美洲黑杨不同生长势无性系生长和生理特征的差异

以高(A)、低(B)生长势2个群体为试验材料,通过表型性状和生理指标的连续采集开展生长性状、光合生理特征及养分吸收等特性相关研究。结果表明:A系号与B系号在根、茎、叶的干质量及总干质量上差异显著或极显著,不同器官干物质分配上根干质量比例最小,且A系号干物质分配倾向于茎,而B系号倾向于叶;从6—9月,生长和生理特征变化呈现一定的规律性,不同月份间7月份各系号生长最快,生理特征值变化幅度最大;相关性分析表明:苗高和地径与单叶面积、夜间呼吸速率、NH4+的吸收速率及总光合速率均呈显著相关(R>0.826,P<0.05),说明幼苗生长主要受自身总光合能力、养分吸收和夜间呼吸消耗的影响,而A系号在这些因子上均优于B系号,由此构建了其高生长势的生理基础。     

城市生活污水浇灌对银杏幼苗生长的影响

采用定量浇灌的方法,在景德镇市研究了浇灌城市生活污水对银杏(Ginkgo biloba)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,处理B (污水稀释60%)和处理C (污水稀释100%)对银杏幼苗的苗高增长有显著的促进作用,而处理A (污水不稀释)显著抑制苗高、叶面积、茎粗的增长;同时处理A的幼苗叶片叶绿素含量为2.65 mg/dm2,与对照1.938mg/dm2存在显著的差异,而处理B和处理C与对照之间不存在显著差异。通过以上实验结果分析,当污水稀释至一定比例,例如0.6:1和1:1时,都对银杏幼苗生长有一定的促进作用;污水灌溉能使得银杏的叶绿素含量明显增加,很有效地促进银杏的光合作用。       

黑榆不同无性系苗期表型性状及光合特征的差异性比较

为了解黑榆不同无性系的遗传变异情况,以河北省深州市栽培的15个黑榆无性系为材料,对黑榆不同无性系的生长、叶片形态和光合生理指标进行对比分析,结果表明:15个黑榆无性系间苗期生长性状及光合生理等性状指标差异显著,在15个黑榆无性系中,D7的地径最大,为2.33cm;B19平均苗高最大,为2.57m;叶长、叶宽、叶面积在不同无性系间存在显著差异,单叶面积最大相差4.1倍,不同无性系间宽长比在0.58~1.21之间变化,说明黑榆不同无性系间在叶片形态上存在着广泛的遗传变异,而且差异显著。无性系B18、D9的净光合速率最高,分别为23.54μmol/(m2·s)和23.82μmol/(m2·s);无性系D2蒸腾速率最高,为11.18mmol/(m2·s),无性系D4的蒸腾速率最低,为6.71mmol/(m2·s)。结合生长性状分析不同无性系的净光合速率,发现具有较高净光合速率的无性系,并不具有较大生长量,蒸腾速率反而和较大生长量存在显著的负相关。     

杨树苗期光合特征值与无性系产能相关性的探讨

木材产量是营林工作的终极目标,光合作用是叶绿体利用光合有效辐射将CO_2和H_2O同化为有机物质生产过程,探寻影响产量宏观指标的微观光合特征值,是杨树无性系育种工作的重要内容。为此,对湘林—90等7个杨树新、老无性系进行苗期光响应曲线测定,将暗呼吸速率等5个光合特征值与其主伐阶段的材积生长量作相关分析和逐步回归。在光合特征值中,暗呼吸速率与光补偿点呈紧密负相关关系;模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量与10年生材积生长量关系最为紧密,影响最大。按多元线性回归标准回归系数判断,各光合特征值对材积生长影响力的排序为:模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量光合速率光响应曲线实测值之和暗呼吸速率光补偿点光饱和点时最大光合速率。模拟光合作用白昼CO_2净同化总量或光合速率光响应曲线实测值之和可以作为杨树育种苗期选择的重要指标。     

A multivariate statistical approach to predicting mature tree performance based on seedling characteristics

A common objective in commercial reforestation is to plant seedlings that will produce superior adult trees. Long forest management planning horizons and life spans of most forest trees complicate the prediction of growth and performance of adult trees originating from planted seedlings of unknown genetic origin. We used multivariate statistics to identify and rank a set of seedlings characteristics that could predict the performance of mature trees in Pinus ponderosa. Results indicated that metabolic heat rate (q), a measure of total metabolism, of one-year-old foliage during the peak growth in May, was the most important seedling characteristic that predicted mature-tree performance. Increased metabolic heat rate in seedlings corresponded with greater vigor of mature trees. Additionally, seedling basal stem diameter (D), height (H), and needle length (NL), measured in November, were, in order of importance, other variables that defined the vigor class of the mature clones. However, these seedling morphological characteristics correlated negatively with vigor classification of the mature clones, contradicting the notion that greater D and/or H during the seedling stage may indicate a greater vigor at maturity.     

Growth response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen fertilization: importance of Rubisco activation state and respiration rates

High foliar nitrogen concentration ([N]) is associated with high rates of photosynthesis and thus high tree productivity; however, at excessive [N], tree productivity is reduced. Reports of excessive [N] in the Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range prompted this investigation of growth and needle physiological responses to increasing foliar N concentrations in 1-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings. After 1 year of N fertilization, total seedling biomass increased with each successive increase in N fertilizer concentration, except in the highest N fertilization treatment. Of the many physiological responses that were analyzed, only photosynthetic capacity (i.e., Vcmax), respiration rates and leaf specific conductance (KL) differed significantly between N treatments. Photosynthetic capacity showed a curvilinear relationship with foliar [N], reaching an apparent maximum rate when needle N concentrations exceeded about 12 mg g(-1). In vitro measurements of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity suggested that photosynthetic capacity was best related to activated, not total, Rubisco content. Rubisco activation state declined as foliar [N] increased, and based on its significant correlation (r2= 0.63) with foliar Mn:Mg ratios, it may be related to Mn inactivation of Rubisco. Respiration rates increased linearly as foliar N concentration increased (r2= 0.84). The value of K(L) also increased as foliar [N] increased, reaching a maximum when foliar [N] exceeded about 10 mg g(-1). Changes in K(L) were unrelated to changes in leaf area or sapwood area because leaf area to sapwood area ratios remained constant. Cumulative effects of the observed physiological responses to N fertilization were analyzed by modeling annual net CO2 assimilation (Anet) based on treatment specific values of Vcmax, dark respiration (Rdark) and KL. Estimates of Anet were highly correlated with measured total seedling biomass (r2= 0.992), suggesting that long-term, cumulative effects of maximum Rubisco carboxylation, Rdark and KL responses to N fertilization may limit seedling production when foliar N exceeds about 13 mg g(-1) or is reduced to less than about 11 mg g(-1).     

北方型美洲黑杨不同无性系重要性状评价

[目的]为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法]采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果]表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论]北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。     

半红树植物海檬果幼苗耐盐性研究

温室内对半红树植物海檬果幼苗进行7个盐度(5、8、11、14、17、20、23 g.kg-1)的胁迫处理,并对各处理下海檬果的生长量、生物量、生理指标和光合速率进行测定,结合生理指标进行适应度分析。结果表明:海檬果的苗高增量、地径增量、叶片数增量,根、径、叶干质量及总生物量随着盐度的上升均呈下降趋势;单株叶干质量和总生物量均在对照处理下值最大,且显著高于其他处理,分别为最小值的23.07倍和4.74倍。低盐处理下海檬果光合作用较强,高盐抑制海檬果光合作用;随着盐度的增大,海檬果幼苗叶绿素总量、叶绿素A含量和根活力呈下降趋势,SOD、丙二醛和游离脯氨酸呈上升趋势。生理指标适应度分析表明,海檬果可耐受盐度为8 g.kg-1的处理,在盐度≥11 g.kg-1处理下呈不适应性生长。     

Effects of Cutting Density on Growth, Yield and Quality of Poplar Clone Seedlings

In order to identify the optimum cutting density for producing the highest number of plantable seedlings of poplar clones, a split-plot randomized block design was used to establish four cutting densities in plots. Based on data on the survival, leaf area, seedling height, caliper, and biomass of 1-year-old seedlings of clones Nanlin-95, Nanlin-895, Nanlin-1388 and NL-80351, the growth characteristics and seedling quality under four cutting densities were analyzed. Results indicated that the leaf area, stem and leaf biomass, and caliper of seedlings of all four poplar clones increased with the decrease in cutting density. Leaf area index reached its highest level at the spacing of 40 cm×40 cm, while the aboveground biomass of the seedling on an area basis increased as the cutting density increased. Seedling quality at low cutting density was higher than that at closer cutting density. The quantity of first-grade seedlings (grade I) for clones Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895 was achieved at the spacing of 40 cm×50 cm; for NL-1388 and NL-80351, it was 50 cm×50 cm. According to the seedling quality and the number of plantable seedlings produced, the suggested cutting density for these four poplar clones was 50,000 stems/hm².     

