高复种指数下发展绿肥生产的可行性

1 高复种指数下发展绿肥生产的必要性和可行性 绿肥对培肥地力，改善土壤理化性状，改善农业生态环境，减轻农业污染，提高农作物的产量和品质及农业可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。近年来，由于人口增加，耕地减少，复种指数上升，造成绿肥种植面积下降，有些地方已不种绿肥。但是我们对济宁市     

浠水县绿肥生产现状及发展对策浅析

绿肥种植是湖北省浠水县发展绿色农业、提高耕地质量的重要举措,可有效推进化肥减量增效、减轻农业面源污染。因此,越来越多的农民,尤其是新型农业经营主体日渐认识到发展绿肥的重要性。基于此,分析了浠水县绿肥种植的生产现状、存在的问题及生产潜力,提出了强化政策支持、建设新技术开发基地、普及绿肥高产栽培技术的绿肥生产恢复与发展对策。     

抓住机遇，大力发展绿肥生产

绿肥具有提供养分、合理用地养地、部分替代化肥、提供饲草来源、保障粮食安全等方面的作用。种植绿肥可以有效减少裸露土地面积、减少水土流失,改善生态环境;可以提高肥料利用率、减少肥料流入水体。     

绿肥生产萎缩原因及对策

阐述了海门县绿肥生产现状，分析了绿肥生产萎缩的原因，提出了发展绿肥生产的对策。     

神木试区发展果品生产可行性的研究

作者在调查研究的基础上,论述了神木试区果树资源,生产现状;分析了在水蚀风蚀地带区发展果晶经济的可行性,提示了“八五”果树发展规划以及果树生产应注意的问题。     

发展广西高油玉米生产

在广西大规模地发展高油玉米生产的时机已经到来。高油玉米与普通玉米相比较，具有许多优越性，用高油玉米提炼的玉米油是一种优质食用油和保健油。高油玉米是一种高产、优质、多用途的多元化作物，大力发展高油玉米将有力地推动我区种植业、养殖业和玉米深加工业的发展。形成新的经济增长点，促进广西经济的发展与繁荣。     

北方稻区发展绿肥的问题

在我国的南方,农民早就有种植绿肥的习惯,并积累了极其丰富的经验,这对改良土壤,提高肥力,保持高额而稳定的产量,起着巨大的作用。     

徐州地区稻田绿肥的新发展

徐州地区是江苏省重点旱改水地区,在毛主席革命路线指引下,在农业学大寨运动推动下,近年来全区水稻面积迅速发展。     

利用STARFM模型提高复杂地表下复种指数遥感提取精度

复种指数是表征耕地利用程度的重要参数。然而,传统方法存在对影像获取条件要求较高,或在地表复杂区域提取精度较低等问题。高时空分辨率数据融合算法(如Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model, STARFM)能有效地结合不同数据的优势,有望被应用于提高复杂地表区域复种指数的提取精度。该研究以LandsatTM(Thematic Mapper)及MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)为数据源,基于STARFM模型,构建了川东丘陵某区域内2010-2011年的Landsat-like时序NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)数据集,进而提取了该区域2010年冬季作物种植区及盐亭县2011年耕地复种指数的空间分布情况。利用目视解译样点(1509个)验证及多尺度(30～4 000 m)验证方法,对不同方法提取的2010年冬季作物种植区进行了对比分析。结果表明:1)在30m空间尺度上,基于Landsat影像分类法的总体验...     

土地流转对农户耕地复种指数的影响

探究农户耕地复种指数的制约因素,为落实国家粮食安全战略和促进土地集约化利用提供理论和实证依据.该研究基于2018年湖北农户实地调查数据,采用反事实分析框架,运用倾向得分匹配法(Propensity Score Matching,PSM)和广义倾向得分匹配法(Generalized Propensity Score Ma...     

The effect of green manure on the distribution of collembola in a permanent row crop

Biomass, abundance, species composition of collembola, soil water content, and bulk density were investigated in four hop fields in Southern Bavaria. For each soil type, one field was supplied only with mineral fertilizers, and the second was additionally cultivated with underseed (oil-seed rape) to provide a green manure. Soils within and between rows were sampled separately over 2 years. The highest biomass of collembola was found in the sandy soil with underseed, whereas the individual numbers were highest in the loamy soil with underseed. In many cases total individual numbers and abundances of single species differed between soil types, green manure/mineral fertilization, and the sampling points (plant rows/rows between the plants). There were significant but low negative correlations between individual numbers of single species and water content (except for Isotomurus palustris) or bulk density. All results of this study were based on very common, widespread species. It is concluded that species abundances of collembola, even if they are euryoecious, are good indicators of soil type and different environmental conditions within the same soil type. The investigation of abundance and biomass showed that none of these parameters on its own was appropriate to compare populations either between or within the habitats investigated. Since both individual numbers and the standing crop of a population are important for nutrient turnover, in studies dealing with element fluxes their comparative analysis is indispensable.     

