茶秆竹细胞壁解剖特性以及木质素微区分布

对12个月的茶秆竹进行细胞壁解剖特性和木质素微区分布的研究,运用光学显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜以及颜色反应鉴定木质素的存在,利用组织化学染色方法及其可见光显微分光光度计半定量测定竹材纤维、薄壁组织和导管细胞壁各微区的木质素含量。12个月时细胞壁全部木质化,木质素在各组织中均有分布,其含量因组织类型及其细胞壁微区不同而有差异。从组织化学染色及可见光吸收光谱图的吸收峰值,说明细胞壁各微区中存在愈创木基(G)和紫丁香基(S)2种木质素组成单元。竹壁径向和纤维帽不同位置的木质素含量未有明显的规律性变化。纤维次生壁具有薄厚层交替的多层结构,薄层木质素含量大于厚层。     

杞柳的化学成分及其木质素微区分布的研究

采用传统的化学成分测试方法和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术(CLSM)研究了杞柳的化学成分以及木质素在各细胞及纤维细胞各微区的分布,分析了株高不同部位化学成分的变异规律。结果表明:杞柳的1%Na OH抽提物、热水抽提物、冷水抽提物、苯醇抽提物、综纤维素、α-纤维素、酸不溶木质素、酸溶木质素、多戊糖和灰分分别为32.11%、10.85%、7.11%、3.27%、70.46%、35.50%、20.18%、4.50%、15.51%、0.90%;在不同部位,除了α-纤维素和多戊糖含量差异不显著,其余各指标均差异显著;木质素在各细胞及纤维细胞各微区分布不均一,导管细胞壁木质素浓度高于木纤维和射线,纤维细胞角隅处木质素浓度高于次生壁和复合胞间层。     

Anatomy and lignin distribution of reaction wood in two Magnolia species

Summary Anatomical features of reaction wood formed in two Magnolia species, M. obovata Thunb. and M. kobus DC. which are considered to be among the primitive angiosperms, were observed. In addition, the distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl units of lignins in the cell walls of normal and reaction wood was examined using ultraviolet (UV)- and visible light (VL)- microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and M?ule reactions. The two Magnolia species formed a tension-like reaction wood without possessing the typical gelatinous layer (G-layer) on the upper side of the inclined stem or branch, in which a radial growth promotion occurred. Compared with the normal wood, the reaction wood had the following anatomical features: (1) the secondary walls of fiber tracheids lacked the S₃ layer, (2) the innermost layer of fiber-tracheid walls showed a small microfibril angle, a fact being similar to the orientation of the microfibril angle of the G-layer in tension wood, and (3) the amounts of lignin decreased in the cell walls of fiber tracheids, especially with great decrease in proportion of guaiacyl units in lignins. In addition, VL-microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and M?ule reactions adopted in the present study showed potential to estimate the lignin contents in the cell walls and the proportion of guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignins. Received: 15 July 1998     

Reaction wood anatomy and lignin distribution in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnetum gnemon</Emphasis> branches

This study investigated the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the reaction wood of a gymnpsperm species, Gnetum gnemon, and discussed on contributing factor for the type of reaction wood in this species. Cell morphology, microfibril angle (MFA) of the S₂ layer and lignin distribution in secondary walls of tracheary elements, and lignin content were examined on three branches. Observations included no G-layer formation, significant decreases in vessel frequency, and altered MFA, and visible-light absorbance after lignin colour reactions in tracheid and fiber tracheid walls on the upper side in almost all samples. These results suggest that reaction wood in G. gnemon was similar to that in ‘tension-wood-like-reaction wood’ in angiosperms. On the other hand, reaction wood showed decrease in the lignin concentration in the fiber tracheid walls compared to the tracheid walls. In addition, the lignin in the tracheid and fiber tracheid walls was originally rich in syringyl units, suggesting that changes in the anatomical and chemical characteristics of secondary xylem due to reaction wood formation might relate to the ratio of the syringyl to guaiacyl units in lignin in the cell walls which function for mechanical support.     

