甜菜碱与蛋氨酸螯合铬对肥育猪脂肪代谢的影响

试验参考国内外的研究报道,将甜菜碱(BT)和蛋氨酸螯合铬(Cr)作为试验材料,以三江白猪商品猪为对象,通过测定生理生化指标探讨二者对肥育猪脂肪代谢的影响及其互作效应,为两种饲料添加剂在实际养猪生产中的应用提供理论和实践依据.     

微波固相法合成蛋氨酸螯合铬及其品质分析

试验以蛋氨酸和六水氯化铬为原料,研究微波固相法合成氨基酸螯合铬的最佳工艺条件,并对产品进行理化分析。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为配体摩尔比3:1,微波功率600w,微波辐射时间150s,引发水剂量20mL,此条件下产率可达到56.7%。采用红外光谱分析,确认所制的产品为络合盐。试验结果表明螯合率为82.1%,产品纯度为91%,其中蛋氨酸含量为86.63%,Cr含量为11.50%。在水溶液中蛋氨酸螯合铬比较稳定;在生理条件下,产品溶解性较好。     

蛋氨酸铬与稀土(镧、铈)壳糖胺螯合盐协同作用对肥育猪生长性能和肉品质的影响

试验旨在探讨蛋氨酸铬与稀土(镧、铈)壳糖胺螯合盐对肥育猪生产性能的影响。试验选择平均体重(59±1.32)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪108头,随机分成4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复9头猪。试验组日粮分别在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平的蛋氨酸铬(以铬计0、0.2、0.4、0.6 mg/kg)与稀土(镧、铈)壳糖胺螯合盐200 g/t,对照组饲喂基础日粮。试验期41 d。试验结果表明:添加0.4 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬+200 g/t有机稀土(Ⅱ组)和0.6 mg/kg蛋氨酸铬+200 g/t有机稀土(Ⅲ组)显著提高肥育猪的日增重和饲料转化率。试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,屠宰率、滴水损失差异显著(P<0.05)。     

甜菜碱对肉雏鸡蛋氨酸和脂肪代谢的影响

用添加６００、１３００、２０００、２７００ｍｇ／ｋｇ甜菜碱的饲粮,以添加和不添加蛋白氨酸为对照,分别饲喂艾维茵雏鸡２４ｄ,均导致了试验鸡肝脏甜菜碱－高半胱氨酸Ｓ－甲基转移酶活性升高,其中以２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量组效果最为明显,ＢＨＭＴ活性比不添加蛋氨酸组高８１．２５％,     

不同甜菜碱用量替代蛋氨酸对肉仔鸡的影响

在基础日粮中,用甜菜碱部分替代蛋氨酸添加量的1／2或2／3,以观察对肉用仔鸡的影响,结果表明：用甜菜碱代替1／2蛋氨酸时,肉仔鸡的日增重和体重与对照组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,替代2／3时差异显著（P〈0．05）;替代1／2蛋氨酸组饲料转化率显著高于对照组和替代2／3组（P〈0．05）,死亡率各组之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。     

甜菜碱替代部分蛋氨酸对蛋鸡产蛋高峰前期的影响

甜菜碱(Betaine)，也称甘氨酸三甲胺内盐，是一种具有活性的甲基供体，可部分代替蛋氨酸和胆碱，促进脂肪代谢，改善饲料的适口性，提高饲料的利用率和鱼类的成活率，提高治疗球虫的疗效，并且保持粪便较低的含水率，对改善鸡舍卫生也有好处。蛋氨酸、胆碱和甜菜碱这3种不同的物质有各自不同的生     

甜菜碱在生长肥育猪中的应用

甜菜碱是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的天然化合物,无毒无害,最初从甜菜中提取而得名。它的基本功能是作为机体甲基化反应的供体和维持渗透压平衡的保护剂。在动物代谢过程中起着非常重要的作用。甜菜碱的研究始于60年代,但其在养猪     

