白藜芦醇通过TGF-β信号通路对肠黏膜屏障功能的调控

肠道健康水平对动物整体健康水平十分重要。作为机体抵御致病抗原入侵的防线,肠黏膜屏障的完整性极易受到损害。白藜芦醇是一种多酚类抗毒素,主要通过抗炎、抗纤维化、抗氧化等多种途径,对肠道黏膜屏障损伤及功能障碍发挥作用。转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)是一种多功能细胞因子,具有与白藜芦醇相似的功能。白藜芦醇可以通过对TGF-β/Smads信号通路的调控来影响肠道的健康。文章综述了白藜芦醇和TGF-β对肠黏膜屏障功能的作用以及白藜芦醇通过TGF-β信号通路对肠道健康的调控方式,为白藜芦醇在动物生产中的应用提供参考。     

天然提取物在影响动物氧化应激中的研究进展

氧化应激是指机体内抗氧化系统失衡。在氧化应激条件下,动物体内产生大量自由基,当自由基含量超过机体抗氧化系统清除能力时,就会引起自由基堆积,造成氧化损伤,使动物生产性能下降,器官功能受损。近年来,天然提取物在影响动物氧化应激方面的研究受到广泛关注。天然提取物作为一种潜在的动物抗氧化应激剂,具有抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节等作用,可通过减少自由基生成和提高抗氧化酶活性保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤,在维持动物正常生理活动和繁殖性能等方面具有积极作用。文章通过对天然植物提取物中抗氧化活性成分及其作用途径进行综述,以期为新型抗氧化剂的开发和应用提供参考。     

植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制

炎症及氧化应激是造成动物机体组织和器官损伤的主要原因之一,肠道炎症可造成肠黏膜损伤,进而影响其屏障功能,减弱动物对外界刺激的防御能力。植物多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群等多种潜在功效,且具有低毒、无耐药性等特点,因此,在新型饲料添加剂的开发中具有广阔的应用前景。但目前大部分植物多酚在动物体内的代谢及调控机制尚不明确,这极大阻碍了其合理有效利用。本文基于近期研究就植物多酚对氧化应激与炎症信号通路的调控机制进行综述,为其在新型饲料添加剂中的应用提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌对动物重金属污染减毒作用机制的研究进展

乳酸菌在肠道内具有抑制有害菌生长、增强免疫力、强化肠道黏膜屏障、提高饲料转化率、降低血液胆固醇水平等功能。肠道是乳酸菌发挥作用的主要场所,它们通过恢复肠道氧化损伤、保护肠道黏膜、吸附金属离子等作用机制来缓解重金属给动物机体带来的危害。本文介绍了乳酸菌对动物重金属减毒的作用机制以及这一领域的最新研究进展,以期为乳酸菌在养殖中的应用提供参考。     

乳酸菌对猪肠道屏障功能的调节作用及其机制

乳酸菌作为最重要和安全性最高的益生菌来源已被广泛关注,而乳酸菌调控人和动物肠道屏障功能已成为研究的热点,大量的体内外研究表明乳酸菌发挥益生作用的主要机制是通过调节肠道屏障功能实现的.相对于啮齿动物而言,乳酸菌在猪上的应用研究报道很多,对肠黏膜屏障功能的作用研究较少.这些研究尚未触及到乳酸菌作用机制的本质.猪肠道环境的复杂性,使得对乳酸菌调节肠道屏障功能机制的深入认识比较困难.近年来,基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学的发展,为从体内试验的角度解析乳酸菌的确切作用机制提供了新的认识和研究手段.本文综述了乳酸菌对猪肠道屏障功能的调节作用,以期能帮助对乳酸菌的深入认识和科学应用.     

家禽热应激肠道黏膜屏障损伤及营养性修复研究进展

家禽肠道既是消化和吸收营养物质的重要器官,又是保持机体内环境稳定的先天性屏障,正常肠道内的黏膜屏障对于维持家禽的健康至关重要。在热应激过程中,家禽的肠黏膜是热应激机体损伤的敏感部位,容易造成肠黏膜损伤,破坏其屏障功能,阻碍肠道正常代谢功能,降低家禽的生产性能。文章主要就热应激对肠道黏膜屏障的损伤及营养性修复作用进行综述,旨在为缓解家禽肠道黏膜损伤的营养性物质的开发与应用提供参考依据。     

氧化应激对动物肠道的危害及其营养学缓解措施

氧化应激是机体内氧化与抗氧化的失衡的反应,过多的高活性氧自由基不能清除从而造成细胞、组织、机体的损伤。肠道作为最易受到自由基攻击的器官,在动物生产中最易发生且隐蔽性强,给养殖业带来了巨大损失。本文对氧化应激的概念、发生机制进行了综述,并总结了氧化应激对动物肠道的危害及目前采取的营养学缓解措施,以期对畜禽生产有所帮助。     

益生菌与动物肠道自由基的关系

动物肠道益生菌具有免疫调节、形成肠黏膜上皮屏障功能和刺激肠道细胞增殖等多种生理作用。最新研究表明,益生菌一个重要作用机制是可通过调控肠道自由基的水平,既可发挥免疫调节作用,又避免了对肠道产生氧化损伤。益生菌能够刺激肠道细胞产生活性氧自由基(ROS),ROS参与调控肠道细胞内的氧化还原反应过程。同时,益生菌也能够利用其体内相关的酶系,清除肠道细胞产生的过量ROS,从而防止其对肠道的损伤作用。本文对益生菌通过调控肠道自由基水平,既可发挥免疫调节作用,又防止对肠道氧化损伤的功能及其相关机制进行了综述。     

热应激诱导的氧化应激对动物肠道组织的损伤

热应激是一种常见的非特异性应激,给畜牧业带来较大的损失。肠道组织在热应激作用下易发生缺血缺氧,肠道细胞产生氧化应激,造成细胞凋亡,引起肠道组织损伤。而肠道作为动物机体吸收营养、屏障病原体最为重要的器官,当其受到损伤时将直接影响到动物机体的生长发育及健康状况。本文从热应激诱导肠道细胞产生氧化应激,氧化应激对肠道的损伤,以及热应激诱导细胞凋亡途径等方面,结合国内外近年来研究进展作一综述。     

植物精油抗氧化作用机制研究进展

氧化应激是对动物生产造成巨大经济损失的常见问题之一,它是机体自由基产生增多或(和)清除能力下降,引起机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统紊乱,导致自由基在体内蓄积而引起的氧化损伤过程。氧化应激产生之后会对畜禽的生产性能和健康程度产生负面影响。因此,找到有效的外源性抗氧化剂对畜禽的健康生产有重要意义。植物精油作为天然抗氧化剂,具有安全、高效的特点,其在动物生产中的应用已成为研究热点。文章在简述自由基与氧化应激的基础上,对植物精油的抗氧化作用机制进行了分析和总结。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.