浅析深圳居住区绿地景观特色

居住区绿地的景观规划建设会受到——地理位置、气候特点、文化组成、经济条件等因素的综合影响。以深圳为例,简要介绍影响深圳居住区景观建设的基本因素,并从横向和竖向两个方面来阐述深圳居住区绿地在绿化上的景观特色,总结景观特色表达的方式,最后对深圳居住区的绿地景观建设进行展望。     

北京城市扩展轴上的绿地景观格局梯度分析

应用梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法,分析了2004年北京城市绿地系统沿东西和南北两条城市扩展轴分布的空间格局。结果表明:城市绿地整体上破碎化程度高,连通性好,边缘效应较强;从城市中心到边缘,绿化覆盖率不随距城市中心远近而变化,小型斑块数量比例、斑块数量、形状指数、破碎度、平均最近邻体距离等指标则表现出明显的梯度变化;影响绿化覆盖率和斑块面积频率分布的主要因素是公园性质大型斑块的分布状况。研究结果说明:在目前城市绿化覆盖率较难提高的情况下,通过应用梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法对现有绿地空间结构进行分析调整,不仅能优化城市绿地的景观格局,还能更好地发挥出城市绿地缓解环境问题的功能。     

云南省个旧市城市森林景观格局的分析与评价

采用景观指数法对个旧市城市森林5种景观类型的格局进行了分析。所使用的景观指数包括斑块特征指标、景观多样性指标、景观空间关系指标等。结果表明：个旧市城市的森林景观多样性指数较低，各景观类型的优势度有较大差异，其整体上，异质性较差。而各景观类型拥有的斑块数分布很不均匀，从面积和斑块数来看，以公共绿地的斑块数最多，面积最大，为个旧市城市森林的主导景观。公共绿地和专用绿地较近于均匀分布格局，生产绿地和风景园林接近于随机分布格局。     

八英庄林场砬沿沟流域森林景观变化分析

为更好地实现八英庄林场森林资源的优化配置,以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局八英庄林场2010年和2015年2期地形图、遥感图像及二类调查数据为基础,运用ArcGIS10.0和Fragstats4.2软件,对砬沿沟流域森林景观变化进行分析。砬沿沟流域按一级景观分类划分,斑块类型共5类,有林地斑块面积由473.95hm~2增加为500.88hm~2,其他斑块面积相对减小;有林地的景观形状指数、散布与并列指数减小,分别由3.008 1、59.106 6降为2.481 6、49.060 4;景观多样性由0.426 9减小为0.233 4,说明各斑块的聚集程度有所增加,各斑块之间的连通性有所提高。砬沿沟流域按二级景观分类划分,在有林地类型中,2010年和2015年斑块类型都为5类,到2015年山杏林斑块消失,新增云杉林斑块;2010至2015年华北落叶松林斑块面积、斑块景观形状指数均增加,山杨林斑块面积、斑块景观形状指数均减小。砬沿沟流域森林景观香农多样性指数由1.602 7降为1.389 2。除去一级景观分类中有林地斑块破碎度减小,其他无论是一级景观分类还是二级景观分类,各斑块破碎度都有不同程度的增加,说明近5a一级、二级斑块在总数上有所增加,并且增加的斑块相对独立,并不连续。     

深圳市生态可持续发展中的景观格局动态变化

文章以深圳市为研究对象,采用主成份分析法获取能反映城市生态景观格局的关键指标,以城市生态可持续发展理论为指导,结合景观生态概念,从整体景观结构特征与变化趋势、绿色空间连接情况与控制能力、土地保障能力与集约用地水平 3 个方面建立深圳市生态可持续发展评价指标体系,通过关键景观指数的动态变化分析深圳生态系统健康状态,并采用 AHP-熵权法对指标进行赋权,计算出2009、2011、2013 年深圳市生态可持续发展综合评价指数。分析结果表明,深圳市整体生态可持续发展能力良好,在新的政策引导下有一定的上升趋势,景观破碎化严重、生态空间不足、土地利用粗放等问题是深圳生态可持续发展的最大阻力。通过对深圳市生态可持续发展中存在的主要问题进行具体分析,提出了相应的对策。     

信宜市土地利用景观格局研究

以广东省信宜市为研究区,利用patch analyst景观格局分析软件,选取斑块数目、斑块面积、斑块密度、平均斑块大小、斑块面积标准差、斑块面积变异系数、平均斑块形状指数、面积加权平均斑块形状指数、平均斑块分维数、面积加权平均斑块分维数、破碎度、均匀度和多样性指数等指标,对信宜市土地利用景观格局进行分析.结果表明:各类...     

基于绿色质量的深圳市自然保护地规划体系构想

在生态文明建设和国土空间规划转型的大背景下,中国自然保护地体系也正在摸索中重构。以维护自然生态的系统性和完整性为出发点,以生态安全网络理念为基础框架,采用绿色质量评价研究方法,构建由自然绿地斑块、人工绿地斑块及生态廊道构成的自然保护地规划体系,并结合深圳市自然保护体系规划探讨了具体的规划与评价方法。     

城市居住区三维绿色空间影响空气温湿度的机制研究

以郑州市居住区为例,采用手持式路昌LM-8000四合一环境测量仪,对郑州市区中不同方位、不同高度、不同布局形式分类的6个居住区微气候环境进行观测,对气温、相对湿度等气象数据进行分析,并探讨绿色空间布局形式影响空气温湿度的机制。结果表明：居住区白天相对湿度的变化幅度高于温度;测量日内,高层小区和多层小区的温湿度达到最大值的时间不同;在静风条件下,植物蒸散和阴影影响的范围为10~50 m,相对湿度的影响范围为10~50 m;居住区相对湿度最小值、均值分别与测点10 m范围内绿色空间的分形维数有关;相对湿度最大值与50 m范围内绿色空间的形状指数有关;白天时段,湿度的变化与50 m范围内的形状指数和连接度指数有关。     

A study of habitat fragmentation in Southeastern Brazil using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)

The purpose of this work was to study fragmentation of forest formations (mesophytic forest, riparian woodland and savannah vegetation (cerrado)) in a 15,774-ha study area located in the Municipal District of Botucatu in Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo State). A land use and land cover map was made from a color composition of a Landsat-5 thematic mapper (TM) image. The edge effect caused by habitat fragmentation was assessed by overlaying, on a geographic information system (GIS), the land use and land cover data with the spectral ratio. The degree of habitat fragmentation was analyzed by deriving: 1. mean patch area and perimeter; 2. patch number and density; 3. perimeter-area ratio, fractal dimension (D), and shape diversity index (SI); and 4. distance between patches and dispersion index (R). In addition, the folowing relationships were modeled: 1. distribution of natural vegetation patch sizes; 2. perimeter-area relationship and the number and area of natural vegetation patches; 3. edge effect caused by habitat fragmentation. The values of R indicated that savannah patches (R = 0.86) were aggregated while patches of natural vegetation as a whole (R = 1.02) were randomly dispersed in the landscape. There was a high frequency of small patches in the landscape whereas large patches were rare. In the perimeter-area relationship, there was no sign of scale distinction in the patch shapes. In the patch number-landscape area relationship, D, though apparently scale-dependent, tends to be constant as area increases. This phenomenon was correlated with the tendency to reach a constant density as the working scale was increased. On the edge effect analysis, the edge-center distance was properly estimated by a model in which the edge-center distance was considered a function of the total patch area and the SI.     

合肥市居住区居民户外活动与绿地环境的关系

通过调查合肥市3个居住区组团绿地空间中居民的活动和期望,分析居民活动与绿地空间的密切关系,探索提出与居民活动相适应的人性化绿地模式。结果表明:人们有很强烈的休闲期望,其中以休息、活动身体和呼吸新鲜空气为最主要。绿地空间的活动也较为多样,以休息与散步为主,且居民活动与空间的性质、功能和设施有关。功能越多样,活动越丰富,满意度越高。同时,结合合肥市居住区居民户外活动与绿地环境的关系具体调查结果对绿地空间现状及存在的问题做出分析,在此基础上提出3个相应的绿地空间设计模式。       

Definition of priority areas for forest conservation through the ordered weighted averaging method

The general objective of this study was to evaluate the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method, integrated to a geographic information systems (GIS), in the definition of priority areas for forest conservation in a Brazilian river basin, aiming at to increase the regional biodiversity. We demonstrated how one could obtain a range of alternatives by applying OWA, including the one obtained by the weighted linear combination method and, also the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to structure the decision problem and to assign the importance to each criterion. The criteria considered important to this study were: proximity to forest patches; proximity among forest patches with larger core area; proximity to surface water; distance from roads; distance from urban areas; and vulnerability to erosion. OWA requires two sets of criteria weights: the weights of relative criterion importance and the order weights. Thus, Participatory Technique was used to define the criteria set and the criterion importance (based in AHP). In order to obtain the second set of weights we considered the influence of each criterion, as well as the importance of each one, on this decision-making process. The sensitivity analysis indicated coherence among the criterion importance weights, the order weights, and the solution. According to this analysis, only the proximity to surface water criterion is not important to identify priority areas for forest conservation. Finally, we can highlight that the OWA method is flexible, easy to be implemented and, mainly, it facilitates a better understanding of the alternative land-use suitability patterns.     

