鸽源冠状病毒PSH中国分离株S1基因克隆及分子进化分析

对分离鉴定的鸽源冠状病毒PSH株纤突蛋白S1基因进行RT-PCR法扩增、克隆和序列测定分析.结果表明其S1基因由1 626个核苷酸组成,编码541个氨基酸,S蛋白的切割识别位点为精氨酸-精氨酸-苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-精氨酸（RRFRR）,与常见的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）S蛋白切割识别位点相似（RRF/SRR）.该病毒与火鸡蓝冠病病毒（TCV）Gh、G1株S1基因推导的氨基酸同源性仅为24.7%、25%,而与IBV H52、H120、M41、Beau、Conn、Gray、Hotel、SH1、SH2、SH5、SH6基因推导的氨基酸同源性在75.0%～99.6%,其中与SH2、SH5的氨基酸同源性更是达到了99.6%,进一步证明该冠状病毒可能来源于IBV.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HH06分离株的鉴定及其S1基因的分子特征

从黑龙江省哈尔滨市某鸡场疑似鸡传染性支气管炎的发病蛋鸡肾组织病料中分离到1株病毒，命名为HH06。该分离毒株经SPF鸡胚传代、血凝试验、负染电镜检查以及动物回归试验，证实为IBV。用RT-PCR扩增得到了HH06株S1基因片段，经测序，并与国内外IBV参考毒株的相应基因进行序列比较分析。结果表明，HH06株S1基因由1620个核苷酸组成，推导的多肽由540个氨基酸残基组成，推导的氨基酸裂解位点序列为5个连续碱性氨基酸HRRRR。HH06株S1基因序列与除LX4外的其他参考株相应基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性均较低，亲缘关系均较远。初步证实HH06株为不同于IBV疫苗株的一个新毒株。     

不同源性H5亚型禽流感病毒株HA基因序列分析

本研究对1株鹅源和一株鸽源的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）基因进行扩增、克隆和序列分析。结果表明，所扩增的片段长均为1707bp，包含完整的开放阅读框架，编码568个氨基酸；该毒株有7个潜在糖基化位点；在HA裂解位点附近有6个碱性氨基酸序列插入。两毒株间核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性均为96．7％。该毒株与参考毒株的序列比较分析结果表明：核苷酸同源率分别为95．3％～99％；氨基酸同源率分别为95．1％～99.3％。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒DB株核蛋白基因的克隆及在杆状病毒系统中的表达

利用PT－PCR方法扩增鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）DB株的核蛋白基因，并对其序列进行了测定，DB株IBV的核蛋白基因长度为1230bp，编码蛋白由409个氨基酸残基组成。与已发表的参考毒株进行核苷酸同源性比较，发现DB株与澳大利亚群毒株的亲缘关系最为密切。同时构建了杆状病毒重组转移载体pBlue-DB-N，将其与线性化的杆状病毒DNA共转染Sf9昆虫细胞，经过3轮蚀斑纯化和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）鉴定，获得重组杆状病毒rBac-DB－N。SDS－PAGE分析和Western blot检测的结果表明DB株IBV核蛋白基因基因在重组杆状病毒感染原Sf9昆虫细胞内获得表达，融合蛋白最大表达量占细胞蛋白总量的19．4％左右。     

一株基因Ⅵ型鸭新城疫病毒F基因的克隆及序列分析

以一株鸭新城疫病毒NDV-SS分离株基因组RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR方法扩增其F基因,并进行克隆和序列测定。通过序列分析软件将该毒株F基因氨基酸推导序列与GenBank上已发表的新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus, NDV）F基因相关代表序列进行同源性及遗传进化关系分析。测序结果表明,NDV-SS株F基因全长1662 bp,编码553个氨基酸,其蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,符合NDV强毒株特有的序列结构特征。同源性及遗传进化关系分析结果表明,NDV-SS株为基因Ⅵ型毒株,与鸽源新城疫IT-227、Italy-2736分离株具有较高同源性和较近的亲缘关系,推测其可能是由鸽源新城疫病毒变异所产生的。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株核衣壳基因克隆、序列分析和真核表达

