刺参稚参不同培育密度对生长的影响

刺参(Aposlichopus japonicus Sele-nka)稚参后期至幼参的培育结果不仅影响幼参单位面积出苗量,也影响到幼参(种苗)的出池规格。培育结果的好坏,主要取决于饵料的效果,培育管理技术是否得当以及培育密度等因子。隋锡林等(1984、1986)曾报告了不同饵料对稚参后期培育效果的影响以及稚、幼参高密度培育技术。关于稚参后期培育     

刺参人工育苗研究——稚参用配合饵料的效果

近年，刺参人工育苗技术的研究已获较大进展。单位水体出苗量已达较高水平。但稚参至幼参阶段的培育技术尚未完全突破，单位面积出苗量及成活率均较低。提高这一阶段的成活率，关键在于解决适宜的饵料，特别是稚参用配合饵料。但国内、外对此还很少研究，为解决稚参用配合饵料这一技术关键，我所从1981年以来开展了此项研究，现将试验研究结果初步报告如下。     

不同饲料搭配及投喂量对仿刺参稚、幼参生长和成活的影响

水温(22.8±1.5)℃,将体长1.0~2.0 mm的仿刺参稚参放养到容水40 L的塑料槽中,每槽150头,研究不同饲料搭配及投喂量对稚、幼参生长和成活的影响。在前一试验中,给幼参分别投喂含鼠尾藻、酵母和配合饲料98.0%、2.0%、0%(1组),95.0%、0%、5.0%(2组),30.0%、5.0%、65.0%(3组),60.0%、5.0%、35.0%(4组),90.0%、5.0%、5.0%(5组);投喂量为360.7%~107.1%;在后一试验中,采用第4组的搭配比例,6、7、8、9、10组的投喂量分别为第4组的1/4、1/2、1.0、5/4、3/2。每组4个平行。试验结果表明,稚、幼参摄食不同搭配饲料时,第1个月生长和成活率差异不显著;中期,第1、2组的幼参生长显著快于其他组;后期,第3组生长显著快于其他组。稚、幼参的成活率与配合饲料的添加量呈正相关。在后一试验中,前期稚参的生长速度随投喂量的增加而加快;中、后期,各水槽稚参的总质量随投喂量的增加而增加,但平均每头质量与投喂量不呈正相关,第9组的稚参增长最快,第8组成活率最高,第6、7组的成活率最低。中、后期换水前水中氨氮含量显著高于换水后。文中提出了仿刺参苗种培育期间的适宜投喂模式。     

异地刺参选育组合的稚幼参生长速率差异性分析

采用Duncan's新复极差测验分析方法,对青岛(Q)、烟台(Y)、威海(W)、日照(R)、长岛(C)的野生刺参群体进行了不同组合的选种繁育技术研究,以当地刺参自交作为对照组,对各组合的体质量日增长率和体长日增长率进行了比较分析.数据分析表明,各选育组的生长优势明显高于对照组.其中,Y(♀)×Q(♂)选育组的体质量日增长率和体长日增长率最高,分别为5.31%/d、3.66%/d,表现出良好的选育优势.研究表明,不同组选育组合之间剌参体长日增长率与体质量日增长率之间有一定的线性关系,但其之间的线性关系不明显.而Q(♀)×W(♂)和W(♀)×C(♂)选育组合的稚幼参体质量日增长率和体长日增长率分别为3.39%/d、2.11%/d;2.63%/d、3.05%/d,说明在同期的一定时间内体质量日增长率与体长日增长率不呈正相关.     

稚参的培育技术

刺参育苗近几年发展很快．但稚参阶段成活率普遍不高．更有不少场家疏于管理，导致稚参患病甚至全军覆没．现总结出稚参培育阶段的一些技术要点．供借鉴。     

不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响

采用室内受控的实验方法研究了不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响。实验设暗光、微强光、强光3个光照处理,同时每个光照处理组分别投喂两种饵料(人工配合饲料、人工配合饲料加底栖硅藻)。研究结果表明,不同光照强度下,幼参的生长差异显著(P<0.05),每种饵料处理下强光处理组幼参的特定生长率和日增重明显高于暗光处理组,而相同光照强度下两种饵料处理对幼参生长的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。3个光照处理下幼参的特定生长率平均分别为0.26%、0.63%、0.98%/d,日增重为0.53、1.39、2.26 g/d。     

提高稚参培育成活率的关键技术

笔者根据多年从事刺参人工育苗的实践,提出以下提高稚参成活率的主要技术措施。一、控制附苗密度控制适宜的附着密度,是提高稚参成活率的重要环节。实践证明,刚变态的稚参在附着基上的附着密度以0.2～0.5头/厘米2为宜,一般不超过1头/厘米2,     

影响刺参幼参成活和生长的几个因素的研究

在刺参人工育苗过程中，从稚参到幼参阶段极易受外界综合因子影响，成活率很低。本文采用数理统计的方法，选择四种因子对此阶段死亡率进行试验。从方差和直观分析看到稚参的附着密度和饵料品种对其成活率和生长的影响大于水温和换水方式。稚参附着密度以0．2头／cm^2为最佳，0．5头／cm^2次之；饵料以鼠尾藻磨碎液为最佳，其次是鼠尾藻液和叉鞭金藻的混合液．     

刺参稚幼参露天池塘中间培育的可行性研究与开发

国内传统的刺参人工育苗工艺规程中,稚幼参的中间培育是在室内育苗池进行的,其生产成本高,培育成活率受室内条件影响而不稳定的问题日显突出。本试验研究,旨在将传统的中间培育方式改扩在露天池塘中进行,以扩大生产规模,提高苗种质量,节约生产成本,提高生产效益。     

不同饲料原料及添加剂配比对刺参稚幼参生长和存活的影响

采用海泥、鱼粉、豆粕、马尾藻粉、混合维生素、维生素C和枯草芽孢杆菌为饲料原料及添加剂,设计7因素3水平的正交实验,比较分析了不同饲料原料及添加剂配比下刺参稚幼参的生长速度和存活率。结果表明:海泥、维生素C以及混合维生素对体重生长影响显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),而豆粕、芽孢杆菌和马尾藻粉对稚幼参体重生长无显著影响(P>0.05);海泥与混合维生素显著(P<0.05)或极显著影响(P<0.01)稚幼参的存活。通过多重比较,综合饲料原料对刺参生长与存活的最佳配比,投喂饲料中海泥、维生素C、鱼粉、混合维生素的最佳添加比例分别为:15%、0.3%~0.5%、5%或15%、0.3%。     

刺参增养殖技术

1生活习性与生理生态 刺参喜生活于岩礁底的浅海中,特别喜在海藻繁茂的地方.刺参也分布于大型藻类生活的沙泥底质.纯泥底很少有刺参分布. 摄食量最高值出现在2～3月份,最低为8月份.刺参主要摄取海底表层的细菌及底栖硅藻,还兼食海藻碎片、原生动物、螺类及双壳类的幼体,桡足类、虾蟹类的蜕皮壳等.     

礁石堆密度对仿刺参幼参生长和存活的影响

将规格相近的8—9块礁石装入渔用网袋中,制成礁堆。在12个50cm&#215;40cm&#215;30cm塑料水槽中,分别放入0,1,2,3个网袋礁堆,礁堆体积分别占水体积的0％、2．12％、4．08％和6．71％,每组3个平行。每个水箱中放入平均体质量为2．0g的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）9头,投喂配合饲料,常规管理,研究了礁石堆密度对仿刺参幼参生长和存活的影响。156d的饲养表明,夏眠前放置礁堆的水槽中,仿刺参的增重率和特殊生长率均高于未放置礁堆的水槽,其中放置1和3个礁堆的仿刺参增重率和特殊生长率较高。各试验水槽水中,总氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量随礁堆数量的增加而降低,各试验水槽水中化学需氧量（COD）随礁堆数量的增加而降低;夏眠期间,仿刺参减重率和死亡率随礁堆数量的增加而升高;夏眠后,仿刺参的生长依礁堆数量的增加而降低。文中讨论了礁堆在仿刺参养殖中的生态作用及其作用的演变。     

仿刺参基因组大小的测定

仿刺参基因组大小测定采用流式细胞术,以鸡红血细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/2C)为内标,用夏眠、正常和野生3个群体的仿刺参体腔细胞测定了52只刺参的单倍体基因组含量,其C-值为(0.90±0.06)pg,由此得出仿刺参基因组大小为(880.2±58.68)Mb。其中,夏眠、正常和野生群体C-值分别为(0.93±0.05)、(0.90±0.05)和(0.84±0.02)pg。运用独立样本t检验对比分析显示:(1)夏眠与正常的仿刺参基因组大小之间差异不显著,说明仿刺参基因组大小与夏眠这一生理因子不具有相关性;(2)池塘(围堰)养殖环境下与野生环境下的仿刺参基因组大小之间有显著差异,野生环境下的仿刺参基因组明显小于池塘(围堰)养殖环境下的基因组。据此推测,环境因子的改变可能对仿刺参乃至整个海参类群基因组DNA含量产生影响。实验还对C-值测定的发展和方法作了详尽的描述,同时在综合其他种类海参基因组大小研究的基础上,探讨了C-值与进化地位之间的关系。     