Effects of soil moisture and light intensity on ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings

We investigated the combined effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the growth, development and ecophysiological characteristics of one-year old Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture and light intensity influenced the ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture resulted in the decreases of growth rate, individual size, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water loss rate (WLR), and biomass accumulation of plant parts, and led to increased leaf water saturation deficit (WSD). Under water stress, more photosynthetic products were allocated to root growth. With decreasing light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chla/b, water saturation deficit, water use efficiency, water loss rate and biomass accumulation declined, while Chla, Chlb, Chla+b and carotenoids (Car) increased and more photosynthetic products were allocated to stem and leaf growth. Maximum growth vigor, net photosynthetic rate and total biomass accumulation in Amorpha fruticosa seedlings was recorded at 75 80% soil water-holding capacity and 100% light density in greenhouse environments.     

遮荫对山蒟(Piper hancei)苗生长特性的影响

研究了不同遮荫水平(遮光率分别为:0%、50%、75%、90%、98%)对山蒟部分形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着遮荫率的提高,山蒟在适度低光照(50%～75%遮荫)水平下,茎生长量、叶面积、植株含水量、叶绿素含量增加,比叶重减小。叶绿素总量增加,尤其是叶绿素b含量增加,光合性能提高,光合产物的积累增加,表现出对弱光环境的适应,75%遮荫处理最有利于山蒟的正常生长。山蒟可作为一种新优耐荫园林植物在立交桥下、高层建筑物之间、林荫下等弱光环境中种植。     

遮光对野鸦椿幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响

为了解不同光照条件下野鸦椿幼苗的生长发育状况和光合生理特性,探讨野鸦椿幼苗生长发育的最佳光照条件.采用遮光方式模拟不同光照强度(全光照,遮光30％、60％和90％),研究野鸦椿幼苗的生长、生物量、光合色素含量、生理指标和光合日变化等光合特性的响应规律.结果表明:随着遮光程度的增加,野鸦椿幼苗的生长量均高于对照,以遮光6...     

不同光强对年青蒲桃1年生幼苗生长的影响

以年青蒲桃（Xanthostcmon youngii）1年生幼苗为材料,设置3个不同光强处理（分别为自然光的100％、41％和5％）。测定幼苗的各项生长指标（包括苗高、地径、冠幅、叶长、宽和叶面积）。结果表明：（1）年青蒲桃1年生幼苗的生长势表现为100％光照〉41％光照〉5％光照;（2）弱光照（5％光照）条件下叶片尖端及边缘干枯,幼苗长势差。结果表明,年青蒲桃属于中性偏阳树种,引种栽培和园林应用时应种植于光照较强的环境中。     

5种四倍体泡桐生长特性的研究

以2年生5种四倍体泡桐为材料，研究其光合作用、材积生长量、接干长度、比叶重（ SLW）等指标间的差异。结果表明，5种四倍体泡桐叶片的净光合速率（ Pn）、气孔导度（ Gs）、蒸腾速率（ Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（ Ci）光合因子的日变化规律相同。9月份叶片的Pn、 Gs、 Tr、 Ci日变化为单峰曲线，四倍体豫杂一号泡桐（ TF4）的最大净光合速率高于其余4个种。此外，四倍体毛泡桐（ T4）的树高生长量和接干高增长量、 TF4的胸径生长量和比叶重增长量、四倍体南方泡桐（ A4）的材积增长量最大。5种四倍体泡桐的树高、胸径、接干、材积的相关性表明，材积与胸径呈正相关关系，相关性显著；树高与比叶重呈正相关关系，但相关性不显著。     

苏柳932等5个柳树优良无性系幼林生长及干形的初步研究

为进一步了解柳树优良无性系的生长特点,为无性系的合理利用提供依据,对苏柳932,799,795,797和172等5个柳树优良无性系2年生幼林的树高、胸径、材积等生长指标以及生物量和形率进行了测定分析。结果表明,苏柳5个无性系的胸径平均值为4．28cm,其中苏柳172的平均胸径最大（4．71cm）;树高平均值为6．97m,其中苏柳795平均树高最高（7．75m）。苏柳795的形率qo．5、q0．7值分别为0．68,0．44,是各无性系中形率的最高值,主干生物量占单株地上部分总生物量的比例最高（76．02％）,出材率高,是优良的用材林树种;而苏柳932的总生物量最高,为12．35kg／株,枝量、叶量占总生物量的比例最大,为42．0％,14．4％,属于防风防浪和生物能源林的造林良种。     

