竹酢液对杉木苗木生长效应和土壤肥力影响的研究

通过杉木幼苗的盆栽试验,采用喷施及土壤施入两种施用方法及9个不同浓度处理,分析施用竹酢液后对土壤化学性质以及杉木苗高和地径生长的影响。结果表明:施用竹酢液后,土壤pH无明显变化;H50和P300两种处理可以明显提高土壤全氮和速效磷含量,降低苗木生长过程中土壤速效钾、碱解氮和有机质等指标含量的衰减程度;促进土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性;对苗高和地径的生长有明显的促进作用。总体看来,适宜浓度的竹酢液对提高杉木人工林土壤肥力,促进杉木生长有利,其应用前景广泛。     

等渗胁迫及其钙调节下青钱柳幼苗叶肉细胞中ATP酶的细胞化学定位及亚细胞变化

研究了等渗的盐和水分胁迫及其钙调节下,青钱柳幼苗叶肉细胞中ATP酶活性在亚细胞中的分布及其超微结构变化。在人工气候室中采用水培法,将青钱柳幼苗进行5个不同浓度处理：对照,85mMNaCl,85mMNaCl＋12mMCa（NO3）2,PEG（渗透势等于85mMNaCl）及PEG（渗透势等于85mMNaCI）＋12mMCa（NO3）2。结果表明：正常生长条件下,ATP酶活性较低并主要定位在细胞核中 等渗胁迫12d以后,ATP酶活性增大并以液泡中居多。等渗水分胁迫下出现的嗜锇颗粒较等渗盐胁迫下的多。由于外源钙的调节作用,等渗胁迫下ATP酶活性增加并主要转移至细胞核上,且在等渗水分胁迫下的嗜锇颗粒明显减少。ATP酶定位在细胞核中表明幼苗遭受胁迫伤害程度较轻,而定位在液泡中则表明受伤害程度较重。等渗处理4和20d后,等渗胁迫及其钙调节下青钱柳幼苗叶片超微结构被破坏程度较无钙调节处理,尤其是较等渗水分胁迫下的轻。初步认为,等渗盐胁迫下青钱柳幼苗遭受的胁迫伤害程度较等渗水分胁迫下的轻,而钙调节作用则以等渗水分胁迫下的效果较佳。     

竹材含水率和炭化温度对竹醋液得率和竹炭质量的影响

本文以自制连续式炭化炉就竹原料含水率和炭化温度对竹醋液得率和质量及竹炭质量的影响作了试验研究,结果表明,较高的含水率(约40%)和较高的炭化温度(约450℃),均有利于提高竹醋液的得率,其中,含水率对竹醋液得率的影响达显著水平,但总酸含量、溶解焦油含量、沉淀焦油含量则相反,呈降低趋势,其中,后者呈极显著差异;试验结果同时表明,较高的炭化温度使竹炭挥发分含量降低而固定碳和碘吸附值含量提高,其中对固定碳含量影响达到显著水平。     

Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants II: composition of moso bamboo vinegar at different collection temperature and its effects

Moso bamboo vinegar was treated with extractive and separation methods. The acidic, neutral, and phenolic fractions separated from ether-extracted vinegar were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the major components in moso bamboo vinegar. The compositions of eight moso vinegar fractions collected over different temperature ranges from 100°C to 480°C were also analyzed and their effects on regulation of germination and growth were studied by bioassay with seeds of watercress and chrysanthemum. The results showed that moso bamboo vinegar fractions with collection temperatures up to 250°C promoted radicle and hypocotyl growth and this effect became larger with increasing collection temperature for chrysanthemum. Moso bamboo vinegar collected from 250°C to 400°C had a strong inhibition on germination and radicle growth for both seed types when tested at 10³ dilution.     

竹醋液的应用与其工业化生产概论

竹醋液是一种从毛竹碳化过程中提取的液体,具有消毒、除臭、促进植物生长、改良土壤等功能,是化工天然有机助剂和土壤改良剂,是新一代的农业生产资料,也是环保处理污水的有效材料之一。竹醋液可以直接在农业生产中使用,也可以进一步加工成为在化工、农业、林业、轻工、环保、医疗和食品等领域使用的原料,因此正受到国内外许多研究部门和众多商品行业的重视,其产品属于亲环境、无公害范畴,在多个领域已被广泛应用。竹醋液工业化生产工艺简单,投资少、风险低、见效快,推广竹醋液的工业化生产项目,不仅有较好的经济效益,而且有良好的社会效益。工业化生产竹醋液将成为21世纪森林工业的一个重要产业。     

Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants

 Two kinds of bamboo vinegar from madake bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were prepared to analyze their components by gas chromatography (GC). The original vinegar, distilled vinegar, ether-extracted vinegar, and three fractions including acidic, neutral, and phenolic fractions separated from ether-extracted vinegar were diluted with distilled water 10² to 10⁷ times. These diluted vinegar solutions were used to investigate the effect of bamboo vinegar on the germination and radicle growth of seed plants. High concentrations of all kinds of treated bamboo vinegars (e.g., 10² of original vinegar and 10³ of ether-extracted vinegar) showed strong inhibition against germination of the seeds. However, an appropriate dilution of bamboo vinegar showed an obvious promotional effect on germination and radicle growth for the four kinds of tested seeds (lettuce, watercress, honewort, chrysanthemum). Received: December, 12, 2001 / Accepted: July 29, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Part of this paper was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001     

贮藏过程竹醋液组分及其含量的差异分析

该文对自燃炉生产的新鲜竹醋液和经6个月贮藏的老化竹醋液的基本理化性质及其组分和含量进行比较分析.结果表明,新鲜竹醋液的颜色较深且不透明,老化竹醋液色泽变红且透明,新鲜竹醋液的折光率、总酸含量分别较老化竹醋液高10.66%和45.98%,pH值老化竹醋液比新鲜竹醋液低;利用气质联用仪进行成分分析,结果表明新鲜竹醋液有机物种类114种,老化竹醋液97种,老化竹醋液中有机酸、酚类、醛类、醇类、酯类含量分别比新鲜竹醋液高18.08%、20.36%、55.97%、245.76%、69.86%,而酮类和其它成分含量比新鲜竹醋液低0.36%和28.26%.     

Seasonal soil CO2 efflux dynamics after land use change from a natural forest to Moso bamboo plantations in subtropical China

Moso bamboo plantations (Phyllostachys pubescens) are one of the most important forest types in southern China, but there is little information on the effects of their establishment and silvicultural practices on soil CO₂ efflux. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of land use change from a natural broadleaf evergreen forest to Moso bamboo plantations and their management practices on soil CO₂ efflux in a subtropical region of China using static closed chamber method. Regardless of the land uses or management practices, the effluxes over a 12-month period had a seasonal pattern, with the maximum effluxes observed in summer and the minimum in winter. Whereas there was no significant difference in the total annual soil CO₂ efflux between the natural broadleaf evergreen forest (BL) and the conventionally managed bamboo forests (CM), soil CO₂ efflux in the intensively managed bamboo forest (IM) was significantly higher. Soil temperature was the most important environmental factor affecting soil CO₂ efflux rates for all three land uses. Soil moisture also had a significant positive correlation with soil CO₂ efflux rates. Soil temperature and moisture had greater influence on soil CO₂ efflux rate in the IM than the CM and BL forests. Soil dissolved organic C had a positive correlation with soil CO₂ efflux rate in the CM, but had no significant correlation with that in the IM or the BL forests. Our study for the first time demonstrated that conversion of the natural subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest to Moso bamboo does not increase soil CO₂ efflux. However, when bamboo forests are under intensive management with regular tillage, fertiliser application and weeding, significantly more soil CO₂ emission occurs. Therefore, best management practices should be developed to reduce soil CO₂ efflux in Moso bamboo plantations in the subtropical regions of China.     

Preliminary study of application effect of bamboo vinegar on vegetable growth

1 Introduction Bamboo vinegar is a condensed acidic liquid obtained in the process of producing bamboo charcoal. It has a special smoky odor and its color is light-yellow to brown. There are over 200 kinds of chemical compo- nents involved and these components mainly include organic acids, phenolic, alkone, alcohol and ester compounds. Of these, acetic acids are the main com- ponents, accounting for about 50% of the organic chemicals. Bamboo vinegar has been found to have an effect on improvi…     

竹醋液作为植物生长调节剂的开发研究：室内和田间试验

本文采用萝b子叶扩张法,萝卜、小麦和黄瓜的幼苗生长法,分别对原竹醋液和中和竹醋液进行室内生物活性筛选试验。结果表明：（1）低浓度（〈500mg／L）,具有植物生长调节剂功效,其功能与2,4-D类、激素类除草剂相似;高浓度竹醋液（2000—5000mg／L）抑制作物生长,具有除草剂活性;也与植物生长调节剂GA,和6-BA具有相似的功效;（2）中和竹醋液的效果明显高于原竹醋液;（3）几种筛选指示物的敏感性从高到低的顺序为：萝卜子叶〉黄瓜根茎长〉萝卜根茎长〉小麦根茎长,其中对于黄瓜、萝卜和小麦,根长敏感性均高于茎长。对原竹醋液和中和竹醋液在苹果、柑橘、草莓等作物上进行应用试验。表明：竹醋液不仅显著地提高农林作物的产量;具有明显改善叶片质量,延长叶片寿命,提高果实硬度从而改善果实的储藏品质,改善果品的内在品质和外观品质等功能;在调节果实成熟期减少锈斑面积、落叶、落果和病害等方面均有显著作用。     

