抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶系统的影响

本研究以单种抑食金球藻及其与亚心形四爿藻的混合藻为实验组,以亚心形四爿藻为对照,探究抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示,抑食金球藻显著影响翡翠贻贝的SOD活性、MDA和GSH含量,各实验组均表现出诱导升高与抑制降低交替出现的规律。单种高、中浓度的抑食金球藻在短期(3 h)内即可对翡翠贻贝的SOD活性产生影响,混合藻组中的SOD活性上升较慢,说明亚心形四爿藻可以延滞氧化还原系统的反应时间。各实验组翡翠贻贝GSH含量在2 d内均显著低于对照组,且混合藻组与单种抑食金球藻组相差不大,提示亚心形四爿藻对抗氧化还原损伤并未起到明显的缓解作用。     

锰、铜、锌和铁离子对抑食金球藻生长的影响

研究了不同质量浓度锰离子、铜离子、锌离子和铁离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量的影响,试验结果表明,当锰离子、铜离子和铁离子质量浓度分别为0～25μg/L、0～5μg/L和0～12 500μg/L时,抑食金球藻的细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量均随质量浓度的升高而增加,随着3种重金属离子质量浓度的继续升高,抑食金球藻生长受到不同程度的抑制。不同质量浓度锌离子对抑食金球藻生长均产生抑制作用。选取锰离子、铜离子和铁离子进行正交试验,分析其综合效应。试验结果显示,3种重金属离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响程度为铁>铜>锰。对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响最大的组合为62 500μg/L铁离子、1μg/L铜离子和5μg/L锰离子,但铜离子和锰离子所对应的细胞密度的■值间差异不显著(P>0.05)。分析抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量与3种重金属离子吸收量的相关性得出,铁离子与上述参数均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.745、0.577和0.870;铜离子和锰离子吸收量与上述3个参数相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。因此,铁离子是影响抑食金球藻生长最大的因素。     

卤虫在毒物急性毒性评价中的应用

本文系统地阐述了卤虫作为毒物急性毒性实验评价的优点、方法、应用情况及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策.     

珠江口海域双胞旋沟藻赤潮对卤虫幼体、鱼苗和虾苗的急性毒性

为研究2009年10月下旬在广东珠海海域爆发的双胞旋沟藻赤潮对养殖鱼类及水体中其它生物的影响,实验以卤虫幼体、金鼓鱼苗和凡纳滨对虾苗作为受试生物,在赤潮现场测试双胞旋沟藻对卤虫幼体、鱼苗和虾苗的急性毒性效应。结果显示,24 h双胞旋沟藻对卤虫幼体的LC₅₀(半致死浓度)为9.55×10⁴/mL,藻密度为2.5×10³/mL的双胞旋沟藻对卤虫幼体的LT₅₀(半致死时间)为48.5 h。60 h内该赤潮水体对鱼苗和虾苗的存活无不利影响,卤虫幼体和金鼓鱼苗均可摄食双胞旋沟藻,卤虫幼体对双胞旋沟藻的摄食率低。研究表明,双胞旋沟藻赤潮水体对卤虫幼体有一定的毒性作用,但在低藻密度条件下,卤虫幼体能以该藻为食并维持其生命,双胞旋沟藻对金鼓鱼苗和凡纳滨对虾苗无急性毒性作用。     

纤细裸藻及其对轮虫、卤虫的营养强化

前言 近二十年来,有关鱼类营养需求的研究,取得了显著的进展,特别是已普遍认识到作为必需脂肪酸的n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n—3HUFA)的重要性。尤其是在仔鱼期中,生物饵料的投喂不可缺少,n—3HUFA的提供十分重要。现在几乎所有的种苗生产工艺中,都是采用微绿球藻Nannochlorapsis或市售的营养强化饲料,对生物饵料进行营养强化。 作为天然存在的n—3HUFA,绝大部分是EPA(廿碳五烯酸)和DHA(廿二碳六烯酸)。最近,在真鲷、缟鲹、鰤鱼和日本对虾等,对它们二者的必需脂肪酸效果进行比较。其结果,     

光周期对卤虫摄食、生长和存活的影响

在不同光周期（０Ｌ：２４Ｄ、６Ｌ：１８Ｄ、１２Ｌ：１２Ｄ、１８Ｌ：６Ｄ和２４Ｌ：０Ｄ）下培养河北大清河盐场的卤虫,结果表明：卤虫的摄食率有随着光周期缩短而下降的趋势。大清河盐场的卤虫在不同光周期下的生长速度无显著差异,但成活率差异显著,６Ｌ：１８Ｄ组的成活率最高。建议在短光周期下培养卤虫。     