版纳省藤与盈江省藤藤材特性的解剖研究

对特产于云南省的2个藤种盈江省藤和版纳省藤的纤维、导管、维管束和薄壁细胞的形态大小进行显微观测分析.结果表明:藤茎横向(内、中、外部)差异较大,纵向(上、中、下部)呈规律性变化.纤维长度、维管束分布密度、纤维胞壁厚度等自藤皮向藤芯减小,藤皮与藤芯的维管束分布密度差异较大;纤维宽度、导管分子长度与宽度和维管束大小等自藤皮向藤芯增大.与版纳省藤相比较,盈江省藤的纤维壁厚及纤维、导管和维管束尺寸等较大,维管束分布密度均匀,而且在藤茎横向的内外差异较小,变化梯度平缓,材质较版纳省藤的好,是特产于云南的优秀棕榈藤种.版纳省藤和盈江省藤在纤维、导管、维管束、薄壁细胞及表皮细胞等各解剖因子上均有差异,从解剖角度而言,2藤种应为南巴省藤的不同变种,解剖学证据支持《中国植物志》及《云南植物》上对2藤种的处理.     

Improving sample preparation to investigate lignin intensity of xylem at the cellular level by confocal Raman microspectroscopy of Populus tomentosa

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy(CRM)is an important tool for analyzing the compositional distribution of cell walls in situ.In this study,we improved the sample preparation method using paraffin-embedded sections combined with hexane dewaxing to obtain high resolution Raman images.We determined that the cell wall components of fiber cells were different from those of ray cells and vessel cells in the xylem of Populus tomentosa.Acetyl bromide and CRM methods produced similar trends when the difference in lignin intensity in the xylem region was compared between transgenic PtrLac4 and wild-type P.tomentosa.However,CRM proved more useful to analyze the lignin distribution in each cell type and distinguished the detailed difference in lignin intensity at the cellular level.Thus,CRM proved to be a useful in situ method to rapidly analyze the spatial variation of lignin content in the xylem of woody plants.     

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal, and single tree variations of wood anatomical properties and specific gravity of clonal ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal and within tree variations in specific gravity and wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old grown ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. have been investigated. Radial and location-wise intra-clonal variations were non-significant for anatomical properties and specific gravity for all six clones at all three sites. However, inter-clonal variations in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity were significantly different. Inter-clonal variations in anatomical properties and specific gravity were also significant due to sites, which indicated that site-characteristics overshadowed the genetic priority of different clones for wood anatomical properties. Average fiber-characteristics of all clones showed the best performance at Lalkuan, Haldwani (site III), while average specific gravity performed well at Brandis Road, Dehradun (site I) followed by site III (Lalkuan, Haldwani) and site II (Lachchiwala, Dehradun). Within tree variations in anatomical properties like fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter due to vertical or radial direction and location (pith to periphery) are non-significant. Radial direction, location and height showed no impact on wood element variation. It indicated that there is no impact of juvenile wood, sapwood and heartwood ratio, and reaction wood on wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old ramet of D. sissoo. It further indicated that clone raised ramet of 8-year-old D. sissoo showed the characteristics of mature wood. Within tree variations in specific gravity were significant due to height, which may be related to differential sapwood and heartwood ratio in the vertical direction. Different wood elements viz. fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter showed significant correlations with each other and with specific gravity.     

毛白杨枝条木质部细胞分化的动态变化及其与形成层活动的相互关系

应用定量解剖学和显微图像分析技术 ,得到了毛白杨枝条形成层细胞与其衍生木质部细胞解剖特征在形成层活动期内的变化情况 ,并探讨了两者之间的关系。采用X射线微密度测定技术 ,了解了同一生长轮内木材密度沿径向方向上的变异 ,讨论了其与木质部细胞解剖特征之间的关系。结果表明 ,形成层纺锤形细胞的径向和弦向宽度在活动期不同阶段差异不显著 ,而纤维长度、纤维宽度、壁腔比、微纤丝角、导管分布频率和胞壁率差异极显著 ;导管组织比量差异显著 ;导管分子长度、纤维比量和射线比量差异不显著。同一生长轮内木材密度的径向变异与活动期不同阶段形成的木质部细胞数量及其解剖特征直接相关。形成层带细胞层数与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和壁腔比呈极显著负相关 ,与纤维宽度呈显著正相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的径向宽度与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和射线比量呈显著负相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的弦向宽度与纤维宽度呈显著正相关。总体看来 ,在整个形成层活动期 ,形成层纺锤形细胞与木纤维的解剖特征之间随时间变化的相关性较好 ,而与导管分子的相关关系则不明显     