竹酢液对杉木苗木生长的影响

以1年生Ⅰ级杉木裸根苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,比较喷施及土壤施入两种施用方法及7个不同浓度处理下,竹酢液对苗高、地径以及枝叶生物量、根系生物量和主干生物量影响,同时对不同处理下苗木净光合速率的变化特征进行了比较分析。结果表明：竹酢液合理使用可以明显促进苗高和地径的生长、提高枝叶生物量和根系生物量;竹酢液可以提高苗木的净光合速率,改善光合作用;P300和P800两种浓度和施入方法促进杉木苗木生长的作用最明显。     

不同收集温度的竹醋液组分及形成过程分析

用4年生毛竹为原材料,经过炭化炉热解后制得竹醋液。测定了不同温度收集的竹醋液的密度、pH值、有机酸含量等基本理化性能,用气相色谱/质谱联用仪进行组分分析,用等离子体原子发射光谱仪测定微量元素含量。结果表明,竹醋液是一种由有机酸、酚类、醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类等组成成分相当复杂的有机混合物。不同收集温度的竹醋液理化性能、化学组分及微量元素含量有差异。因此,在实际生产应用中要根据不同用途进行合理选择。     

毛竹叶片生物量、养分及与土壤的耦合特征

叶片对植物的生长、发育和生活史的完成具有极其重要的作用,叶生物量(叶量)及其养分含量将直接影响树体对光能的接收与利用,而土壤为植物的生长发育提供了所需的养分元素。本研究对不同年龄毛竹的叶量、叶片和土壤养分含量及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)毛竹叶量随着径阶的增大而增大。(2)5块样地中,样地1和3的毛竹叶量明显高于其他3块样地,样地4的毛竹叶量最小。(3)毛竹叶片中镁含量随着年龄的变化差异不显著(p>0.05);氮、总磷、有机磷、钾、钙含量在1度毛竹叶片与其他年龄毛竹叶片含量差异显著(p<0.05);2度以上各年龄毛竹叶间氮含量差异显著(p<0.05);毛竹叶无机磷含量仅1度竹叶与4度竹叶含量差异显著(p<0.05);叶片中的氮磷比值(N/P)随年龄增加先增大后减小;相同年龄不同径阶毛竹的叶片养分含量虽有变化却不存在显著差异(p>0.05)。(4)竹叶中氮含量与有机磷、全磷、钾、钙含量呈极显著相关(p<0.01);总磷、无机磷、有机磷含量与钙、钾含量显著相关(p<0.05);钾与钙含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。(5)毛竹林土壤pH值与叶片镁含量显著负相关(p<0.05);土壤中镁含量与叶片中钙含量显著负相关(p<0.05),而与叶片全氮、总磷、有机磷、镁含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。     

盐渍土壤化学性质与地上生物量空间异质性的关系

对大庆地区盐渍化土壤（0～10cm）总盐、土壤pH值、碱化度、交换性钠、土壤有机质和阳离子交换量等土壤化学性质及地上生物量空间变异特征进行了研究,结果表明,样地土壤化学性质各指标有较大的变动,存在异质性现象。从自相关尺度上分析,地上生物量、土壤碱化度和全盐的相关尺度相近,为5．3～5．77m;从空间结构方差与总变异方差的比值——结构比来看,地上生物量的结构比最大,为92.0％;土壤pH值、全盐、土壤碱化度的空间结构比也都达到80．0％以上,说明它们表现出很强的空间自相关。而其他土壤化学性质指标结构比为38．3％～70．0％,说明它们表现出中等的空间自相关。地上生物量与除土壤有机质外的土壤其他化学指标均呈显著负相关。     

毛竹林下套种灰树花经营效益分析

为了综合利用毛竹林空间,提高毛竹林经营的经济效益,开展了毛竹林种植灰树花复合经营效果研究。结果表明：毛竹林种植灰树花后土壤pH值从种植前的5.32提高到5.92;土壤有机质从种植前的38.08 g/kg增加到46.2 g/kg,提高了21.32%;土壤肥力指数从种植前的0.56升高到0.65,增加了16.1%,差异达到显著水平;新竹数量较种植前增加9株/667 m²,新竹平均胸径增加1.2 cm,冬笋产量增加86.67%,春笋产量增加77.63%;从投入产出情况看,在不计人工成本的情况下,纯利润达6 661.62元/667 m²,当计入人工成本时,收支基本平衡。毛竹林套种灰树花的经营模式能够提升竹林土壤的有机质含量,提高土壤肥力指数,增加竹林的竹材和竹笋产出,对于提升竹林整体质量有显著效果。     