根据GenBank公开序列自行设计一对引物，采用RT—PCR扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus，IBV）W和C9001分离株完整的核衣壳（N）基因，并将其克隆至pMD18-T载体进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果表明，扩增的2个IBV分离株核衣壳基因片段长度均为1230bp，编码409个氨基酸，彼此间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为88．0％和89．5％，与GenBank中有代表性的参考毒株相应基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较显示，w株核苷酸序列与GenBank中的广东分离株（AY646283）同源性最高，为94．1％，氨基酸序列同源性为94．6％；与国内部分毒株核苷酸序列同源性在86．1％～88．0％之间，氨基酸序列同源性在88．0％～90．7％之间；C9001株与国内部分毒株核苷酸序列同源性在86．4％～99．8％之间，氨基酸序列同源性在88．0％～99．8％之间。从核衣壳基因编码的氨基酸序列的系统进化树可见，W株与C9001株处于不同的进化分枝，亲缘关系较远。同时将核衣壳基因构建于真核表达质粒pVAX1中，用脂质体法将重组质粒转染入COS-7细胞中，间接免疫荧光检测出核衣壳蛋白的体外表达。研究结果为进一步研究IBV核衣壳蛋白的结构与功能以及基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

IBV D41株主要结构基因及3′端非编码区序列分析

采用反转录及聚合酶链式反应 ( RT-PCR) ,成功地扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 ( IBV)人工致弱毒D41株 S1基因、M基因、N基因和基因组 3′端非编码区 ( U TR)的 c DNA。序列测定结果表明 :D41株的 S1基因全长 1611bp(从 ATG到 S前体蛋白裂解位点 ) ,编码一条由 53 7个氨基酸组成的多肽 ;M基因全长 678bp,编码一条由 2 2 6个氨基酸组成的多肽 ;N基因全长 12 3 0 bp,编码一条由 410个氨基酸残基组成的多肽 ,3′端 UTR长度为52 5bp,其中高变区 ( HVR)长度为 2 2 5bp。与国内外已报道的一些 IBV标准毒株的相应基因序列进行核苷酸序列同源性分析后发现 :D41株与麻省血清型的毒株同源性最高 ,尤其与国际常用的标准疫苗株 H52和 H12 0的亲缘关系最接近。但它与国内“腺胃型”毒株 QXIBV在系统发生进化树上却相隔较远     

猪瘟病毒E2基因的扩增及序列分析

本研究利用RT—PCR技术，对流行于国内部分地区的9株猪瘟病毒（CSFV）E2基因进行扩增，与C-株等4株参考毒株做了同源性比较，绘制了遗传进化关系发生树，结果表明，所测序列共由442个氮基酸残基组成。可将13株CSFV分为两个组群，其E2基因间的核苷酸序列同源性为81．9％～99．7％，所推导氨基酸序列同源性为88．2％～99．5％，其中9株CSFVE2基因的长度均为1324bp，编码的氨基酸序列均包括完整信号肽序列和跨膜区序列，9株流行毒株与C-株之间核苷酸序列同源性为81．9％～95．3％。所推导氨基酸序列同源性为88．2％～95．5％。说明近期流行毒株的变异呈现一定的多样性，并且多数毒株已向远离疫菌株方向变异。     

一株基因Ⅵ型鸭新城疫病毒F基因的克隆及序列分析

以一株鸭新城疫病毒NDV-SS分离株基因组RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR方法扩增其F基因,并进行克隆和序列测定。通过序列分析软件将该毒株F基因氨基酸推导序列与GenBank上已发表的新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)F基因相关代表序列进行同源性及遗传进化关系分析。测序结果表明,NDV-SS株F基因全长1662bp,编码553个氨基酸,其蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,符合NDV强毒株特有的序列结构特征。同源性及遗传进化关系分析结果表明,NDV-SS株为基因Ⅵ型毒株,与鸽源新城疫IT-227、Italy-2736分离株具有较高同源性和较近的亲缘关系,推测其可能是由鸽源新城疫病毒变异所产生的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -