转hTERT基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的生物学特性及其表达分析

用脂质体介导法将hTERT基因转染到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞中,以期获得永生化的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞系。对转染后的阳性细胞进行细胞学和分子学相关检测。结果显示,导入hTERT的阳性细胞形态正常,并已传至第58代;未转染组细胞经长期传代后（30代）,增殖缓慢,部分细胞表现衰老和凋亡的迹象。RT-PCR检测转染组细胞中有hTERT基因表达。生长曲线绘制结果显示转染组（30代和50代）山羊胎儿成纤维细胞生长速度稍快于未转染组（5代）细胞,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。转染组细胞生长旺盛,细胞接种后第6天,基本覆盖培养孔。而未转染组（30代）细胞一直生长缓慢,差异显著（P〈0.05）。未转染组（30代）山羊胎儿成纤维细胞处于S期细胞和G1期细胞分别为28.9%和60.8%,而转染组（30代）分别为45.2%和45.0%。说明外源性hTERT基因可促进山羊胎儿成纤维细胞由G1期向S期转变,并提高细胞增殖能力。转染组（50代）山羊胎儿成纤维细胞染色体核型正常,未发生变化。未转染组（30代）细胞凋亡率和死亡率分别为39.7%和29.4%,而转染组（30代）分别为11.0%和12.7%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。hTERT蛋白在转染组（30代）山羊胎儿成纤维细胞中表达,蛋白相对分子质量为127 000。说明外源性hTERT基因可以延长胎儿成纤维细胞在体外培养的寿命,降低细胞凋亡率。     

牛胎儿皮肤成纤维细胞的分离培养及转染Ipr1基因

为了为核移植提供供体细胞,本研究构建了真核表达载体PEGFP-SRA-Ipr1,并研究了牛胎儿皮肤成纤维细胞的体外分离培养,进行了Ipr1基因转染.克隆Ipr1基因和SR-A启动子,并构建了巨噬细胞特异性真核表达载体.用组织块贴壁法分离培养牛胎儿皮肤成纤维细胞,在体外经传代、纯化后,用电穿孔法将真核表达载体PEGFP-SRA-Ipr1转染至经体外纯化的第4～10代牛胎儿成纤维细胞,24 h后观察荧光表达,48 h后加入600μg·mL-1 G418,筛选1周,300 p.g·mL-1持续筛选,然后挑选单克隆,继续扩大培养.对稳定转染的牛胎儿成纤维细胞进行PCR检测和核型分析.结果,转染24 h后有绿色荧光蛋白表达,并经G418筛选获得稳定转染PEGFP-SRA-Ipr1的牛胎儿成纤维细胞株,经PCR检测在大约1500 bp处有目的片段,经流式细胞仪分析转染细胞染色体倍型未发生变化,仍是二倍体.说明目的基因已经成功整合,同时保持了遗传稳定性.可以作为核移植进行转基因克隆牛研究.     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响

利用包含人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）基因的真核表达载体pCI-neo-hTERT转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选阳性克隆扩大培养,并对转染阳性细胞分别进行RT-PCR检测,倍性分析,细胞周期检测和细胞凋亡检测,以观察该基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响。试验结果表明,筛选出的阳性细胞现已传至第50代;RT-PCR检测,端粒酶基因成功整合到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞并持续表达;倍性分析结果显示,转基因第50代细胞呈正常二倍体;对细胞周期进行分析,结果显示转基因第50代细胞较未转染第30代细胞有较高的S期,说明该细胞DNA合成旺盛,具有很强的增殖能力;细胞凋亡检测结果发现,转基因第50代细胞中凋亡细胞的比例明显少于转染第30代山羊胎儿成纤维细胞。这些试验结果均表明,hTERT能增加山羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的代数,并保持细胞良好的形态及较强的增殖能力。     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响

利用包含人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因的真核表达载体pCI-neo-hTERT转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选阳性克隆扩大培养,并对转染阳性细胞分别进行RT-PCR检测,倍性分析,细胞周期检测和细胞凋亡检测,以观察该基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响.试验结果表明,筛选出的阳性细胞现已传至第50代;RT-PCR检测,端粒酶基因成功整合到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞并持续表达;倍性分析结果显示,转基因第50代细胞呈正常二倍体;对细胞周期进行分析,结果显示转基因第50代细胞较未转染第30代细胞有较高的S期,说明该细胞DNA合成旺盛,具有很强的增殖能力;细胞凋亡检测结果发现,转基因第50代细胞中凋亡细胞的比例明显少于转染第30代山羊胎儿成纤维细胞.这些试验结果均表明,hTERT能增加山羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的代数,并保持细胞良好的形态及较强的增殖能力.     

