无公害苹果病虫害防治历

在苹果生产中,苹果病虫害对苹果产量和品质影响很大,为了帮助果农更好地防治病虫害,笔者整理了苹果主要病虫害的防治历,以供果农参考(见表1)。     

郓城县苹果主要病虫害发生规律调查

正近年来郓城县苹果发展比较迅速,经济效益高,已成为农民增收致富的主要产业之一,但苹果病虫害发生较严重,防控不当会造成果品农药残留超标,降低商品果品质,影响果农经济效益。为了全面掌握郓城县苹果主要病虫害发生规律,有针对性和预见性地开展病虫害绿色防控工作,笔者对苹果病虫害种类、为害程度及发生规律进行了详细观察和调查。1调查方法根据郓城县苹果树分布,在全县23个乡镇街道选择有代表性的5个乡镇,每个乡镇确定3个果园,     

新西兰出口苹果的有害生物监控及检疫监管体系

新西兰苹果出口到欧盟、亚洲、美洲和中东等65个国家和地区,其国内水果生产建立了较完善的出口苹果有害生物监控及检疫监管体系,通过介绍新西兰苹果出口的监管体系、有害生物监控防治、出口检验检疫等,供国内检验检疫部门和农业生产部门借鉴和参考。     

陕西苹果黑星病防治建议

苹果黑星病是由黑星病原引起的,是全世界苹果产区最重要的一种病害,严重发生时苹果损失可达７０％,并造成落叶影响来年果芽生长势。三年来,发现该病害在陕西渭北苹果产区有所发生,因此果农在制定防治计划时必须考虑该病害,将其控制在一定范围内并尽快消灭。在此作者提出：（１）春、初夏连续间隔一定时间适时喷药,并清洁果园以减少春季初侵染源是防治此病的关键,如何有侵染发生,夏季末及近收获季节应继续喷药;（２）推荐作     

鲁西南苹果谢花后至套袋前主要病虫害防控技术

<正>苹果谢花后至套袋前的病虫害防治是果园全年防治最关键的时期,防治的好坏直接关系到苹果生长期病虫害的发生程度和果品质量。在生产实践中,如果苹果生长前期没有防治病虫害,为后期病虫害的流行积累了大量的菌源和虫源;同时用药不当,还会造成各种药害,果面形成锈斑,使幼叶和新梢生长发育不良,影响果实产量和品质。为了规范鲁西南苹果套袋前病虫害防控技术,进一步提高优质苹果的产出率,实现果农增产增收,笔者介绍苹果谢花后至套袋前病     

杭州地区出口花卉,盆景植物病虫害调查

杭州地区出口花卉、盆景植物病虫害调查贺水山，田文瑞，徐志新，钱荣田（杭州动植物检疫局３１００２１）杭州地处亚热带边缘，气候温和，雨量充沛，地形多变，花卉盆景植物资源丰富，相应的病虫害种类也较复杂。为摸清杭州地区出口花卉盆景的病虫害种类，并为检疫消毒处...     

锦屏县李树主要病虫害的发生与绿色防控技术

近年来,贵州省锦屏县李树病虫害越发严重,给果农造成越来越严重的经济损失.为此,笔者调查了锦屏县李树病虫害种类,主要总结了李树细菌性穿孔病、褐腐病、缩叶病、炭疽病、流胶病、裂果和蚜虫、李小食心虫的发病症状、发生情况及综合防治技术,以期为在关键时期进行李树病虫害的防治提供参考.     

农药管理新政策问答(二十)

<正>1种子公司购买种衣剂进行种子包衣,然后销售包衣后的种子,是否需要办理农药经营许可证?种子加工公司购买种子处理剂进行种子包衣等活动,然后销售包衣后种子的,属于农药使用行为,不需要办理农药经营许可证。2专门从事农药出口的企业是否需要进行农药追溯管理?专门从事农药出口的企业,应当与在境内经营农药的企业一样,建立健全农药采购台账、销售台账,保障能对其所经营的农药进行追溯管理。专门从事农药出口的企业,也应当按照     