不同微藻饵料对卤虫滤水率的影响

采用静水法研究不同饵料种类(等鞭金藻、盐藻、扁藻)在相同密度、相同生物量的环境下对卤虫的滤水率的影响。结果表明,2h内卤虫的滤水率顺序为等边金藻组盐藻组扁藻组,等鞭金藻与盐藻和扁藻表现出显著差异(P0.05),其中最大滤水率为1.78mL/(ind.·h)。研究显示,食物粒径越小,卤虫对其滤水率越大,等鞭金藻因其具有相对较小的粒径表现出了较高滤食优势,因此在渔业生产上可作为一种卤虫的适口饵料进行推广应用。     

重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27‰的环境下,研究了重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性效应。结果表明,Hg~(2+)对渤海卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为201.01mg/L和0.05mg/L,安全浓度分别为2.01mg/L和0.000 5mg/L;Cu~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为197.17mg/L和7.50mg/L,安全浓度分别为1.97mg/L和0.08 mg/L;Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为331.30mg/L和8.13mg/L,安全浓度分别为3.31mg/L和0.08mg/L。毒性由强至弱依次为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+),但Cu~(2+)与Cd~(2+)的毒性差异不明显。     

卤虫的利用及存在问题

卤虫是目前世界范围普遍使用的活饵料,本文概要介绍了卤虫的利用情况,并针对卤虫质量评价标准谈卤虫应用中存在的营养强化、品种改良及去壳卵应用等问题及其发展趋势。     

饵料对不同品系卤虫生长和生殖的影响

用盐藻、米糠、螺旋藻粉、酵母、米糠 盐藻这5种饵料类型培养江苏台北盐场、西藏巴里坤湖、山西运城、美国大盐湖等4个品系的卤虫，考察其生长、存活和繁殖特性.结果表明米糠、螺旋藻、米糠 盐藻利于卤虫的生长，盐藻和米糠 盐藻利于卤虫的成活，米糠、螺旋藻、米糠 盐藻可促进卤虫的繁殖；美国大盐湖品系的综合性能最佳，以它作为增养殖对象是较好的选择。     

First feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 paralarvae using Artemia: Effect of prey size, prey density and feeding frequency

Different assays related to the first feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are compiled in this paper. They include: age at initial feeding age, prey size selection and optimal density, attack timing after feeding, and effect of dose number on the number of captures. Prey capture and ingestion processes were also analysed. Food supplied was cultured Artemia sp. Each assay lasted 15 min.Although paralarvae already start to feed on the hatching day (day 0), it is during day 2 when a greater number of attacks is recorded (81.7 ± 14.7% paralarvae attack). They mainly prefer (significance level α = 0.05) large Artemia, 1.4 ± 0.4 mm (77.0 ± 5.6% of the total attacks) than small Artemia, 0.8 ± 0.1 mm (23.0 ± 5.6%). There is also a slight predilection for the lowest Artemia concentration (33.3 ±12.6% paralarvae attack in a 0.1 Artemia ml^− 1 density, opposite 16.7 ± 7.6 and 18.3 ± 7.6% in densities of 0.5 and 1 Artemia ml^− 1 respectively). The greatest predatory activity is recorded during the first 5 min after food is supplied (72.2 ± 25.5%). An increase in the predatory activity was also observed when food was distributed in several doses instead of a single dose (75.0 ± 10.0% and 46.7 ± 17.6% respectively). It was proved for the first time that paralarvae completely ingest their preys (including their exoskeletons), in this case Artemia. Time needed for their total ingestion ranges between 4 and 10 min.     