不同植被类型土壤理化性质及水源涵养功能研究

对丽水实验林场3种植被类型的土壤理化性质和涵养水源的功能进行了实验研究，结果表明，阔叶林、毛竹林土壤有机质含量相对较高，这2种林分可较好改善土壤养分状况；马尾松下的土壤pH值较低，酸性较强，土壤有效P含量高，各植被类型下的林地枯落物持水量大小依次是：阔叶林（16．453t／hm^2）〉毛竹林（7．142t／hm^2）〉马尾松林（2．656t／hm^2）；土壤持水量大小依次是：毛竹林〉阔叶林〉马尾松林。     

竹醋液复合盐抑菌活性的研究

根据竹醋原液的较低pH值2.4~3.2,若直接喷洒于植物蔬菜茎叶上会使植物受到药害,将竹醋液转换成复合钙盐,降低其酸度,测定该盐的抑菌效果。实验结果表明,竹醋液复合钙盐在pH值小于6.29的范围内能够抑制灰霉菌的生长,并且pH值越大抑菌效果越不明显,pH为5.22的竹醋液复合钙盐的最低抑菌浓度是50%。     

pH and substrate regulation of nitrogen and carbon dynamics in forest soils in a karst region of the upper Yangtze River basin, China

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for forest development. In this study, using a natural pH gradient, N and carbon (C) mineralization was investigated and the effects of soil pH as well as the total C and N contents and the soil C/N ratio were evaluated in forest soils after mountain closure in a karst region. The N availability was poor based on the low N mineralization potential (N ₀) and the low active fraction of soil total N (N ₀/total N), while high microbial decomposition activity was indicated by a high mineralization rate constant (k _N). N ₀ was positively correlated with soil pH as well as the total C and N contents. Additionally, multiple regression analysis revealed that total CN (the product of the soil total C and total N contents) and the C/N ratio had more significant effects on N ₀ than soil pH. In contrast, the mineralization rate constants k _N and k _C were positively affected by soil pH. The results indicated that N availability was regulated by soil organic matter (SOM), while microbial activity was restricted by soil pH. Also, the lack of nitrification and the high C ₀/N ₀ ratio observed at soil pH <5.5 may be a strong indicator of alterations to the microbial composition prompted by severe soil acidification. Further research is required to determine the changes in soil microbial composition with the drop in soil pH and their effects on SOM decomposition and nutrient availabilities.     

Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant grown under hydroponic system

Silicon (Si) is abundant in the soil, yet its role in plant biology has been poorly understood. The role of Si in soybean growth and its effectiveness in salt stress alleviation was investigated. Sodium metasilicate (Na₂SiO₃) was given as Si source to hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The plant growth attributes, i.e. plant height, plant fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll contents and endogenous gibberellins (GAs) level improved with 2.5 mM Si, while endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and free proline contents were not affected as compared to control. Sodium chloride (NaCl) significantly decreased growth attributes and endogenous gibberellins levels but markedly enhanced ABA and proline contents of soybean leaves. An addition of Si to salt stressed plants substantially alleviated the adverse effects of NaCl on growth, as it enhanced endogenous gibberellins, while reduced the levels of ABA and proline. GAs analysis of soybean leaves also showed that both early C13 hydroxylation and non C13 hydroxylation pathways of gibberellin biosynthesis were operating in soybean. The major GA biosynthesis pathway was identified as non C13 hydroxylation, which led to the formation of bioactive GA₄. Current study suggests that Si application alleviates the detrimental effect of salinity stress on growth and development of soybean.     

超声波提取中药有效成分及竹醋液的抑菌活性研究

研究了超声波在中药有效成分提取中的频率、时间和中药剂量的使用对抑茵效果影响；以灰霉菌为供试茵，通过抑茵实验来进行验证，证明超声波作用于药物提取具有提取率高、可靠性强、操作简便、大大缩短提取时间等优点；与传统超声波提取中药相比，使用竹醋液为溶剂提取中药进行抑茵，可以不用将其分离，从而节省了大量的人力、物力；确定以竹醋液与中药丁香、苦豆子、高良姜、黄连等辅配，然后用超声波提取这些中药的有效成份。结果表明：竹醋液不仅本身有很强的抑茵作用，而且分别与丁香、高良姜、黄连辅配，用超声波提取后能够产生明显的增效作用。