天然迷迭香抗氧化剂的研究进展

迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)是唇形科迷迭香属植物,我国南方地区已有大量种植.迷迭香精油是传统的天然香料.从提取精油后的残渣中提取得到的迷迭香提取物,具有良好的抗氧化性能,是一种天然抗氧化剂.本文综述了国内外迷迭香栽培、迷迭香提取物的主要化学成分和生产工艺及其作为抗氧化剂在油脂和食品中的应用等研究.同时展望了迷迭香提取物在其它领域,特别是在医药等领域中的应用前景.     

天然迷迭香抗氧化剂的研究进展

迷迭香(Rosmarinus of ficinalis L．)是唇形科迷迭香属植物．我国南方地区已有大量种植。迷迭香精油是传统的天然香料。从提取精油后的残渣中提取得到的迷迭香提取物．具有良好的抗氧化性能．是一种天然抗氧化剂。本综述了国内外迷迭香栽培、迷迭香提取物的主要化学成分和生产工艺及其作为抗氧化剂在油脂和食品中的应用等研究。同时展望了述迭香提取物在其它领域．特别是在医药等领域中的应用前景.     

迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取技术研究(Ⅰ)——两步提取法

极性溶剂和非极性溶剂的两步提取法是迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取的有效方法,操作简单,容易实施。迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油两步综合提取的合理条件为:粉碎的迷迭香叶子,极性溶剂95%乙醇,90℃提取3~4 h,提取物再经非极性溶剂60~90℃石油醚提取。迷迭香精油的提取得率为1.50%,其成分分析显示为西班牙型;迷迭香抗氧化剂的提取得率为16.08%,活性炭脱色精制得率为85.00%,迷迭香抗氧化剂主要含有鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸等活性成分,它们的平均含量分别为17.78%、6.23%和3.37%。     

迷迭香叶中鼠尾草酸的分离纯化

以迷迭香叶为原料,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取、超声波辅助正己烷提取及p H值调节、硅胶柱层析3步骤复合提取纯化方法制备鼠尾草酸,结果表明:迷迭香叶经超声波辅助乙醇提取得到迷迭香叶提取物,其鼠尾草酸纯度为21.06%;迷迭香叶提取物经超声波辅助正己烷提取和p H调节得鼠尾草酸粗品,其鼠尾草酸纯度为79.62%,超声波辅助正己烷提取的优化条件为:液固比20∶1(m L∶g)、超声波频率28 k Hz、超声波时间40 min、超声波功率140 W,鼠尾草酸的得率为2.0%;硅胶柱层析的优化条件为:硅胶粒径48~75μm、洗脱剂为乙酸乙酯/石油醚(体积比4∶7)、洗脱剂流速6 m L/min、上样量为0.3 g,鼠尾草酸回收率为54.12%。通过此种方法得到的鼠尾草酸纯度为95.18%。     

迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取技术研究(Ⅲ)——超临界CO2萃取法

超临界CO2萃取(SCDE)法是迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取的有效方法之一.迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油超临界CO2萃取的优选条件为:萃取时间 4 h,夹带剂 95% 乙醇与迷迭香叶子的质量比为2∶5,萃取罐和分离器I的温度分别为50和 70 ℃,分离器II的温度为 40 ℃,萃取压力 20 MPa,分离压力为4～5 MPa.迷迭香精油的平均得率为 1.80%,迷迭香精油主要含有1,8 - 桉叶素、樟脑、α - 松油醇、龙脑、马鞭草烯酮、 4 - 松油醇、乙酸龙脑酯和芳樟醇等成分.迷迭香抗氧化剂的平均得率为 11.93%,主要含有鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸等活性成分,其质量分数分别为 23.61%、 7.33% 和 5.13%.     

生产精油和抗氧化剂用迷迭香干叶标准的研制

根据行业要求,研究和制定了林业行业标准——生产精油和抗氧化剂用迷迭香干叶。该标准主要规定了迷迭香干叶的术语和定义、技术要求、取样、检验方法、包装、标志、贮存和运输等,技术要求中包含外观、气味和风味、迷迭香茎秆含量、迷迭香棕色叶含量、外来物含量、水分含量、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、挥发油含量、醇溶抽提物等技术指标,该标准适用于各种干燥方法得到的迷迭香干叶,可作为迷迭香精油和抗氧化剂生产用原料质量评价及贸易的依据。根据采样测试和结果分析,建议将迷迭香干叶设为3个等级,即优级品、一级品和二级品,并规定了3个等级迷迭香干叶技术参数的取值范围。     

萃取方法对迷迭香加工残渣提取物抑菌和抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】为实现迷迭香提取精油后残渣的高值化利用提供参考。【方法】以迷迭香提取精油后固体残渣为原料,分别采用溶剂提取(CSE)、超声波辅助提取(UAE)、超临界CO₂萃取(SC-CO₂)和亚临界萃取(SE)4种方法对有效组分进行提取,采用液相色谱-四级杆-高分辨串联质谱仪进行成分分析,通过分析对DPPH、ABTS、羟基等3种自由基的清除能力综合评估所得提取物的抗氧化能力,采用抑菌圈、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)3个指标评价提取物的抑菌效果。【结果】4种提取物中的主要活性物质为鼠尾草酚、齐墩果酸和熊果酸等萜类化合物,木樨草素、橙皮素、香叶木苷和橙皮苷等黄酮类化合物,以及鼠尾草酸和绿原酸等酚酸类化合物。采用4种方法所得提取物均具有显著的抗氧化效果,其抗氧化能力由强到弱依次为SC-CO₂、CSE、UAE、SE。采用4种方法所得提取物均对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)有明显的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为SC-CO₂、SE、CSE、UAE,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑...     