Potassium distribution in black heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) I: Localization in axial parenchyma cells

This is the first report to ascertain potassium location in black heartwood of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica). The objective of this study was to understand the distribution of potassium in sugi black heartwood in connection with anatomical morphology. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) was used to investigate the distribution of inorganic elements, especially potassium. In black heartwood, potassium was detected in all tissues (tracheids, ray parenchyma, and axial parenchyma), but its concentrations were different in each xylem tissue. Potassium was particularly accumulated in the droplets in axial parenchyma cells. In addition, calcium was also detected in all tissues. Phosphorus sometimes existed in the granules in ray parenchyma cells. From optical microscopy, the axial parenchyma cells were observed to be arranged in a tangential direction on transverse section and the droplets in these cells were distributed in areas of high ash and green moisture content. For red heartwood, potassium detected by SEM-EDXA was far lower in all tissues than in the black heartwood, while the trend for calcium was the converse. Potassium in axial parenchyma cells was more abundant in black heartwood than in typical pale red heartwood.     

Micromorphological characteristics of bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys pubescens</Emphasis>) fibers degraded by a brown rot fungus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gloeophyllum trabeum</Emphasis>)

The decay pattern in bamboo fibers caused by a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, was examined by microscopy. The inner part of the polylaminate secondary wall was degraded, while the outer part of the secondary wall remained essentially intact. Degradation in bamboo fiber walls without direct contact with the fungal hyphae was similar to wood decay caused by brown rot fungi. Degradation in polylaminate walls was almost confined to the broad layers whereas the narrow layers appeared resistant. The p-hydroxylphenyl unit lignin in middle lamella, particularly in the cell corner regions, was also degraded. The degradation of lignin in bamboo fibers was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The present work suggests that the decay of bamboo fiber walls by G. trabeum was influenced by lignin distribution in the fiber walls as well as the polylaminate structures.     

Ultraviolet microspectrophotometric investigation of the distribution of lignin in Prunus jamasakura differentiated on a three-dimensional clinostat

To examine the effect of gravity on lignin content and deposition in plant cells, we used ultraviolet (UV) microspectrophotometry and chemical methods to investigate the secondary xylem of Prunus jamasakura grown on a three-dimensional (3D) clinostat, which simulates microgravity. The stem of the 3D-clinostat specimens elongated with bending and the width of their secondary phloem increased. The UV absorbance of the 3D-clinostat specimens at 278 nm was higher than that of the control specimens, which were grown on the ground, in the wood fiber cell corner middle lamella, compound middle lamella, and fiber secondary wall; the UV absorbance in the vessel secondary wall did not differ between the specimens. The lignin content in the stem, including the bark, of the 3D-clinostat specimens, as determined using an acetyl bromide method, was less than that of the control specimens. In the specimens that differentiated on a 3D clinostat, the amount of lignin in the wood fibers increased, while the proportion of the lignified xylem in the stem decreased relative to control values.     

栽植密度对小黑杨人工林木材解剖特性的影响

以山西朔州地区的小黑杨人工林为研究材料,研究不同栽植密度(1 000、500、250株·hm-2)对小黑杨木材解剖特性的影响.结果表明:栽植密度对纤维宽度、双壁厚、导管比量、胞壁率、导管个数、导管弦向直径的影响达极显著水平;对壁腔比的影响达显著水平;对纤维长度、长宽比、纤维比量、射线比量虽有一定的影响,但不显著.栽植密度与纤维宽度、导管直径呈负相关关系,与导管个数和比量呈正的相关关系.栽植密度对纤维形态的径向变异有不同程度的影响,但不改变纤维形态变异的一般规律.纤维长度的径向变异为从髓心至树皮向外逐渐增加,到第12 轮达到最大值后略有下降,纤维宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径的径向变异类似于纤维长度;壁腔比的总体径向变异为沿髓心向外,呈先升后降的波动性变异趋势.     

