the data on yield components were obtained for two dates of sowing. Growth analysis showed that the total dry matter was low upto 30 days after sowing and increased linearly upto 120 days. Coversely, LAD was high for the first 30 days and reduced at later stages of growth. The mean LAI of genotypes did not very much at initial stage of growth. However, it has given interesting picture during 70 to 90 days of growth. The higher biological yield and seed yield were attributable to high LAI and LAD coupled with thick stem, more effective branches, more pods per plant and larger raceme length. Harvest index was the maximum with increased plant populations in all sowings. Indeterminate varieties under high plant density and narrow row spacing (50 cm) developed a large leaf area and were presumably able to make better use of light. Growth and branching of individual plants were reduced at the higher plant population, but on per unit basis more dry matter was produced. It is suggested that breeding should be concentrated to improve an inability to accumulate adequate vegetative dry matter for the maintenance and filling of pods, may force the plant to continue vegetative production into the reproductive dry matter to support production of ultimate seed yield.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Two Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

A field study was conducted on the winter wheat cultivars Arminda and Okapi , using two seed rates (80 and 160 kg/ha) and three N applications (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha).
The cultivars did not differ in total dry matter production but did differ in grain yield. The difference in grain yield was mainly attributable to a higher harvest index (HI).
Increased plant density reduced HI; it resulted in more shoots per m², but in a lower grain yield. The reduction in grain yield was caused by fewer kernels per ear and a lower 1000-grain weight in both cultivars.
A higher rate of N increased total dry matter production and grain yield, except in Okapi at the high plant density. The number of kernels per ear increased, but 1000-grain weight fell.
The higher the N applications, the higher the N-content of the roots was.
Total N yield was greater in Arminda than in Okapi. The cultivars differed in the amount of nitrogen they took up after anthesis.
The content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) differed between the cultivars, N treatments and growth stages. Carbohydrate formed before anthesis accounted for 23 % of Arminda's grain yield and for 10 % of Okapi's grain yield.
The content of cell-wall constituents (CWC) depended on cultivar, growth stage and the rate of the N dressing. Differences in CWC were more pronounced in Arminda than in Okapi. During leaf, stem and ear development there was a strong increase in content and amount of CWC. Concomitantly, WSC decreased. This implies that a large consumption of WSC is necessary for the formation of CWC. The competition for the WSC, necessary for CWC and shoot and ear development influences kernel initiation. Per unit of dry matter Okapi contained more CWC than Arminda. This was not in agreement with differences in straw sturdiness.     

Physiological Responses and Dry Matter Partitioning of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Genotypes Subjected to Drought Conditions

Drought is the most important limitation to summer mungbean production in the tropics and subtropics dependent on usually insufficient summer rainfall. As increased irrigation is not a viable answer to the problem, an economically and environmentally desirable solution is new varieties with drought tolerance. However, there is little genotypic information on drought tolerance in summer mungbean. The objectives of this study were to assess the genotypic differences in physiological traits and dry matter partitioning in mungbean and to measure the association of these traits with crop performance under drought conditions. Six mungbean genotypes were tested in drought micro plots at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. A split plot design was used; two irrigation treatments (watered and droughted) in the main plots and six mungbean genotypes in the subplots with three replicate micro plots. Drought decreased leaf water status, rates of photosynthesis (P_n) and altered dry matter partitioning in different plant parts. Our results showed that P_n did not limit yield, but it was partitioning of dry matter governed by leaf water content (RWC) which influenced the final yield. RWC was positively correlated to the number of pods per plant and seed yield, genotypes maintaining high RWC produced higher seed yield. Therefore, the drought tolerance of summer mungbean was related to the maintenance of high RWC, which can be used as a physiological marker to identify and develop superior genotypes suited to drought-prone environments.     