迷迭香叶中鼠尾草酸超声波辅助提取的优化

利用超声波辅助提取法提取迷迭香中的主要生物活性成分鼠尾草酸,分别研究了不同条件对鼠尾草酸提取率的影响.对5.0 g粉碎后的迷迭香叶子进行超声波辅助提取的结果表明,室温较适宜的超声波提取条件是:乙醇质量分数75%、3 g盐酸为酸稳定剂、超声波频率28 kHz、超声波功率200W、超声波提取时间40min、料液比(g:g)...     

迷迭香引种栽培与园林应用研究进展

迷迭香为唇形科迷迭香属多年生常绿芳香植物,香味浓郁且穿透力强,目前我国一些地方在进行迷迭香的栽培及开发应用研究但偏重于工业、医药用途。作为园艺香料植物,迷迭香盆栽株型优美,有很高的观赏价值。本文从园林绿化推广应用的角度出发,结合多年研究介绍迷迭香在本地区引种栽培及园林应用的进展情况。     

迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取技术研究(Ⅱ)——一步提取法

极性和非极性混合溶剂一步提取法是迷迭香抗氧化剂和精油综合提取的有效方法,操作简单,容易实施.迷选香抗氧化剂和精油一步综合提取的合理条件为:混合溶剂石油醚-乙醇-水的体积比80∶15∶5,其用量为迷迭香叶质量的10倍,80℃提取3 h.迷迭香精油的得率在2%～3%,主要含有α-蒎烯、1,8-桉叶素、莰烯、樟脑、马鞭草烯酮、龙脑、4-松油醇、芋烯和乙酸龙脑酯等成分.迷迭香抗氧化剂的得率为16.98%,主要含有鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸等活性成分,其量分别为15.17%、2.51%和5.62%.     

A new polysaccharide from leaf of Ginkgo biloba L

A water-soluble polysaccharide, GPB, was obtained from leaf of Ginkgo biloba L by hot water extraction followed by precipitation with ethanol and fractionation with gel chromatography. The results of HPLC with TSK-GEL column and gel filtration chromatography with Sepharose CL-6B analysis indicated GPB was uniform in polarity and its molecular weight (MW) was about 10 kDa. The structure of GPB was analysed using chemical methods, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. GPB has a high branched structure with polygalactose as core part of backbone. The repeating unit of polygalactose consists of 1,6-linked Galactose (Gal) and 1,3,6-linked Gal.     

紫杉链格孢1011菌株产紫杉烷类物质的分离纯化和结构鉴定(英文)

植物体内普遍存在内生真菌,它们可以产生与宿主相同或相似的生理活性物质。通过微生物发酵产生生理活性物质可以为解决能源短缺和寻找替代能源开辟一条新途径。作者初步探讨了分离和纯化高产菌株以及对其发酵代谢产物的结构鉴定的方法。采用溶剂提取法、薄层色谱法和柱色普法,对从东北红豆杉(T.cuspidataSieb.etZucc.)上分离筛选出的高产紫杉烷类物质紫杉链格孢(Alternariaalternatavar.taxi1011Y.XiangetLUAn-guo)1011菌株的发酵产物进行分离纯化,提取了一个化合物Ⅰ。经紫外扫描、红外扫描、质谱、核磁共振等方法鉴定,确定该化合物为紫杉烷类二萜Ⅲ型化合物。图1表2参12。     

Structure identification for compound I separated and purified fromtaxoids-produced endophytic fungi （Alternaria. alternata var. taxi 1011）

Endophytic fungi are widely found in almost all kinds of plants. Many endophytic fungi can produce some physio-logical active compounds, which are same to or analog to those isolated from their hosts. Producing physiological active compounds through microbial fermentation can give a new way to resolve resource limitation and to find out alternative source.Through the methods of organic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, compound I was isolated, purified from the liquid fermentation metabolites of the taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Altemaria. altemata var.taxi 1011 Y. Xiang et LU An-guo) that was screened from the bark of Taxus. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.. Compound I was identified as one kind of taxoids type Ⅲ, based on the analyzing results by using the methods of ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This study provides a completed method for separation and purification of the endophytic fungi as well as structure identification of its fermentation metabolite     

Isolation, purification and identification of polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris

Four polysaccharides from the water extract of cultured Cordyceps militaris were isolated through ethanol precipitation, deproteination and gel-filtration chromatography. Their molecular weights were determined using gel-filtration chromatography. Among the four isolated polysaccharides, the structures of two of them (CPS-2 and CPS-3) were elucidated by sugar analysis, Smith degradation, IR and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy.     