端粒酶基因转染猪气管黏膜上皮细胞增殖特性的研究

为了研究外源性端粒酶(hTERT)基因导入后对原代培养猪气管黏膜上皮细胞(STECs)增殖活性的影响,试验将外源性hTERT基因转染至原代分离培养的STECs中,以脂质体法用重组质粒pCI-neo-hTERT转染STECs;通过倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,间接免疫荧光法鉴定8型角蛋白的上皮源性;用PCR和Western-blot法检测转染后STECs中hTERT基因的表达情况;用MTT法和流式细胞仪分别检测转染细胞的活力和增殖周期。结果表明:脂质体和质粒体积比会影响转染效率,当二者比例为1∶3时,转染效率最佳;转染细胞经PCR扩增得到大小为461 bp的片段,Western-blot检测得到大小为125 ku的条带;转染后的细胞仍然符合上皮源性细胞的生长特点;细胞活力曲线显示,在接种后的第3～5天细胞增殖速度最快;细胞周期测定显示,转染细胞的细胞核型为2倍体,S期细胞达到48.35%。说明原代培养的STECs转染外源性hTERT基因后,细胞增殖活性增高,并保持了基本的细胞生物学特征,有进一步建立稳定传代细胞系的可能。     

永生化绵羊附睾上皮细胞系的建立及其生物学特性分析

旨在建立绵羊附睾上皮永生化细胞系,为进一步研究绵羊附睾功能调节机制提供基础。本研究采用酶消化法分离培养原代绵羊附睾上皮细胞,利用脂质体将pCI-neo-hTERT质粒转入绵羊附睾上皮细胞(SEECs),经G418筛选得到了细胞系hTERT-SEECs,免疫荧光法鉴定其角蛋白18(CK18)和人端粒酶逆转录亚基(hTERT)表达情况;RT-PCR检测其hTERT mRNA的表达;采用CCK-8法绘制细胞生长曲线检测其增殖能力;利用流式细胞仪检测其周期和细胞凋亡情况;核型分析检测其倍体情况;从mRNA和蛋白水平检测其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶5(GPX5)和雄激素受体(AR)的表达情况。结果显示,原代绵羊附睾上皮细胞呈典型的铺路石状形态。hTERT成功转入绵羊附睾上皮细胞,传45代后,hTERT-SEECs仍呈铺路石状;hTERT-SEECs仍可稳定表达CK18和hTERT,并且拥有正常的二倍体核型;hTERT-SEECs增殖能力高于原代细胞,hTERT-SEECs处于G1期的细胞比例显著低于SEECs(P0.05),处于S期细胞比例显著高于SEECs(P0.05),且其活细胞率显著高于SEECs(P0.05),凋亡率显著低于SEECs(P0.05); hTERT-SEECs和SEECs的GPX5和AR蛋白表达量差异不显著(P0.05)。本研究所建立的hTERT-SEECs经长期培养后仍具有正常的附睾上皮细胞形态,增殖能力强并保留了附睾上皮细胞的生物学特性。     

小鼠MyoD基因真核表达载体的构建与检测

为了最终建立诱导小鼠iP S细胞为成肌细胞的方法,试验在克隆小鼠Myo D基因的基础上,将其与pc DNA3.1载体连接,以构建真核表达载体;采用脂质体法将重组质粒转染到小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中,利用Real-time PCR技术、免疫荧光检测和流式分析等技术对转染前后细胞的Myo D基因表达情况进行检测。结果表明:成功克隆获得Myo D基因,并构建真核表达载体Myo D-pc DNA3.1;转染Myo D-pc DNA3.1的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞经免疫荧光检测后在荧光显微镜下呈现表达Myo D基因的红色;Real-time PCR检测其Myo D基因相对表达量提高至8.926±0.010;经BD Accuri-C6个人型流式细胞仪检测,约有93%的转染细胞表达Myo D蛋白,在荧光倒置显微镜下可观察到表达Myo D蛋白而呈现的绿色荧光。说明已成功构建特异表达Myo D基因的真核表达载体Myo D-pc DNA3.1。     