Sesbania rostrata green manure and the nitrogen content of rice crop and soil

The effects of four treatments upon the N content of rice crop and soil in 1m² irrigated microplots were compared: (1) PK fertilization + Sesbania rostrata (inoculated stems) ploughed in as green manure when it was 52 days old. (2) PK fertilization + S. rostrata (non-inoculated stems) ploughed in as green manure. (3) PK fertilization + ammonium sulphate (60kg N ha^?1). (4) PK fertilization alone (control).The application of chemical N fertilizer (treatment 3) increased the grain yield by 169 g m^?2 (1.69t ha^?1). whereas incorporating S. rostrata as green manure resulted in a grain yield increase of 372 g m^?2 (3.72t ha^?1). N₂ fixed by S. rostrata was estimated to be at least 26.7 g m^?2 (267kg N ha^?1), one third being transferred to the crop and two thirds to the soil.     

Optimum application level of winter cover crop biomass as green manure under considering methane emission and rice productivity in paddy soil

The combined seeding and cropping of non-leguminous and leguminous cover crops during the cold fallow season is recommended as an important agronomic practice to improve total biomass productivity and soil fertility in mono-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation system. However, application of plant residues as green manure can increase methane (CH₄) emission during rice cultivation and affect rice quality and productivity, but its effects are not well examined. In this field study, the mixture of barley (Hordeum vulgare R.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., hereafter, vetch) seeds with 75 % recommended dose (RD 140 kg ha^?1) and 25 % RD (90 kg ha^?1), respectively, were seeded after rice harvesting in late November, 2010, and harvested before rice transplanting in early June 2011. Total aboveground biomass was 36 Mg ha^?1 (fresh weight basis with 68 % moisture content), which was composed with 12 Mg ha^?1 of barley and 24 Mg ha^?1 of vetch. In order to determine the optimum recycling ratio of biomass application that can minimize CH₄ emission without affecting rice productivity, different recycling ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of the total harvested biomass were incorporated as green manure 1 week before rice transplanting in a typical temperate paddy soil. The same rates of chemical fertilizers (N–P₂O₅–K₂O?=?90–45–58 kg ha^?1) were applied in all treatments. Daily mean CH₄ emission rates and total CH₄ fluxes were significantly (p?<?0.05) increased with increasing application rates of cover crop biomass. Rice productivity also significantly (p?<?0.05) increased with biomass application, but the highest grain yield (53 % increase over the control) was observed for 25 % recycling. However, grain quality significantly (p?<?0.05) decreased with increasing cover crop application rates above 25 % recycling ratio, mainly due to extended vegetative growth periods of rice plants. Total CH₄ flux per unit grain yield, an indicator used to simultaneously compare CH₄ emission impact with rice production, was not statistically different between 25 % biomass recycling ratio and the control but significantly increased with increasing application rates. Conclusively, the biomass recycling ratio at 25 % of combined barley and vetch cover crops as green manure might be suitable to sustain rice productivity without increasing CH₄ emission impact in mono-rice cultivation system.     