Within tree variation in anatomical properties of some clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.

 Within tree variation in anatomical properties of four and half year old grown Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. clones have been investigated and correlated with specific gravity. Vessel frequency, vessel diameter and fiber length were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the clones of different parameters. Fiber length was positively correlated with fiber diameter and double wall thickness. Tissue proportions did not show any significant variation from bottom to top. However, highly significant differences have been found between clones among four cell types except fibers. Specific gravity is positively correlated with ray percentage, fiber percentage – vessel percentage ratio and negatively correlated with vessel percentage, while all other anatomical parameters including height and girth have no effect. Received 25 August 1998     

Relationships between tree size and reaction wood formation in 23 Japanese angiosperms

The objective of this study is to clarify the relationships between tree sizes and the anatomical, chemical, and physical characteristics of reaction wood. Naturally inclined stems or branches in 23 Japanese angiosperms, including 3 tree sizes at adult trees, 7 arbor, 7 subarbor, and 9 shrub species, were used. The presence of a gelatinous (G-) layer, basic density, vessel frequency, and lignin content were examined on the upper and lower sides of each sample. Almost all the species showed a decrease in vessel frequency and lignin content on the upper side, which are typical characteristics of reaction wood in angiosperms. A G-layer was formed in four arbor, one subarbor, and two shrub species. The ratio of the upper and lower sides in vessel frequency and lignin content gradually decreased with an increase in tree size. Based on the results of the principal component and cluster analyses, shrub species were classified into the different groups: from arbor and subarbor groups. These results indicate that the magnitude of alteration in the characteristics due to reaction wood formation of arbor and subarbor might differ from that of shrub, although the characteristics changed by reaction wood formation might be the same in the three tree sizes at adult trees.     

竹材特性研究及其进展

随着人们环境意识的日益加强以及对森林保护的重视,世界有关国家对竹材特性进行了大量的研究。文中在查阅20世纪80年代以来有关竹材特性研究资料的基础上,对竹材的解剖性质、力学性质、物理性质、化学性质、微观结构和力学性质之间的关系等研究现状进行了总结和分析,并提出了对竹材某些特性进行深入研究的若干看法。     

杨木应拉木微区结构可视化及化学成分分析

木材微区结构与木材宏观性质密切相关,杨木应拉木与对应木宏观性质存在较大差别,探究杨木应拉木和对应木微区结构和化学成分,可为了解杨木应力木的宏观性质提供理论根据。借助光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、显微拉曼成像光谱仪、透射电镜对杨木应拉木微区结构进行可视化研究,并借助X射线衍射技术和美国可再生能源实验室方法,分析杨木应拉木的微晶尺寸、结晶度以及化学成分。结果表明:杨木应拉木中应拉区和对应区纤维细胞微区结构差异显著。光学显微镜下显示应拉区木纤维中胶质层清晰可见,荧光显微镜和拉曼显微镜下显示胶质层的木质素浓度比对应区低。透射电镜下显示应拉区木纤维细胞壁结构由初生壁、次生壁和胶质层组成,未见次生壁外层,各层的平均厚度分别为0.61,1.22和2.53μm。对应区木纤维为典型的初生壁和次生壁结构,次生壁各层平均厚度分别为0.33,2.28和0.14μm。杨木应拉区纤维素含量(58.91%)比对应区(41.53%)高,木质素含量和半纤维素含量均比对应区的低,应拉区木质素和半纤维素含量分别为21.99%和12.01%,对应区分别为28.10%和17.08%。杨木应拉区结晶度(48.06%)比对应区(41.01%)高,应拉区晶区宽度为2.66 nm,长度为8.84 nm;对应区晶区宽度为2.65 nm,长度为9.87 nm。     

Lignin distribution in spruce (Picea abies) determined by mercurization with SEM-EDXA technique