日粮中添加不同形式三价铬对肥育猪组织铬沉积的影响

本项目旨在研究不同形式三价铬对肥育猪组织铬沉积的影响.选用96头体重约65 kg的杜长大三元杂交猪,按体重相近、公母各1/2的原则随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪.试验猪第Ⅰ组设为对照,饲喂基础饲粮,其余3组为试验组,分别于基础日粮中添加含200 ug/kg铬的氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬、纳米铬.试验猪随意采食,自由饮水,试验为期40 d.饲养试验结束后,从每组中选择体重相近的8头猪进行屠宰和样品采集分析.结果表明,饲粮中添加200 ug/kg三价纳米铬显著提高了肥育猪日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),全血、背最长肌、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、空肠和回肠中铬沉积量显著提高(P<0.05).饲粮中添加铬显著增加了粪便中铬的排泄量(P<0.05),纳米铬和吡啶羧酸铬组尿铬含量显著上升(P<0.05).由研究结果得出,纳米粒径化可以显著提高铬在肥育猪组织器官中的沉积,纳米铬相比常规氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬具有更高的吸收率.     

蛋氨酸螯合锌对肉鹑增重及蛋白质代谢率的影响

本实验研究了蛋氨酸螯合锌对肉鹑增重及蛋白质代谢率的影响。试验结果表明：各试验组增重显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）,而料肉比低于对照组,但未达到统计学显著水平。蛋白质表观代谢率第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜００５）,第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜００１）极显著高于对照组,第Ⅱ组显著高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜００５）。     

蛋氨酸铬对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选用144头体重相近、胎次相近的二元杂交母猪为试验动物,随机分为3个处理组。对照组为基础日粮组,试验组分别添加200μg/kg和400μg/kg的蛋氨酸铬,研究蛋氨酸铬对繁殖母猪繁殖性能的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,母猪饲喂蛋氨酸铬在下一胎可提高窝产仔数1.3～1.4头(P=0.01)。此外,母猪饲喂蛋氨酸铬可以有效降低母猪哺乳期体重损失、有提高断奶仔猪窝重的趋势。因此,蛋氨酸铬是一种改善母猪繁殖性能的有效铬源。     

Impact of betaine on pig finishing performance and carcass composition

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation of finishing diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of swine. Experiment 1 included 288 pigs in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of barrows and gilts of two genetic populations fed diets with 1.25 g/kg supplemental betaine from either 83 or 104 kg to 116 kg and control pigs fed betaine-devoid diets. Pigs were housed three pigs per pen with eight replicate pens per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 300 ppm added choline. Genetic populations differed (P < 0.05) in fat depth (2.24 vs 2.93 cm) and longissimus muscle depth (53.8 vs 49.1 mm) at 116 kg. Betaine reduced feed intake (P < 0.05); however, real-time ultrasound measurements were not affected. In Exp. 2, 400 pigs were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of sex (barrow or gilts), betaine (0 or 1 g/kg of diet), and crude protein (CP) (0.70% lysine = 12.7% CP or 0.85% lysine = 15.0% CP) when fed from 60 to 110 kg live weight. Pigs had been assigned to either a high- or low-protein feeding regimen at an average initial weight of 11.3 kg and were maintained on their respective protein levels throughout the experiment. For a 56-d period from 61.7 kg to 113.6 kg, pigs were fed diets with 300 ppm added choline. Within each protein level, pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing 0 or 1 g/kg betaine. Pigs were group-housed (four to five pigs per pen). Pig weight and feed intake were recorded every 28 d. Real-time ultrasound measurements were recorded initially and at d 28 on 64 pigs, and on all pigs prior to slaughter. Growth rate was fastest and feed intake greatest for barrows (P < 0.05) and for pigs receiving 12.7% crude protein. A crude protein x betaine interaction (P < 0.05) was observed from d 28 to 56 with pigs fed the 15% CP diet growing fastest when supplemented with 1 g/kg betaine, and pigs receiving the 12.7% CP diet growing fastest when the diets contained 0 g/kg betaine. Gilts more efficiently (P < 0.05) converted feed into body weight gain, as did pigs receiving the 12.7% CP diet (P < 0.05). Longissimus muscle area and fat measurements were unaffected by betaine or dietary protein on d 28. However, by d 56 betaine reduced average fat depth in barrows (P < 0.05; 3.21 vs 3.40 cm), but not in gilts. Betaine may be more effective at altering body composition in barrows than in gilts.     

甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

试验选用体重70 kg左右、日龄相近、体质良好的杜长大三元杂交猪45头,采用单因子随机设计,分为对照组、试验1、2、3、4组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、500、1000、1500、2000 mg/kg甜菜碱的日粮,试验期30 d,研究甜菜碱对肥育猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验2、3、4组日均采食量、日增重、屠宰率、瘦肉率、肉色评分、大理石评分显著提高(P<0.05),背膘厚度显著降低(P<0.05),试验1组各项指标有所改善,但效果不显著(P>0.05),本试验表明,饲料中添加甜菜碱可提高育肥猪生长性能,改善胴体品质和肉品质,其中添加1500、2000 mg/kg的甜菜碱效果较为理想。     

二丁酰cAMP对育肥猪蛋白质代谢的调控

选用 6 0kg左右的杜×长杂交猪 2 4头 ,随机分成 1个对照组、3个试验组 (分别添加二丁酰cAMP10、2 0、30mg/kg) ,进行饲养试验、屠宰试验 ,研究其对育肥猪生长和蛋白质代谢调控的效果。结果表明 ,添加二丁酰cAMP ,能提高生长育肥猪的生长性能和改善胴体品质。以添加二丁酰cAMP2 0mg/kg效果最好 ,与对照组相比 ,日增重提高 13.91%(P <0 .0 1) ,料重比降低 12 .2 8%(P <0 .0 1) ,血液中谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)、谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)的活性 ,分别比对照组提高了 15 .5 3%(P <0 .0 1)、4 0 .5 0 %(P <0 .0 1)和 2 4 .2 0 %(P <0 .0 1) ;胴体瘦肉率提高 8.12 %(P <0 .0 5 ) ,眼肌面积增加 11.98%(P <0 .0 5 ) ,平均背膘厚下降 18.90 %(P <0 .0 1) ;肌肉间脂肪含量提高 2 8.88%(P <0 .0 1)。结果表明 ,二丁酰cAMP对育肥猪生长和蛋白质代谢调控有明显的作用。     

Influence of protein and methionine concentrations and body size on the growth and carcase of muscovy ducks in the finishing stage of production

1. The effect of two dietary protein (125 vs 145 g/kg) and methionie (2.2 vs 5.2 g/kg) concentrations on the growth and carcase composition of male Muscovy ducklings was followed for 15 days. In the first experiment, two weight groups (light (Lw) and heavy (Hw)) of 64 birds each were compared while in the second, the comparison concerned hybrids (R61 and R31, 88 ducks each). At the beginning of the experiments, the ducks were 11 and 10 weeks old, respectively.

2. Meal feeding, associated with adequate rationing, reduced fattening but not muscular development. Hybrid R31 growth rate was faster than that of R61. In the two experiments, the birds whose growth had been slower before the beginning of the test period displayed the highest growth rate which was mainly caused by an increase in breast muscle.

3. Methionine supplementation (5.2 g/kg) improved the muscular development of the fillets. Minimal protein requirements were close to 10.3 g CP/MJ ME, but a diet with 12.7 g CP/MJ ME resulted in a slightly higher growth rate in ducklings with delayed growth.     

早期断奶仔猪日粮中蛋氨酸、苏氨酸水平对机体蛋白质代谢的影响

试验采用早期断奶仔猪(26±1日龄,BW668±004kg)72头,按2×3因素水平设计,即两个蛋氨酸水平(029%,039%)和三个苏氨酸水平(060%,068%和076%)分为6种日粮处理.基础日粮为玉米-小麦-豆粕-花生粕型日粮,试验期为22d.试验结束时,各组选取2头仔猪进行屠宰,取肝脏及背最长肌,分析组织样品中蛋白质(Protein)、DNA和RNA含量,并计算Protein/RNA的比值,以研究蛋白质合成效率的变化.结果表明,日粮中苏氨酸的不同水平对肝脏中蛋白质水平有显著影响(P<0.05),日粮中不同水平蛋氨酸和苏氨酸对肝脏及背最长肌中DNA、RNA含量及蛋白质与RNA比值无影响.     