绿洲灌区复种豆科绿肥条件下小麦稳产的减氮潜力

  【目的】  通过大田试验,探讨麦后复种豆科绿肥在维持第二年小麦稳产前提下的氮减施潜力及产量形成机制,为建立基于绿肥替代氮肥的小麦减氮栽培模式提供理论和实践依据。  【方法】  于2018—2019年,在甘肃武威开展田间裂区试验。主区为麦后复种豆科绿肥毛叶苕子 (Vicia villosa Roth,W-G) 和单作小麦 (W) 两种种植模式;副区设传统施氮量 (180 kg/hm2,N₄),在传统施氮量基础上减氮15% (153 kg/hm2,N₃)、减氮30% (126 kg/hm2,N₂)、减氮45% (99 kg/hm2,N₁) 以及不施氮肥 (N₀) 5个水平。测定小麦全生育期干物质积累量、籽粒产量及产量构成因素。基于小麦籽粒产量,采用逐次分析插值法计算麦后复种绿肥模式下的氮肥减施潜力。  【结果】  麦后复种绿肥 (W-G) 处理较单作小麦 (W) 平均增产10.8%。W-G-N₃处理的籽粒产量与W-G-N₄处理无显著差异,比W-N₃和W-N₄处理分别增产6.9%和7.9%,收获指数分别显著提高了27.2%和16.7%。W-G-N₃处理的氮肥替代潜力较W-G-N₂和W-G-N₁处理分别提高了27.5%和39.0%。W-G-N₃处理的生物量较W-N₄处理提高了17.5%。W-G-N₃处理的小麦最大生长速率较W-G-N₄处理提高了6.0%,较W-N₃和W-N₄处理分别提高了28.4%和23.8%。W-G-N₃处理能提高小麦的单位面积穗数、穗粒数以及千粒重。通过灰色关联分析进一步表明,与小麦产量关联度由高到低依次为千粒重、最大生长速率、穗粒数和单位面积穗数。W-G-N₃处理使小麦的营养生长高效进行,促进了光合同化物向籽粒的转运,提高了小麦的粒重,进而促进增产,氮肥替代潜力也随之提高。  【结论】  连续两年的试验结果表明,甘肃绿洲灌区麦后复种豆科绿肥可有效提高小麦的最大生长速率,增加千粒重。复种绿肥后,减氮15%可获得最高的小麦生长速率和千粒重,进而维持甚至提高小麦产量和收获指数。与绿肥复种条件相比,单作小麦条件下减氮30%或者45%则显著降低小麦产量。因此,甘肃绿洲灌区麦后复种豆科绿肥条件下的减氮潜力是15%。     

长期翻压绿肥对提高灌漠土土壤肥力和作物产量的贡献

  【目的】  研究河西绿洲灌区灌漠土长期施用绿肥培肥土壤和作物增产的机理。  【方法】  灌漠土培肥武威长期定位试验始于1988年,种植制度为小麦/玉米间作,供试绿肥为箭筈豌豆。选择绿肥磷肥配施(GP)、绿肥氮磷配施[1/2 (G+N) P]、氮磷配施(NP)、空白对照(CK) 4个处理,调查了作物产量和产量构成因素;2018年取0—20 cm耕层土壤样品,测定pH、有机质和养分含量。  【结果】  GP和1/2 (G+N) P处理均显著提高了灌漠土土壤肥力和作物产量。与试验初始值相比,GP、1/2 (G+N) P处理土壤有机质31年后分别增加了68.8%、56.6%,全氮分别增加了75.8%、56.3%,全钾分别增加了16.1%、18.0%,而全磷分别降低了20.3%、27.8%;与NP处理相比,GP和1/2 (G+N) P处理土壤有机质分别增加了29.0%、19.6%,全氮分别增加了43.3%、27.4%,全磷分别增加了18.4%、7.2%,全钾分别增加了1.7%、3.3%。GP和1/2 (G+N) P处理的小麦产量与NP处理差异显著,分别较NP处理增加305 kg/hm2、248 kg/hm2,增幅分别为8.0%、6.5%。NP和1/2 (G+N) P处理的玉米产量与GP处理差异显著,分别较GP处理增加1538 kg/hm2、1503 kg/hm2,增幅分别为20.3%、19.8%。小麦/玉米间作体系下,GP、1/2 (G+N) P处理的31年肥料贡献率(FCR)平均分别为0.53、0.59,变异系数(CV)分别为0.23、0.20,可持续性指数(SYI)分别为0.54、0.62。  【结论】  绿肥与氮磷化肥配施均能持续显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、全钾含量,提高肥料贡献率及作物产量稳定性和可持续性。小麦、玉米产量与土壤全磷和有效磷含量显著相关。因此,采用适宜绿肥用量和增加氮磷化肥用量的绿肥化肥配施方式,是甘肃河西绿洲灌区灌漠土上小麦玉米生产经济和生态效益双赢的施肥方式。     

不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、 黑麦草(YH)、 肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、 氮、 磷、 钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、 磷、 钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。     

Nitrogen mineralization and crop uptake from surface-applied leaves of green manure species on a tropical volcanic-ash soil

Leaves of nine green manure (GM) species were surface applied to a tropical volcanic-ash soil at a rate of 100 kg N ha^-1 in order to evaluate their N-fertilizer value in a glasshouse experiment. GM treatments were compared to urea at two rates, 50 kg N ha^-1 (FN50) and 100 kg N ha^-1 (FN100), and to a control with no fertilizer application (FN0). Two weeks after treatment application, upland rice seedlings were sown in order to conduct N uptake studies. Soil volumetric moisture content was maintained close to 50%. In general, soil showed an initial increase in inorganic N followed by a rapid decline with time. After 2 weeks of evaluation FN100, FN50 and leaves of Mucuna pruriens var. Tlaltizapan and Indigofera constricta presented higher values of inorganic N (157-109 mg N kg^-1 soil); while, FN0 and leaves of Mucuna deerengianum, Cratylia argentea and Calliandra calothyrsus presented lower values (75-89 mg N kg^-1 soil). N recovery by rice, at 20 weeks after planting, was highest for FN100 (59.9%) followed by Canavalia brasiliensis (54.6%), Calliandra calothyrsus (47.4%) and M. pruriens var. IITA-Benin (32.4%); while, M. pruriens var. Tlaltizapan, FN50, Tithonia diversifolia and I. constricta presented lower N uptake (13-20%). Significant relationships were found between some quality parameters of GM evaluated (i.e. total N, fibers, lignin and polyphenol content), soil N availability and rice N uptake. These results suggest that GM that decomposed and released N slowly resulted in high N uptake when they were used at pre-sowing in a tropical volcanic-ash soil.     