Summary The lignin distribution between the middle lamella and the cell wall of spruce fibers has been determined by a new technique based on a mercurization of the lignin and a concomitant determination of mercury by the SEM-EDXA technique. The ratio of lignin in the middle lamella at the cell corners to the lignin in the secondary wall was 2.5±0.6 for latewood and 2.4±0.6 for earlywood. This gives a lignin content of 55–58% in the true middle lamella in the cell corners. The reactivity to mercuric acetate of different wood elements was determined in separate experiments. Fractions enriched in ray cells, middle lamella, and compression wood all reacted at the same rate as the whole wood; about one mole of mercury was incorporated per mole of lignin (C₉-unit).     

树脂铸型法研究毛竹材细胞壁的纹孔特征

【目的】研究毛竹材细胞壁纹孔的形态、结构和分布排列等特征,揭示维管束组织细胞间的纹孔通道,为竹子生长发育机制的深入研究和竹材高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】毛竹竹条经树脂渗透、树脂固化、组织消化和清洗干燥等处理后,获得单个细胞铸型和空间范围内多个细胞连接的立体铸型网络。结合毛竹切片扫描电镜图像,研究导管、薄壁细胞和纤维细胞的纹孔特征以及细胞间纹孔对的连接和分布特点。【结果】毛竹后生木质导管纹孔具明显的纹孔缘结构,并呈较高的选择性分布,即靠近维管束几何中心位置一侧的导管壁上往往密集分布大量纹孔,而另一侧纹孔则十分稀少或基本没有。导管铸型上,纹孔口和纹孔膜分别为0. 9～2. 7μm和1. 1～3. 8μm;维管束内存在小导管且相互间以具缘纹孔对连接;维管束内薄壁细胞纹孔比基本组织中的数量多、孔径大,紧邻木质部导管的薄壁细胞,其纹孔分布尤为密集;纤维细胞上纹孔稀疏分布,纹孔小、纹孔道狭长,纤维状管胞上分布有具缘纹孔;维管束内细胞间由纹孔对进行横向和纵向连接,并进一步形成流体移动的空间网络。【结论】树脂铸型法可直接展现纹孔立体结构,客观反映特定流体在竹材内部的扩散或渗透路径,适用于毛竹材细胞壁纹孔特征的研究。     

Radial variations in the anatomical characteristics and density of the wood of Acacia mangium of five different provenances in Indonesia

The anatomical characteristics and density of wood were examined in 23-year-old Acacia mangium trees that had been planted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The seeds had been collected from trees of five different provenances. The distance from the pith of the boundary between juvenile and mature wood was also examined to clarify the maturity of the wood. Lengths of wood fibers near the pith and the distance from the pith of the boundary between juvenile and mature wood differed significantly among provenances. By contrast, other anatomical characteristics of the wood such as fiber wall area, fiber wall thickness, fiber diameter, vessel lumen area, vessel diameter, vessel frequency and wood density did not differ significantly among provenances. Wood density was strongly correlated with the area of fiber walls. Our observations suggest that Sidei and Daintree might be more appropriate provenances among those examined for the Acacia mangium tree-breeding programs in Indonesia that are aimed at improving wood quality, because these provenances are associated with longer initial wood fibers and narrower juvenile areas than the other provenances studied.     

A histological investigation of Oriental beech wood decayed by Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor

Chemical, light and electron microscopic studies were carried out on wood of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) decayed by the white‐rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor for 30, 60 and 120 days according to the modified European standard EN 113. Mass loss as well as lignin, cellulose and carbohydrate content were determined before and after fungal attack. There were no significant differences of wood mass loss and chemical composition between both fungi at the end of incubation. After each incubation period, small specimens were stained for microscopic studies. The micromorphology of fungal cell wall degradation was rather similar for both fungi. Both decreased the cell wall thickness to the same extent. The accumulation of hyphae as well as the rupture of cell walls was also similar. The occurrence of hyphae, cavities in the pits and vessel walls followed nearly the same patterns. The parenchyma cells were completely destroyed. Altogether, both fungi produced a simultaneous white rot in Oriental beech wood.