陕西省苹果产业化发展研究

在实地调研的基础上,运用产业经济与区域经济理论据实分析了陕西省苹果产业发展的优势与产业化进程中存在的果农生产规模小,组织化程度低、苹果商品化处理基础设施落后、产业化模式的形式与内涵尚不完善,龙头企业少,果业产业链短且脆弱、生产、销售、加工各环节关联性差,尚未形成风险共担,利益共享的长效机制等问题;据此,从果业关联性、基地建设、贸易与深加工等方面的深入探讨构建提出了加快陕西苹果产业化发展的具体模式?"果农+果农协会+龙头企业+市场"模式、"果农+中介组织协会+市场"模式与"果农+基地+县级龙头企业集团+市场"模式,及其实施建议。     

苹果绵蚜在昭通市的发生情况

我们对云南省昭通市苹果绵蚜的发生为害情况进行了普查，调查表明：（1）苹果绵蚜在昭通苹果产区发生普遍且严重；（2）不同管理水平，苹果绵蚜的发生差异明显；（3）苹果绵蚜的发生与为害有随着树龄的增加而严重的趋势；（4）苹果绵蚜在红富士品种上的发生严重于金帅品种；（5）据考证，苹果绵蚜于20世纪80年代中期传入昭通市。     

Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues?

Summary Despite the serious threat which weeds offer to organic crop production, relatively little attention has so far been paid to research on weed management in organic agriculture, an issue that is often approached from a reductionist perspective. This paper aims to outline why and how this problem should instead be tackled from a system perspective. Compared with conventional agriculture, in organic agriculture the effects of cultural practices (e.g. fertilization and direct weed control) on crop:weed interactions usually manifest themselves more slowly. It follows that weed management should be tackled in an extended time domain and needs deep integration with the other cultural practices, aiming to optimize the whole cropping system rather than weed control per se . In this respect, cover crop management is an important issue because of its implications for soil, nutrient, pest and weed management. It is stressed that direct (physical) weed control can only be successful where preventive and cultural weed management is applied to reduce weed emergence (e.g. through appropriate choice of crop sequence, tillage, smother/cover crops) and improve crop competitive ability (e.g. through appropriate choice of crop genotype, sowing/planting pattern and fertilization strategy). Two examples of system-oriented weed management systems designed for organic agriculture are illustrated as well as future perspectives and problems.     

Integrated management of insect pests,diseases and weeds of cotton in Africa

Integrated pest management systems were developed originally in response to the appearance of insect populations with resistance to common insecticides. Cotton with its heavy dependence on insecticidal sprays was one of the first crops in which the effectiveness of control declined due to resistance in the target pests. Although insecticide resistance is more of a problem in large scale production systems, the IPM approach can also benefit the smallholder by reducing the number of sprays required with consequent cost savings. Where crop growth is adversely affected by diseases, competition from weeds or poor management, the full benefit of insecticide spray programmes cannot be realised. To be fully effective, insect control should therefore be integrated with other crop protection activities. This paper reviews the insect pests, diseases and weed problems of cotton in Africa and discusses the possibilities for extending the principles of IPM to cover all the crop protection activities with practical examples drawn from both small scale and larger scale production systems.     

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Potential Benefits of Weeds with Reference to Small Holder Agriculture in Africa

Weed control is one of the most important crop protection activities undertaken in both intensive and low-input farming systems. However, even under intensive systems, crop protection which is less dependent on pesticides may require that weeds be managed to obtain a balance between crop and non-crop vegetation to encourage an increase in natural enemies of crop pests. In the low-input farming systems which sustain much of the rural population of Africa, weed control is usually done by hand and clean weeding is often beyond the labour resources of the farming family. The vegetational diversity of peasant agriculture in Africa to which weeds make their contribution, helps to decrease the risk of disease and pest epidemics. In addition to the pest control benefits of a diverse agroecosystem, weeds contribute to the resource base of the rural community, providing a source of secondary foods, medicines and insecticides. Weed control within an integrated crop protection system appropriate to the needs of the resource-poor farmer, requires that weeds are managed in such a way that their biodiversity is maintained and the more useful species retained within the field or field margin. Those weeds with high food potential or which have pesticidal or medicinal properties might be deliberately encouraged within the crop or field margins. Certain weed species may harbour important pests or diseases of local crops and therefore should be selectively removed. The paper reviews and discusses the literature on the beneficial and deleterious effects of weeds and argues for a weed management strategy which balances the effects of weed competition on crop production with the ethnobotanical and pest control attributes of individual weed species and weed communities.     