不同增殖方式来源的绿潮藻浒苔藻体生长及光合生理特性差异

为了探讨原位状态下不同增殖方式得到的绿潮藻浒苔生物体的差异,通过原位围隔实验,分别获取漂浮浒苔释放的孢子萌发形成的藻体(ST)和浒苔自身营养增殖得到的藻体(VT),通过比较这两种浒苔的生长、光合作用和荧光参数的不同,来估测其光合生理特性的差异。结果表明,ST的生长速率比VT显著高出61.27%,并且ST的最大光合作用速率(Pmax)、光合效率(α)和光合活性(P/R)比VT分别显著高出25.33%、14.93%和134.69%,而呼吸作用速率和光补偿点比VT显著低了45.7%和52.2%,这表明ST与VT相比具有更大的生长优势。另外,VT的相对电子传递速率(rETR)显著高于ST,在高光下尤为显著,并且VT在高光下具有更高的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)能力,这说明浒苔通过自身营养增殖产生的藻体对高光的适应能力比其由孢子萌发形成的藻体更强。     

Ammonia toxicity and its effect on the growth of the South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus

The current study investigated acute toxicity to ammonia of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae, from three size classes relevant to mariculture operations, and the chronic impact of sub-lethal ammonia levels on growth of juvenile abalone.Results showed that tolerance to ammonia (at pH 7.8 and T_a = 15 °C) increases with body size (i.e. age) as indicated by 36 h LC₅₀ values: juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) had the lowest LC₅₀ of 9.8 μg l^− 1 FAN, whereas LC₅₀ was 12.9 μg l^− 1 FAN in “cocktail”-size abalone (5-8 cm shell length). The highest LC₅₀ of 16.4 μg l^− 1 FAN was observed in “brood stock”-size animals (10-15 cm). When “cocktail”-size abalone were allowed to acclimatize to sub-lethal ammonia levels for 48 h, their ammonia tolerance increased compared with non-acclimatized abalone of the same size: LC₅₀ was 2.0 μg l^− 1 FAN higher at 14.8 μg l^− 1 FAN.Growth of juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) during chronic exposure to sub-lethal FAN levels is inhibited: specific growth rate (SGR) is significantly reduced by 58.7% to 0.10 ± 0.03% d^− 1 (weight) compared with 0.24 ± 0.06% d^− 1 of abalone of a control group (no ammonia).The results demonstrate the negative effects of ammonia not only on survival but also on growth of farmed abalone, both impair profitability of the farming operation. The information from the present study will be helpful in determining water quality requirements in South African abalone farms.     

Vegetative propagation of the carrageenophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell et Gardner: Indoor and field experiments

The carrageenophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii presents several biological constraints for its cultivation such as restricted temporal availability and high spore mortalities that affect the development of its mass cultivation. For this reason, research to develop alternative propagation methods has been undertaken. Previous laboratory studies demonstrated that manipulating temperature, light and nutrients could enhance healing and regeneration of this seaweed. In this study nursery and field experiments were undertaken to establish the possibility to regrow G. skottsbergii in conditions similar to those applied in mass cultivation practices. Frond fragments and rhizoids were tested as alternative ways to obtain new plants. Our results indicate that regeneration occurs in the field, and can be managed in nursery conditions. The addition of a nitrogen source enhances the growth from 0.6 to 1.0% d^− 1 of the healed fragments and the use of a photon flux density above 50 μmol m^− 2 s^− 1 increases the growth rate but decrease the survival of the explants. Explants can be transferred to field conditions and grow at similar rates to those registered in the nursery (0.5% d^− 1). It is also possible to propagate rhizoids of G. skottsbergii and it seems that the attachment of a frond portion to the substratum, enhanced its survival and regeneration capacity. Finally, this study demonstrated that rhizoids attached to rocks can regenerate complete plants in nature, a feature which could be a useful for developing a sustainable harvesting methodology.     

溶藻弧菌诱导马氏珠母贝血淋巴cDNA差减文库的构建及分析

为了探讨马氏珠母贝免疫防御机制,筛选免疫防御相关功能基因,以致病性溶藻弧菌人工感染的马氏珠母贝血淋巴为材料,采用抑制性差减杂交(SSH)技术,构建了溶藻弧菌诱导的马氏珠母贝血淋巴cDNA差减文库;以马氏珠母贝管家基因β-actin作为差减指标检测该文库的差减效率;对选取的600个阳性克隆进行测序及生物信息学分析。结果显示,该文库的差减效率可达210倍;PCR阳性检测显示差减片段为100~750 bp,对随机挑取600个克隆的测序结果显示,共获得414个有效EST序列;通过BLAST同源性比对,有167个EST序列(占40.34%)与NCBI数据库中已知功能蛋白质具较高同源性,其中7个EST序列(占1.69%)与免疫防御相关基因同源;此外,204个EST(占49.28%)在数据库中未发现同源序列。研究表明,SSH技术能有效富集马氏珠母贝血淋巴差异表达基因,研究结果为探索马氏珠母贝免疫基因作用机理和调控机制奠定了基础。     