不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验

为了探索秸秆还田与化肥的合理搭配施用,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆在淹水培养下养分释放特征。结果表明,供试秸秆腐解速率均表现在培养前期腐解较快,不同秸秆之间表现为油菜秸秆大于水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆;后期腐解速率逐渐变慢,3种秸秆之间差异不明显。经过124 d的培养,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为49.17%、52.17%和49.81%。秸秆中养分释放速率均表现为K＞P＞C＞N,释放量表现为C＞K＞N＞P。经过124 d的腐解,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的碳释放率分别为7.53%、66.58%、52.54%;氮分别为42.05%、49.26%、57.83%;磷分别为68.28%、59.93%、67.32%;钾在培养12 d后释放率均达到98%。根据秸秆腐解特征及养分含量,作物推荐施肥量中可以减少钾肥用量,并适当延后施用;在还田初期可以不调整氮磷肥的施用量。     

豆科绿肥对四川丘陵旱地作物的产量及经济效益初探

在丘陵旱地上研究了豆科绿肥对农作物产量和效益的影响.结果表明:(1)绿肥翻埋与化肥减量配合对玉米增产、增效明显,绿肥翻埋7500～15000 kg/h㎡与70%、85%化肥配施的资源效应最高,比单施化肥增产13.7%～17.3%、提高效益800～1381元/h㎡.(2)在旱地多熟制预留带中间种豆科绿肥对同季小麦有明显的增产效果,对后季玉米也有一定增产作用,以间种扁荚山黧豆最佳,可使小麦增产9.2%、玉米增产6.3%,周年效益提高l 398元/h㎡.     

灌溉定额和绿肥交互作用对小麦/玉米带田产量和养分利用的影响

【目的】研究灌溉定额、绿肥及其交互作用对河西绿洲灌区带田小麦、玉米产量和养分利用的影响,探寻适合灌区带田的水肥管理模式。【方法】试验采用裂-裂区设计,主区处理为灌溉定额,设三个水平为4500、6000和7500 m^3/hm^2;裂区处理为绿肥,设两个水平为不种绿肥和种植绿肥;裂-裂区处理为化肥,设两个水平,为不施化肥和施用化肥,化肥处理氮、磷、钾肥料用量分别为N 525 kg/hm^2、P2O5 150 kg/hm^2、K2O 90kg/hm^2。【结果】与4500 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额相比,6000 m^3/hm^2和7500 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额极显著增加了小麦和玉米的籽粒产量及其收获指数,增加了小麦和玉米籽粒的氮磷钾吸收量及其养分收获指数,小麦籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率和玉米籽粒产量形成的氮磷钾生理效率;极显著降低了小麦百公斤籽粒氮需求量和玉米百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量。绿肥种植与否对小麦、玉米籽粒产量均没有显著影响。种植绿肥极显著降低了玉米籽粒的收获指数和钾收获指数。灌溉定额4500 m^3/hm^2与种植绿肥交互作用下,玉米磷收获指数最低;灌溉定额6000m^3/hm^2与种植绿肥交互作用下玉米磷收获指数最高。种植绿肥处理显著增加了玉米百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量,显著降低了玉米百公斤籽粒磷钾生理效率。4500 m^3/hm^2灌溉定额下种植绿肥进一步加剧了干旱的胁迫程度,导致玉米百公斤籽粒氮、磷需求量显著增加,对钾的需求量极显著增加,磷生理效率显著下降,钾生理效率极显著下降。【结论】灌溉定额是河西绿洲灌区带田小麦玉米籽粒产量和收获指数、籽粒氮磷钾吸收量和氮磷钾收获指数、百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量和氮磷钾生理效率的决定因素。亏缺灌溉定额(4500 m^3/hm^2)下,种植绿肥会降低小麦/玉米带田籽粒产量及肥料利用效率。在6000 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额下,建议河西绿洲灌区小麦/玉米带田应配合种植绿肥,提高产量和肥料效益。