不同春玉米品种花后光合物质生产特点及碳氮含量变化

玉米高产实践表明增加花后干物质生产对于产量的进一步增加具有重要作用。为了探明高产条件下花后干物质生产增加的原因,本研究比较了玉米品种登海661 (DH661)、中单909 (ZD909)和970的产量差异,并利用产量性能分析理论剖析了花后的产量性能参数,分析了花后主要功能叶穗位叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和碳、氮含量的变化。结果表明,品种间的产量差异显著,产量较高的品种(DH661和ZD909)具有较高的穗粒重,而DH661具有较多的穗粒数(466.7),ZD909具有较高的粒重(392.7 g);产量较高的品种后期干物质生产及其向籽粒的分配比例高,产量性能分析表明花后的平均叶面积指数(mLAI)及光合势(LAD)与干物质生产及产量均呈显著正相关;产量较高的品种花后穗位叶叶绿素、全碳和全氮含量下降慢,碳氮比值增加慢,光合速率在整个灌浆期相对较高,光合产物不仅向籽粒运转,还能在叶片中以淀粉的形式持续积累,在后期随着光合速率的下降,淀粉才开始降解向籽粒运输。可见玉米花后碳氮代谢协调、光合作用和物质生产能力衰减缓慢对于有效维持较高平均叶面积指数和光合势,进一步提高作物产量具有重要意义。     

贵州不同年代糯高粱品种（系）干物质生产及光能利用特性差异分析

以贵州省不同年代酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,对其干物质积累总量、产量构成以及花后叶面积指数（LAI）、SPAD值动态、光能截获量（L_i）进行分析,结果表明:随着年代更替,贵州省酒用糯高粱生产性能逐步提高,新品种（红缨子、黔高8号）较老品系（黑壳糯、红壳糯）产量和干物质积累总量平均分别增加25.5%和23.4%;穗粒数、穗粒重平均分别显著增加44.6%和58.9%;花后LAI平均分别为3.41和2.14,新品种较老品系增加59.3%;花后37d,SPAD值降幅分别为23.8%和81.2%;新品种的光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率较老品系分别增加16.1%和34.3%,胞间CO₂浓度降低23.5%;新品种的花期L_i较老品系增加8.3%,差异显著。相关分析结果显示,产量、干物质积累总量与P_n、LAI、SPAD值、光能截获量呈极显著正相关,P_n、L_i与SPAD值、LAI呈极显著正相关。上述结果表明花后叶片失绿变缓、光化学效率的提高以及L_i的增加可能是糯高粱单产随年代更替稳步提升的原因。     

不同缓释肥水平对超高产夏玉米产量及群体质量的影响

以玉米品种苏玉29、苏玉30为材料,设置7个缓释肥水平（N 0、270、315、360、405、450、495 kg/hm²）进行大田试验,研究不同生育阶段的叶面积指数、干物质积累及其对产量形成的作用。结果表明：（1）随着施氮量增加,籽粒产量呈单峰变化趋势,在N 450 kg/hm²水平下达最大值,两品种（苏玉29、苏玉30）分别为16193、14040 kg/hm²,且两品种均在N 405 kg/hm²水平下达边际产量。（2）高产处理下玉米群体干物质积累速率及叶面积指数在灌浆中前期大,干物质积累量多,中后期下降缓慢。对干物质积累的Richards方程解析表明,与对照相比,高产条件下干物质积累速率最大时的日期推迟了10天,且越晚产量越高;生长活跃期平均延长了9天,最大干物质积累速率平均提高了43.5%。因此,通过缓释肥运筹,降低花后叶面积指数及干物质积累下降速率,推迟干物质积累速率最大时的日期,延长生长活跃期,最终提高籽粒产量。     

小麦开花后生物产量及其组分的动态分析

协调提高生物产量和收获指数是当前小麦育种和栽培中面临的一个重要问题。本文通过１９８９－１９９１两个年度的田间试验，研究了小麦开花生生物产量及其组分的动态变化。在对６个品种主茎不同器官干重动态的观察中发现，高产稳产品种扬麦５号开花后上部节间失重少，而且粒重增加快。对１２个品种的开花后籽粒产量，营养体重量和生物产量分别进行单独的和综合的非线性回归分析，发现籽粒灌浆期和灌浆速率以及营养体干重动态都会影响     

Effects of an Early Application of Sulphur or Etephon as Foliar Spray on the Growth and Yield of Spring Barley in a Mediterranean Environment

