羊皮肤组织结构上的种间差异

羊的皮肤组织结构既有种间特征,又与皮、毛、绒的产量和质量有密切的关系,它决定了羊皮的牢固性和耐用性及其利用价值和商品价格,羊毛产量及品质特征、绒山羊的生产性状和产绒量的高低与皮肤的组织结构亦有直接相关.所以,羊皮肤组织结构的研究一直为国内外学者所关注,他们分别从不同角度研究了不同品种羊皮肤的组织结构.笔者比较了山羊和绵羊各自的特点,旨在揭示羊皮肤组织结构规律,认识品种结构特征,从而能更好地加以开发和利用.     

波尔山羊与关中奶山羊发情行为对比观察

本文通过对两个引进品种——波尔山羊与关中奶山羊发情行为比较观察,结果发现,波尔山羊发情期三个阶段,发情初期、发情末期,尤其在发情盛期的行为没有关中奶山羊的明显,发情持续时间为26.00±8.98hr,短于关中奶山羊的40.93±8.39hr(P<0.0.1)。公羊试情结合阴道检查是准确鉴定波尔山羊发情的主要方法。本研究还提出在培育、引进或利用波尔山羊品种时,应兼顾繁殖性能的建议。     

山羊生长分化因子9基因FecTT突变检测

本研究采用PCR-RFLP方法检测生长分化因子9(growth differentiation factor 9, GDF9)基因FecTT突变在济宁青山羊、贵州白山羊、大足黑山羊、陕南白山羊、古蔺马羊、马头山羊、波尔山羊、成都麻羊、萨能奶山羊、文登奶山羊、板角山羊、金堂黑山羊、关中奶山羊、川东白山羊、安哥拉山羊、辽宁绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊等17个山羊品种中的分布。结果表明,在17个山羊品种中都未检测到FecTT突变,提示,GDF9基因影响Thoka绵羊高繁殖力的FecTT突变对以上17个山羊品种的繁殖力均没有显著影响。     

关中奶山羊泌乳期饲养管理

近年来,陕西省推进发展千亿级奶山羊全产业链项目,其主要推广畜种为关中奶山羊。关中奶山羊是20世纪30~40年代萨能奶山羊和关中地区山羊杂交的后代,近几十年,陕西省畜牧技术工作人员又大量用西农萨能奶山羊进行改良,不断选育,形成单产高、产奶量稳定、繁殖率高、耗料量少、适合关中地区生长的优良品种,1991年通过国家品种审定。     

奶山羊引种与选购要点

本文主要介绍了山羊的品种类型,提出引种咨询调研、查看养殖档案、隔离检疫和培训养羊技术等引种要点以及奶山羊选购要点,并以关中奶山羊为例进行介绍,以供参考。     

山羊品种遗传多样性的分析

利用6个微卫星标记对中西部7个山羊品种(陕南白山羊、陕北白绒山羊、西农萨能羊、关中奶山羊、太行山羊、黄淮山羊、伏牛山羊)共计322个个体进行了遗传多样性检测,并根据Nei氏遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明:6个微卫星标记在这7个品种中存在高度多态性;陕北白绒山羊的遗传变异程度最大,平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为:0.8401和0.8244;而关中奶山羊的遗传变异程度相对较小,平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为:0.7990和0.7784。UPGMA聚类分析表明,黄淮山羊和伏牛山羊聚为一类,陕南白山羊,太行山羊,陕北白绒山羊依次加入,西农萨能羊和关中奶山羊作为一类最后加入。     

山羊品种遗传资源介绍

我国山羊品种资源十分丰富,生态类型多样,分布范围广泛。2006年中国畜禽遗传资源名录（山羊）上录有西藏山羊、辽宁绒山羊、柴达木山羊等43种地方品种,关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊等4种培育品种,萨能山羊、安格拉山羊、波尔山羊等3种引入品种,共50个山羊品种。本文介绍中国畜禽遗传资源名录中的部分山羊、各地饲养的山羊及最近录入中国畜禽遗传资源名录的山羊,仅供各地专业人员和山羊饲养爱好者了解参考并有鉴别性的饲养,以促进我国各地山羊种质资源的保护和生产可持续发展。     

陕西省部分地区山羊隐性乳房炎调查及灭活苗效果观察

在对陕北白绒山羊和关中奶山羊乳房炎阳性率调查的基础上,以乳房炎山羊乳中分离的大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌制成二联灭活疫苗,对处于妊娠期的陕北白绒山羊进行免疫接种,观察制备的灭活疫苗对陕北白绒山羊的免疫效果。结果显示,陕北白绒山羊乳房炎发病率(11.5%)显著低于关中奶山羊(66%),说明山羊乳房炎发病率受不同经济用途和环境因素的影响。免疫试验结果显示,免疫后14d和28d,免疫山羊抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗体水平均显著高于免疫前的水平(P<0.5),表明制备的乳房炎二联疫苗能有效激发山羊机体的体液免疫应答,刺激机体产生高水平的抗体,研究结果对不同品种山羊乳房炎的防控和乳房炎疫苗的研发具有重要的参考意义。     

陕西富平县奶山羊发展历程

正我国奶用山羊优良品种主要是陕西关中奶山羊,在山东崂山、河北唐山、河南和吉林延边也有奶山羊,但是关中奶山羊的品质超群,这种羊不仅喜食、杂食,而且采食速度也比较快,它的消化能力很强,尤其是对于粗纤维的消化能力远高于牛和绵羊,因此生产性能非常好,在全国五大奶山羊品种中位居首位。在100多年的漫长时间里,陕西关     

波尔山羊杂交改良我国土种羊肉用性能现状

波尔山羊是目前世界上最优良的肉用山羊品种之一，国内外的许多试验研究表明，波尔山羊对当地低产山羊的肉用性能杂交改良效果十分显著，因而可以利用其杂交优势发展我国高效肉羊生产，建立高效肉羊生产系统。国内的大量试验表明，波尔山羊与当地山羊的杂交后代，在生长发育、肉用性能上的提高非常显著，不论是在放牧、舍饲、粗放还是在放牧加补饲的饲养条件下均表现出明显的杂交优势。我国引进波尔山羊对鲁北白山羊、南江黄羊、宜昌白山羊、唐山奶山羊、仁寿山羊、成都麻羊、萨能奶山羊、长江三角洲白山羊、黄淮白山羊、槐山羊、关中奶山羊…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.