Development of preliminary economic thresholds for an integrated pest management system for soybeans in Java

Abstract

Two field trials were conducted for the purposes of comparing various soybean pest management schemes and setting preliminary economic thresholds that could be used by farmers as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Both trials tested the same four treatments: (1) a pest management scheme that followed the type of plan that many farmers in Java use, (2) and (3) two schemes utilizing different economic thresholds set by researchers, and (4) an untreated control. The pest management schemes are compared regarding various aspects, including yield and profitability. In both trials the plans did not differ significantly in profitability; however, in each trial the same threshold scheme had the highest mean values for both yield and profitability. Therefore, a pest control system based on this threshold scheme is recommended, with some refinements in certain threshold levels for specific pest guilds where the trials show refinements to be appropriate. It is advised that farmers use the threshold levels recommended here as starting points, and then make adjustments according to the soybean variety used, abundance of natural enemies present, economic factors, etc.     

粉虱类害虫抗药性研究方法综述

粉虱是世界上一类重要的害虫,随着化学杀虫剂的连续使用,其抗药性也日益严重。本文对粉虱类害虫的抗药性监测、机理及风险评估方法进行了综述,旨在对粉虱抗药性工作能提供一定的帮助。     

Economic Aspects of Integrated Control1)

Evaluation of economic returns resulting from plant protection measures are receiving increased attention. Since control measures are likely to affect not only a single production but also future crops and may entail resistance phenomena, as well as other inconveniences, the entire lifetime of a control strategy should be considered in a cost/benefit analysis. Although all the needed parameters for such an evaluation are not available, simplified computer-based models, now in use in advanced pest management studies, turned out to beextremely useful. The possibility of assessing the impact of control measures on single crops is reviewed in the light of recent studies (Headley , 1972, 1973, Davidson and Norgaard , 1973) and data stressing the economic advantages of pest management schemes in European orchards and U.S. cotton areas are studied. With increased prices for pesticides and application, the benefit derived from integrated control schemes becomes more evident.     

我国蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

我国是蔬菜生产、消费和出口大国,蔬菜害虫是影响蔬菜产量和品质,制约蔬菜产业发展的重要因素。传统化学农药的长期大量使用,不仅造成生态环境污染、影响食品安全,还导致害虫抗药性逐渐增强,因此,生物防治成为害虫综合治理的重要措施。我国生物防治技术经过几十年的发展,在天敌昆虫资源的发掘、应用、技术研发和配套措施等方面取得了显著的进步。本文综述了我国蔬菜害虫生物防治的研究和应用进展,并分析了当前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期为今后的害虫研究和防治提供思路。     

Dual ecosystem services of syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae): pollinators and biological control agents

With increasing worldwide pressure on bee pollinator populations and an increase in insecticide resistance amongst pest insects, there is a growing need for diversification of pollinator and pest control systems. Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) contribute ecosystem services to agroecosystems through their supporting roles as crop pollinators and predators of pests. Adult syrphids are important pollinators with high floral visitation rates and pollen carrying capacity, while predatory syrphid larvae are natural biological control agents, reducing aphid populations in both field and laboratory conditions. The present challenge is to determine whether syrphid flies have the potential for application as pollinators and in integrated pest management schemes as biological control agents. Currently, there are gaps in research that are hindering the use of syrphids as dual service providers. Such gaps include a lack of knowledge of syrphid floral preferences, the role and viability of adult syrphids as pollinators in natural and agro‐ecological pollinator networks, and the predatory efficiency of larvae in field and glasshouse conditions. By reviewing relevant literature, we demonstrate syrphid flies have the potential to be used as pollinators and biological control agents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。