Leaf area development, biomass production and yield of four spring barley varieties grown in a Mediterranean environment (southern Spain) in response to an early application of foliar sulphur or etephon have been studied. Both sulphur and etephon produced similar results compared to the control. Thus, whereas the maximum leaf area index on untreated plots was reached at the beginning of shooting, the growth of foliar area in the treated ones was extended until anthesis and its decline during maturity was similarly retarded. This led to a significant improvement in the biomass at anthesis (which was closely correlated with grain yield) as well as in the leaf area duration during grain filling. These effects were principally due to variations in the number of leaves per plant, caused by a higher tiller production in the treated plants and not by an increase in the number of leaves per tiller or by leaf size.
An application of sulphur or etephon at tillering increases grain yield by raising both the number of ears per plant and per plot, without modifying the number of grains per ear or 1000-grain weight. The similarity between the effects of sulphur and etephon may be due to the fact that sulphur absorbed by the leaves results in an increase in methyonine, the biological precursor or ethylene. The positive correlation between biomass at anthesis and number of ears over grain yield suggests that sink capacity and source activity are closely related and both simultaneously limited by the environment.     

Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Attributes and their Relationship with Growth and Yield of Wheat Cultivars at Different Stages

The effects of water stress on physiological attributes of drought‐sensitive (Kalyansona) and drought‐tolerant (C‐306) wheat cultivars were studied in a pot experiment. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at boot and anthesis stages. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor potential (measured with pressure chamber and osmometer), as well as leaf diffusive resistance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf‐to‐air transpiration gradient (measured with a steady‐state porometer) were measured diurnally. Growth and yield parameters were recorded after harvesting of the crop. Triplicate data were analysed using a completely randomized design and correlations amongst these parameters were computed. Water stress was found to reduce diurnal leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential in both the genotypes but leaf osmotic potential was significantly higher in the drought‐tolerant cultivar C‐306 than in the drought‐sensitive cultivar Kalyansona. Positive turgor was recorded in both the genotypes under water stress and non‐stress conditions. Water‐stressed plants showed significantly lower turgor potential than control plants. In diurnal observations, water‐stressed plants exhibited significantly higher leaf diffusive resistance in both genotypes at both stages. The diffusive resistance of C‐306 was predominantly higher than that of Kalyansona. Water stress decreased leaf transpiration rate at both stages but the reduction was higher at the anthesis stage. The leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient was much higher in C‐306 than in Kalyansona at the boot stage but at the anthesis stage genotypic variation was non‐significant. The capacity to maintain cooler foliage was lower at the anthesis stage than at the boot stage in both the cultivars. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage, while imposition of water stress at the boot stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers. Similarly, water stress caused a smaller reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes in C‐306 than in Kalyansona. In general, the correlation coefficient of grain and biological yield with water potential and its components was positive and highly significant. Similarly, turgor potential was also correlated positively and significantly with grain yield at both the stages, but with biological yield it was significant only at the anthesis stage. A negative and significant correlation was obtained for diffusive resistance and leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient with grain yield at the boot and anthesis stages. The rate of transpiration was also positively and significantly correlated to grain and biological yields at both the stages. Amongst the yield attributes, number of leaves and number of tillers were positively correlated at the anthesis stage, whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight were significantly correlated with grain and biological yields at both the stages.     

不同土层测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

2011-2012和2012-2013年连续2个小麦生长季,在大田条件下,设置0~20 cm (D1)、0~40 cm (D2)、0~60 cm (D3)和0~140 cm (D4) 4个土层测定土壤含水量,以各土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节期65%和开花期70%为目标相对含水量,全生育期不灌溉为对照处理 (D0),研究依据不同土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明：D2的开花期叶面积指数和单位土地面积上旗叶叶面积、开花后7 d和14 d的旗叶净光合速率和实际光化学效率均高于其他处理,而气孔限制值低于其他处理;D2的成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质向籽粒的分配量和开花后同化物分配对籽粒的贡献率亦高于其他处理。两年度D2的籽粒产量分别为9367.4 kg hm^-2和9727.5 kg hm^-2,均显著高于其他处理;同时,D2的水分利用效率高于D0、D3和D4处理,与D1处理无显著差异。因此,于小麦拔节期和开花期依据0~40 cm土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌是同步实现高产和高水分利用效率的有效措施。