饲料中添加烟酸铬对肥育猪生长和代谢的影响

将20头杜长大肥育猪随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组日粮添加200μg·kg-1烟酸铬(以Cr元素计)作85天饲喂试验。结果表明:(1)试验组日增重比对照组提高10.9%;料重比下降6%。(2)添加烟酸铬对血清中钾、钠、氯化物、镁、总蛋白、白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶、直接胆红素、总胆红素、IgG、IgM无影响(P>0.05);血清中钙、磷、铁、葡萄糖、尿素氮、尿酸、甘油三脂、总胆固醇、血红蛋白、磷酸肌酸激酶和肌酐的含量显著下降;碱性磷酸酶含量显著升高(P<0.01)。(3)猪体组织Cr含量均未超过国家限量标准。(4)猪体各器官组织正常。由此可见,在生长肥育猪中添加一定量铬制剂对猪有正面效应。     

甜菜碱和酵母铬对高温环境中肉牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究甜菜碱和酵母铬对高温环境中肉牛生产性能的影响。试验选择32头胎次相同、体重相近的中国西门塔尔牛,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、2组和3组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加21 g/d.头的甜菜碱,0.8 mg/kg酵母铬,以及21 g/d.头甜菜碱和0.8 mg/kg酵母铬的混合物。试验期为42 d,结果表明:(1)添加甜菜碱和酵母铬对肉牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度影响不明显(P>0.05);(2)与对照组相比,试验1组肉牛采食量提高了17.22%,试验3组提高了4.38%,试验2组降低了1.81%,但均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验1组,2组和3组日增重分别提高39.66%、31.03%和8.93%(P>0.05);料肉比试验1组,2组和3组分别比对照组降低16.04%、25.07%(P<0.05)和0.79%。     

蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生长、脏器指数及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生长、脏器指数及血清生化指标的影响,为确定日粮中蛋氨酸铬的适宜添加量提供科学依据。试验选用1日龄AA肉鸡528只,设4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复33只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,其它处理组饲喂分别在基础日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬0.1 mg/kg(Ⅰ组)、0.2 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、0.6 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)的日粮(以Cr3+计),试验期49 d。结果表明:蛋氨酸铬能显著降低饲料消耗(P<0.05),但对肉鸡各日龄段平均体重、料重比和成活率影响差异均不显著(P>0.05)。除能显著降低心脏相对重量(P<0.05)外,日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡其它脏器相对重量影响差异均不显著(P>0.05)。日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对血液生化指标影响显著(P<0.05)。因此,日粮中补充蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生产性能、脏器指数影响不明显;但对血液生化指标影响显著,建议日粮中蛋氨酸铬添加量以0.2 mg/kg为宜。     

Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers

1. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and lipid metabolism in growing broilers. 2. A total of 450 commercial broilers, 22 d of age, were randomly allocated to three groups, each of which included three replicates (50 birds per replicate). The groups received the same methionine-deficient diet supplemented with 0 or 1 g/kg methionine, or 0.5 g/kg betaine, respectively. 3. Methionine and betaine supplementation significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion. Supplemental methionine and betaine also significantly increased breast muscle yield and decreased abdominal fat content. Meanwhile, addition of methionine and betaine significantly increased the contents of creatine and free carnitine in liver, the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat and the concentration of free fatty acid in serum, whereas uric acid concentration in serum was significantly decreased. 4. The results of this study suggest that betaine can spare methionine in its function as an essential amino acid and is as effective as methionine in improving performance and carcase quality of growing broilers if the diet is moderately deficient in methionine. The decrease in abdominal fat may be due to the increased carnitine synthesis in liver and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in abdominal fat.     

蛋氨酸铜对绵羊增重及体内代谢的影响

26只晋中绵羊随机分为试验组(添加蛋氨酸铜)和对照组(添加硫酸铜),供试日粮及营养水平完全相同,试验时间60d。结果表明,试验组比对照组绵羊平均日增重提高34.22%(P<0.05);平均日粮干物质采食量、肝脏铜和血浆铜含量明显提高(P<0.05)。