IGF-1毛囊特异表达载体的构建以及转染绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的研究

本研究旨在构建绵羊胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)毛囊特异表达载体pCDsR-KI,并转染绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,最终获得稳定表达红色荧光并可用于核移植的转基因细胞克隆.通过RT-PCR方法获得IGF-1 cDNA,其与KAP6-1基因启动子片段以及红色荧光蛋白表达元件连接构成IGF-1毛囊特异表达载体pCDsR-KI(大小7.4 kb).以组织块贴附法分离和培养绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,外源性表达载体以lipofectamineTM 2000介导转染所培养的第2代成纤维细胞,在DMEM/F12+10%FBS、37℃、5%CO2中培养,并添加G418筛选,获得了表达红色荧光蛋白的细胞克隆.经PCR法鉴定证实外源基因已经整合在细胞基因组中.通过分析转基因体细胞的生长曲线和染色体核型证明转基因细胞的生长状态良好、各项参数趋于正常.为下一步通过体细胞核移植技术获得转基因克隆绒山羊准备了核供体细胞.     

转pK2.10-拟蜘蛛拖丝蛋白基因绵羊成纤维细胞株的筛选

为了筛选转pK2.10-拟蜘蛛拖丝蛋白基因绵羊成纤维细胞株,本研究参照GenBank上蜘蛛拖丝蛋白基因序列(AY555585和AH015065)设计并人工合成拟蜘蛛基因四聚体(4S),与pcDNA3.1载体(K2.10启动子)相连构建真核表达载体(pcDNA3.1-K2.10-4S),采用脂质体介导法转染绵羊成纤维细胞,通过药物筛选、阳性细胞鉴定及体外培养等方法,获得了转蜘蛛拖丝蛋白基因的绵羊成纤维细胞株.结果,用pcDNA3.1-K2.10-4S表达载体转染冷冻复苏的绵羊成纤维细胞后,利用G418筛选法获得neo基因的抗性细胞,即阳性细胞;采用PCR方法对阳性细胞鉴定显示,所构建的载体整合到了细胞基凶组中;对阳性细胞的染色体核型分析显示,阳性细胞核型稳定,与正常细胞的核型无差异;阳性细胞经冷冻复苏后仍能保持原有的特性.该细胞株的建立为进一步开展转拟蜘蛛拖丝蛋白基因的克隆羊研究奠定了基础.     

人胰岛素原基因转染绵羊成纤维细胞及细胞株的建立

从动物耳皮肤组织采样 ,采用将组织块剪碎后直接贴附于培养瓶底部的方法进行原代培养 ,该方法使原代细胞出现率及可传代率均达到 10 0 %。根据上皮样细胞和成纤维样细胞贴壁紧实程度的不同 ,用 0 .0 5 %的胰蛋白酶-EDTA对其进行消化 ,可将两种不同类型的细胞进行分离和纯化。通过脂质体介导 ,以BLG -hINS(含乳球蛋白调控基因的人胰岛素原基因 )基因作为目的基因、GFP(绿色荧光蛋白 )基因作为标记基因共转染绵羊成纤维细胞 ,经G - 4 18筛选后 ,得到转染细胞。对转染的细胞分别用单细胞显微操作法和有限稀释法进行细胞克隆 ,两种方法均可得到克隆细胞。选形态正常、生长均匀的 5个细胞克隆进行PCR检测 ,结果 5个克隆均转有GFP基因 ,其中两个转有BLG -hINS基因。高代培养细胞、转染细胞和克隆细胞经核型分析后 ,染色体数目均为 2 7对 ,表明绵羊耳的成纤维细胞建立细胞株后 ,可以作为外源基因转染的有效供体细胞。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.