巨藻幼苗光合、呼吸作用的初步研究

为了研究巨藻幼苗发育及生理生态适应性规律,以巨藻配子体为材料,研究光照周期(10 L∶14 D、12 L∶12 D、14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)对配子体采苗的影响;以光照强度、温度、营养盐浓度3种环境因子设置单因素实验,研究其对巨藻幼苗(0.5~1 cm)的表观光合速率(Pn)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)及相对生长速率(relative growth rate,RGR)的影响,并进行上述3因素对RGR的正交实验。结果显示:(1)10 d后显微观察发现,长光照周期(14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)下采苗效果较好,配子体大量发育为孢子体。(2)光强为70μmol/(m2·s)、温度为13℃和氮营养盐浓度为2 mg/L(N/P=10∶1,下同)的条件下幼苗的RGR较大,表观光合速率较强。90μmol/(m2·s)光强组的幼苗生长受到抑制,其RGR显著小于其他实验组。10℃组的RGR显著小于13℃(P0.05)。氮营养盐浓度上升到8 mg/L,RGR显著降低。(3)随着营养盐浓度的增加,幼苗的表观光合速率、暗呼吸速率整体呈现上升趋势,0.2 mg/L组的Pn显著小于6 mg/L、8 mg/L组,且Rd与其他组差异性显著(P0.05)。(4)相同光强下,温度升高,Pn随之降低,在40~80μmol/(m2·s),10℃、13℃组与16℃、19℃组的Pn差异性显著。经正交实验验证,适宜巨藻幼苗培养条件为光照强度40~70μmol/(m2·s)、温度13℃、氮营养盐浓度2 mg/L。     

西伯利亚鲟海豚链球菌的分离鉴定及毒力基因检测

2013年8-9月,四川雅安汉源湖养殖的西伯利亚鲟发生一种以体表溃疡、内脏出血和心外膜囊肿为特征的传染病.为明确其病因,本研究从自然发病鱼的肝、脾和肾进行了病原菌的分离、人工感染、分离菌的表型特征和分子生物学特征的检测.结果从患病鱼体内分离到一株G+链状球菌(Ab130920),人工感染实验证实了其病原性,生理生化特性与海豚链球菌(ATCC29178)基本一致;16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号:KJ162337)与GenBank中S.iniae 16S rDNA序列同源性最高,在以16S rDNA序列及其GenBank中同源性较高的相关序列构建的系统发育树上,分离菌与海豚链球菌聚为一支;同时,在基于S.iniae lctO基因的特异性PCR检测中,从分离株基因组DNA扩增出预期大小的870 bp条带,进而鉴定分离菌Ab130920为S.iniae.在对cpsD、simA、sagA、pdi和scpI等5种S.iniae毒力基因的多重PCR检测中,分离菌均扩增出相应大小的特异性片段,表明其为一毒力较强的菌株,与人工感染实验的高致病性结果相佐证;药物敏感性检测发现其对阿莫西林、强力霉素、氟苯尼考等抗菌药物敏感,但对新生霉素、利福平、氧氟沙星耐药.     

Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (GP), Ulva rigida (UR) and Gracilaria cornea (GC) as dietary ingredients on the performance, nutrient utilisation and body composition of European sea bass juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to replace 5% (GP-5, UR-5, and GC-5 Diets) and 10% (GP-10, UR-10 and GC-10 Diets) fish protein hydrolysate (CPSP) by each of the three seaweeds. A control diet was used, without inclusion of any seaweed. Diets were fed to duplicate groups of 25 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles (IBW = 4.7 g) for 10 weeks. Growth performance was only significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the GC-10 diet, whereas the feed conversion ratio increased significantly in those fish. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and lipid were significantly lower in fish fed diet GC-10 relative to those fed the control diet. Carcass composition was similar among treatments, although fish fed GC-10 exhibited significantly higher ash content.The results obtained in this study suggest that the inclusion of G. bursa-pastoris (GP) and U. rigida (UR), up to 10%, can be considered as very interesting ingredients in diets for sea bass juveniles, as no negative consequences on growth performance, nutrient utilization or body composition were observed. On the other hand, the inclusion of G. cornea (GC) should be limited to 5% of the diet.