亚麻籽的保健功效和药用价值

综述了亚麻籽富含α-亚麻酸、木酚素等多种功能性活性物质,可用来预防和治疗高血压、高血脂、癌症等多种疾病.α-亚麻酸在人体内可衍生DHA和EPA两种不饱和脂肪酸,DHA和EPA是目前保健市场畅销的“深海鱼油”（美国又称阿拉斯加深海鱼油）的主要成份,其对人体独特的生理、病理功效,在古今中外都得到了证明.亚麻籽中α-亚麻酸的含量极高,超过其它植物品种,这一特性决定了亚麻籽的保健功效和药用价值,有着良好的开发前景.     

亚麻籽加工品质特性研究进展

亚麻籽富含α-亚麻酸、木酚素、多酚、植物甾醇、维生素E等多种营养功能成分,在食品工业、健康产业均具有广阔的应用前景。亚麻生长区域、加工品种、加工部位以及加工工艺不同,会导致亚麻籽、亚麻籽油、脱脂粉中的功能成分含量和结构存在显著差异,进而影响其高值化利用前景。本文重点对亚麻籽加工品质特性的研究进展进行了综述,以期为特定功能成分提取纯化、加工工艺技术优化、高值化专用产品研发和品种选育改良提供理论依据。     

不同产地亚麻籽冷榨油脂肪酸的GC-MS分析

分析了内蒙古、甘肃和新疆三大产地下属的各10个不同地区的亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成及相对含量的差异。采用冷榨法直接榨取亚麻籽中的油脂,进行甲酯化处理后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析和鉴定其组成及含量。结果表明:亚麻籽油脂肪酸主要是软脂酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和油酸,其中亚麻酸平均相对含量最高(46. 98%～53. 53%)。内蒙古亚麻籽油中不饱和脂肪酸、亚麻酸的平均相对含量高于甘肃和新疆。亚麻籽油中亚麻酸相对含量最高的产地是内蒙古察右前旗(56. 98%),最终确定察右前旗作为优质亚麻籽油生产地具有一定优势。     

油纤兼用亚麻新品种天亚9号的选育

胡麻子富含α-亚麻酸、木酚素、可溶性和不溶性纤维素等多种成分,具有重要的医药、营养、保健功能,市场开发潜力巨大。随着胡麻产业化的发展,对胡麻生产的需求会更加迫切。所以,促进胡麻生产持续稳定地发展对改善人民生活、促进胡麻产业化发展、增加农民收入具有重要的意义。     

亚麻籽蛋白质、亚麻酸和木酚素含量近红外预测模型建立与应用

为优化油用亚麻营养品质检测方法,提高育种效率,利用无损近红外光谱分析法定量分析亚麻籽粒蛋白质、亚麻酸和木酚素含量,初步探讨蛋白质、亚麻酸和木酚素含量相关性.以具有代表性的200份亚麻籽为研究对象,采集近红外光谱,使用偏最小二乘法和净分析信号光谱预处理建立了蛋白质、亚麻酸和木酚素含量近红外模型.结果表明:亚麻籽蛋白质、亚...     

胡麻籽直接食用有什么益处?

正由于胡麻籽中存在多种脂肪酸、木酚素、膳食性纤维及胡麻蛋白等功能性成分,直接食用胡麻籽有很多益处。1、胡麻籽是以一种非油的形式补充人体必需脂肪酸,直接食用,避免了不饱和脂肪酸在油脂加工过程中的氧化变劣,保持了α-亚麻酸的功效,有利于预防动脉硬化、高血压和心血管病。2、直接食用最大限度地保持了木酚素和膳食性纤维的含量,有利于抗癌,对预防和治疗长期     

亚麻籽酚类化合物抗氧化和油相迁移特性研究进展

亚麻籽除了富含植物来源n-3多不饱和脂肪酸ɑ-亚麻酸外,也是木酚素、酚酸等功能性植物化合物的重要来源。本文重点综述了品种和种植区域、成熟过程、不同预处理(萌动、烘烤/焙炒、微波)及制油工艺(压榨法、溶剂法)对亚麻籽典型酚类化合物丰度、存在形态、抗氧化及油相迁移特性的影响,以期为亚麻籽油的提质制取及高值化应用提供理论依据。     

冷冻丙酮法提纯α-亚麻酸的研究

利用冷冻溶剂法原理,分析了在提纯α-亚麻酸的过程中冷冻温度、冷冻时间、溶剂配比、溶剂酸碱度、溶剂纯度、冷冻次数等因素对产物中α-亚麻酸的纯度和收率的影响.使α-亚麻酸的浓度由46.0%提高到80.3%,收率达到56%.     

双低菜籽油的保健作用与高含油量优质油菜育种及高效益思考

根据前人对双低(低芥酸、低硫苷)菜籽油保健功效的研究,菜籽油脂肪酸组成比较平衡,特别是饱和脂肪酸含量低,油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量适宜,维生素E和植物甾醇含量丰富,有利于人体健康,是食用植物油中的优质油品。鉴于我国居民膳食中α-亚麻酸摄入不足,以及我国食用植物油存储时间短、消费周转快,提出目前双低油菜育种中亚麻酸含量(9%左右)不宜降低,还应适当提高,以补充我国居民对亚麻酸摄入量的不足,这也是我国油菜品质改良应作出的科学选择之一。论述了油菜的高含油量品种和油菜生产的全程机械化,给农民和企业带来的良好经济效益以及在我国油菜高效化生产中的作用。     

冷冻丙酮法提纯α-亚麻酸的研究

利用冷冻溶剂法原理，分析了在提纯α-亚麻酸的过程中冷冻温度、冷冻时间、溶剂配比、溶剂酸碱度、溶剂纯度、冷冻次数等因素对产物中α-亚麻酸的纯度和收率的影响。使α-亚麻酸的浓度由46．0％提高到80．3％，收率达到56％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).