Cryopreservation of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) sperm

A simple and convenient method for the cryopreservation of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) sperm was tested in the present study. The highest motility (76.7±2.9%) of post‐thawing sperm was obtained in 15% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) with a 1:9 dilution (semen volume to DMSO volume) when 0.5 mL semen–DMSO mixture was frozen at 6 cm above liquid N₂ in a closed styrofoam box. After thawing, sperm cryopreserved in glycerol almost lost motility entirely. Although there was no significant difference in percentage of motile sperm between 15% and 20% DMSO, the duration of sperm motility of 15% DMSO group was longer than that of 20% DMSO group. The motility of post‐thawing sperm enhanced when the dilution ratio of semen increased from 1:1 to 1:9. Morphological changes such as the loss of mitochondria, swollen plasma membrane and broken or rolled‐up tails were observed in post‐thawing sperm using an eosin–nigrosin staining. The fertility of cryopreserved sperm was significantly lower than that of unfrozen sperm. The 10‐fold increase in sperm to egg ratio resulted in double fertility for cryopreserved sperm, and about 70% fertility relative to the control.     

Sedimentation and sediment characteristics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) culture ponds

Annual sedimentation, re-suspension rates and contents of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and total phosphorus (TP) in the sediment were investigated in two sea cucumber culture ponds at Rongcheng, Shandong Province, China. The results showed that the average flux of total particulate matter in the ponds was 22.1 g m² d⁻¹. The average re-suspension rate of the sediment in the ponds was 81.7%. The re-suspension rates in spring and autumn were higher than those in summer and winter. The mean contents of POC, PON and TP in the sediment of the ponds were 4.4, 0.5 and 0.6 (mg g⁻¹), respectively, and the mean contents of Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and pheophytin in the sediment were 8.1 and 12.1 μg g⁻¹ respectively. The POC, PON and TP contents in the sediment of the ponds increased during the period of sea cucumber aestivation (summer) and hibernation (winter), while they decreased during the feeding periods. The organic matter accumulation rate and the contents of POC, PON, TP, Chl a and pheophytin in the sediment were even lower than those in the pond without sea cucumber (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that sea cucumber culture can effectively stop nutrient accumulation at the bottom of the cucumber culture ponds.     

刺参养殖技术

世界海参养殖以刺参(温带种)和糙刺参(热带种)为主,中国、日本、韩国等国主要养殖刺参.我国60年代刺参育苗成功,70年代利用天然海域投放参苗人工增殖,80年代大水体高密度刺参人工育苗.     

益倍康对刺参生长、消化和免疫相关指标的影响

以刺参为试验对象,在其基础饲料中分别添加1、5、10、20g/kg的微生态制剂益倍康,进行60d的饲养试验,研究益倍康对刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响。结果表明,益倍康具有一定的促长作用,20g/kg组的特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。益倍康对提高刺参消化酶活性、免疫功能具有积极作用,其中20g/kg组的淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);5g/kg组的淀粉酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);统计分析表明,5g/kg为益倍康最适添加量。     

Effects of stocking density and body physical contact on growth of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of physical contact on the growth of Apostichopus japonicus through various stocking densities, group culture and physical isolation culture. The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR), the feed conversion efficiencies and the energy used for growth of the animal decreased with the increase in stocking density, while the coefficient of variations (CV) in group culture treatments increased. In high density treatments (4, 6 ind./40 L), the SGRs in isolated culture treatments were not different to those in group culture treatments of the same density, however, the CVs in the latter (58.0% and 60.4%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the former (37.8% and 35.8%, respectively). The CV difference between group one and isolated one of the same density (20.2% and 24.7%, respectively) was less than that in single individual culture (32.7%), indicating that the effect of physical contact on growth variation was weaker than that of genetic factor. This study proved that the individual growth variation in sea cucumber resulted mainly from genetic factor and physical contact, while some chemical mediator might also be the factor affecting the growth rate of sea cucumber.