Isolation and biological properties of polysaccharide CPS-1 from cultured Cordyceps militaris

A polysaccharide from the water extract of cultured Cordyceps militaris was isolated through ethanol precipitation, deproteination and gel-filtration chromatography. Their molecular weight was determined using gel-filtration chromatography. The structure of polysaccharide CPS-1 was elucidated by sugar analysis, Smith degradation, IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. CPS-1 was shown to possess a significant antiinflammatory activity and suppressed the humoral immunity in mice but had no significant effects on the cellular immunity and the non-specific immunity.     

红树林植物来源内生真菌构巢曲霉MA143次级代谢产物的分离与结构鉴定

以红树林植物来源内生真菌构巢曲霉MA143为研究对象,对其ICI培养基发酵粗提物的化学成分进行初步研究,以期从红树林植物中分离得到具有显著生物活性的新化合物,用于如抗肿瘤、抗真菌等医药用途。采用萃取法、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、RP-18反相柱层析等技术从中分离纯化得到了3个化合物。结合碳谱(13C-NMR)、氢谱(1HNMR)、质谱(ESI-MS)等波谱学技术及相关数据库检索鉴定出这3个化合物分别为:sterigmatocystin、Versicolorin A、Averufanin。红树林植物开发新型生物活性物质的潜能不可低估,开发其药物价值,发挥其经济效益与生态效益,促进海岸居民对其加以保护和种植,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

Structure analysis of water-soluble polysaccharide CPPS3 isolated from Codonopsis pilosula

Codonopsis pilosula is a perennial species of flowering plants propagated in Northeast Asia. A water-soluble polysaccharide, CPPS₃, was extracted from the root of Codonopsis pilosula by boiled water extraction and ethanol precipitation. The molecular weight was estimated to be 7.4 × 10⁴ Da determined by using Gel permeation chromatography. Monosaccharide composition and the structure of the polysaccharide were determined by gas spectroscopy, Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy and some chemical method analysis was made. The components were galactose, arabinose and rhamnose in the molar ratio of 1.13:1.12:1. The main chain of CPPS₃ is illustrated to be (1→3)-linked-β-GalpNAc, (1→3)-linked-α-Rhap and (1→2,3)-β-Galp.     

Chemical characterization of wood and extractives of fast-growing Schizolobium parahyba and Pinus taeda

This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of wood and extractives of Pinus taeda and Schizolobium parahyba (guapuruvu) as potential feedstock for new applications in the biorefinery industry. For this purpose, their content of α-cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble lignin, hot water solubility, NaOH_1% solubility, inorganic materials (ash), and monomeric sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography was quantified. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were also used to complete the physicochemical characterization of the studied woods. The extractives were obtained by soxhlet extraction with ethanol:toluene and dichloromethane and identified with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy technique. The results showed that guapuruvu wood has the higher amount of hemicellulose (16%) when compared to pine wood (10%), which resulted in higher solubility in alkali solution. Furthermore, in relation to other biomasses, the two woods presented more percentage of lignin and minor content of hemicelluloses. The P. taeda wood presented the highest percentage of extractives mainly composed of fatty acids and aromatic hydrocarbons, while guapuruvu wood had a higher percentage of phenolic compounds and also fatty acids. Both the materials have low content of extractives with dichloromethane and were mainly composed of lipophilic compounds.     

乙酸木质素基聚氨酯硬泡的制备与性能

将乙酸制浆法废液中的木质素进行提取和精制,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、31P-NMR谱和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行表征,并利用乙酸木质素、聚醚多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯在发泡剂和催化剂的条件下合成聚氨酯硬泡。采用TG、DSC和压缩测试对聚氨酯硬泡的热学和力学性能进行研究,并用扫描电子显微镜观察聚氨酯硬泡的泡孔结构。结果表明:乙酸木质素作为多羟基聚合物,可以部分代替聚醚多元醇和异氰酸酯发生反应制备聚氨酯材料;当乙酸木质素添加量为5%时,聚氨酯硬泡的压缩强度达到1.325MPa,比未添加木质素的泡沫高出约63%,此时的压缩模量也达到0.181MPa;随着乙酸木质素添加量增加,乙酸木质素基聚氨酯硬泡的最快分解温度下降,而玻璃化转变温度没有明显升高;乙酸木质素基聚氨酯硬泡泡孔平整均匀。     

α－蒎烯等离子体聚合反应机理研究

应用ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＰＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＥＳＲ和ＩＲ等分析方法测定了α－蒎烯等离子体聚合过程中气相产物的组成及其聚合物结构。根据分析结果，提出ａ－蒎烯等离子体聚合机理是自由基聚合反应机理。