不同光强对6个欧美杨无性系苗期生长及光合特性的影响

[目的]研究6个欧美杨无性系生长及光合特性对不同光强的响应差异,为欧美杨苗期快速选育高光效优良品种提供一定的理论依据。[方法]在大田用遮阴网设置CK(100%自然光强)、L1(55%自然光强)和L2(20%自然光强),测定欧美杨的苗高增长量、叶片形态、光合速率、叶绿素荧光特性、叶绿素含量及矿质元素含量。[结果]除11-26-9外,无性系的苗高总生长量随着光强的降低呈下降趋势;随着光强的降低,不同无性系的叶片形态变化趋势不一致,3个光强下无性系间的单叶面积、叶形指数和比叶面积存在差异;无性系在L2处理下的净光合速率(Pn)最低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)最高;3个处理下,11-26-8的气孔导度均最大;在L1与L2下,11-26-9的F1/F0值均最大;无性系的叶绿素b含量与叶绿素总含量呈现相同的变化趋势;11-26-4、11-26-8和11-36-26的钾、钙、镁元素含量随着光强的降低而增加。[结论]不同无性系对光强变化的适应策略不同,部分无性系的高生长和净光合速率随着光强的降低而减小,降低光强没有破坏无性系的PSⅡ结构。多数无性系的总叶绿素含量、矿质元素含量随着光强的降低而升高。11-36-26无性系的生长势及抗弱光能力较弱。     

弱光胁迫下普通油茶岑软3号苗期光合速率及生长特性研究

为了更好的研究弱光下油茶(Camelliaspp.),幼龄期光合及生长特性,对岑软3号苗期进行不同强度(60%、75%和90%)的遮荫处理,180天后调查结果表明:60%、75%和90%遮荫条件下岑软3号日平均净光和速率分别为3.60、3.17和2.42μmol/(m2.s),分别为对照的70.81%、62.49%和47.70%,均大于相对应透光率,遮荫处理后叶片光合能力增强;60%~90%弱光对岑软号苗期茎和叶片生长抑制作用不明显,而75%遮荫条件下岑软3号根系的干物质积累受到影响;弱光下叶片生长朝着更有利于捕捉光能的方向,叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素都显著增加,且色素合成中优先合成了叶绿素。     

不同藏川杨无性系1年生苗期生长差异比较

从西藏川藏公路沿线收集300个藏川杨优株的穗条,以黑杨为砧木进行嫁接,经扦插繁育后形成114个无性系,通过对1年生的藏川杨无性系生长性状和叶片性状的测定分析,结果表明,藏川杨无性系间苗高和地径差异极显著,无性系间生长差异大,选择潜力大。结合苗高和地径主要苗期生长性状,选择出11个生长快速的无性系,并发现藏川杨不同无性系间分枝习性、叶片性状存在丰富的遗传变异。以叶片、叶柄、分枝等性状为参数,当欧氏距离阈值为10时,可将藏川杨无性系分为6类。     

Family variation in gas exchange, growth and leaf traits of black locust half-sib families

Variations in several growth, gas exchange and leaf traits among greenhouse-grown black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings from 11 half-sib families were investigated. Three weeks after germination, early growth rates ranged from a minimum of 1 cm d(-1) in the slowest growing family, to a maximum of 3 cm d(-1) in the fastest growing family. Significant family variation in net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (P(N)), stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, height, diameter, stem dry weight and total dry weight was observed. Net photosynthetic rate declined with seedling age. Net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was significantly correlated (r < 0.4) with specific leaf area, total chlorophyll, root dry weight, foliage dry weight and total dry weight. The correlation coefficients were higher (r >/= 0.55) between P(N) x total leaf area and growth traits (height, stem dry weight, foliage dry weight and total dry weight). The study indicated that variation in leaf area among the families was one reason for the lack of a strong relationship between P(N) and growth.     

遮荫对天女木兰光合特性及生长的影响

研究不同程度的遮荫(A:0,B:25.8%,C:61.3%,D:90.3%)对天女木兰光合特性及生长的影响。结果表明:天女木兰的地径、苗高和生物量均表现为B>A>C>D。天女木兰的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。天女木兰净光合速率日变化规律在不同的遮荫处理下均呈现双峰型曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象,净光合速率日最大值为B>A>C>D。B处理是这4种遮荫处理中天女木兰生长最适宜的遮荫强度,适度遮荫可增强天女木兰叶片的光合作用,促进其生长。