Modeling fire susceptibility in west central Alberta, Canada

Strategic modification of forest vegetation has become increasingly popular as one of the few preemptive activities that land managers can undertake to reduce the likelihood that an area will be burned by a wildfire. Directed use of prescribed fire or harvest planning can lead to changes in the type and arrangement of forest vegetation across the landscape that, in turn, may reduce fire susceptibility across large areas. While among the few variables that fire managers can influence, fuel conditions are only one of many factors that determine fire susceptibility. Variations in weather and topography, in combination with fuels, determine which areas are more likely to burn under a given fire regime. An understanding of these combined factors is necessary to identify high fire susceptibility areas for prioritizing and evaluating strategic fuel management activities, as well as informing other fire management activities, such as community protection planning and strategic level allocation of fire suppression resources across a management area. We used repeated fire growth simulations, automated in the Burn-P3 landscape-fire simulation model, to assess spatial variations in fire susceptibility across a 2.4 million ha study area in the province of Alberta, Canada. The results were used to develop a Fire Susceptibility Index (FSI). Multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify the key factors that determine variation in FSI across the study area and to describe the spatial scale at which these variables influence fire susceptibility at a given location. A fuel management scenario was used to assess the impact of prescribed fire treatments on FSI. Results indicated that modeled fire susceptibility was strongly influenced by fuel composition, fuel arrangement, and topography. The likelihood of high or extreme FSI values at a given location was strongly associated with the percent of conifer forest within a 2-km radius, and with elevation and ignition patterns within a 5-km radius. Results indicated that prescribed fire treatments can be effective at reducing forest fire susceptibility in community protection zones and that simulation modeling is an effective means of evaluating spatial variation in landscape fire susceptibility.     

基于MODIS卫星影像的湖南省景观格局

景观格局是由自然或人为形成的一系列大小、形状各异,排列不同的景观要素共同作用的结果.利用2005年MODIS卫星数据,经过一系列处理后得到湖南省景观图.利用决策树分类法将研究区分为5种景观类型:水、自然植被、耕地、城镇用地、其它用地.选取斑块数、斑块密度、破碎度、斑块分维数、多样性指数、优势度、均匀度、聚集度、分离度等景观指数,从斑块、斑块类型和景观3个层次上对研究区景观格局进行定量分析.结果表明:湖南省景观斑块共39357块,总面积为21.1984万km2;在5种景观类型中,植被和耕地是主要景观类型,占研究区总面积的88.38%;湖南省景观多样性程度低,且斑块空间形状简单.     

油茶果形果色分类及经济性状

以油茶成林的成熟果实为材料,对果形果色进行了分类并研究了相关经济性状.结果表明:油茶果形可分为桔形、球形、卵形、橄榄形4大类,果色可分为红色、红黄色、青黄色、青色4种基本颜色;果径是果实形态中最重要的指标,它与果高、鲜果质量、心室数、籽数均存在极显著正相关关系,与果形指数、干籽含油率存在极显著负相关关系,其中果径与鲜果质量的相关系数达到0.946,建立了果径-鲜果质量回归方程为y=19.529-1.591x 0.049x2,干籽含油率与果形指数和果实颜色变化一致;从各个经济性状指标值来看,球形与卵形,红色与红黄色,青色与青黄色之间基本接近,差异不显著.     

海口市羊山地区乡村聚落林地-湿地景观格局演变分析

【目的】城市化的快速发展对乡村聚落景观格局和空间分布有深远的影响,但目前对于海岛熔岩台地型的乡村聚落景观研究较少。【方法】应用ENVI遥感影像处理软件和ArcGIS空间分析工具,定量分析海口市羊山地区2008年与2018年乡村聚落规模和格局变化,并选取相关景观格局指数,探究湿地、林地等环境因素对乡村聚落分布的影响。【结果】1)随着时间的演进,羊山地区乡村聚落的形态、数量、规模、分布均发生了改变。2008—2018年乡村聚落斑块数量激增,斑块总面积和斑块密度增加,斑块间的邻近距离和平均斑块面积相对减少。2)对比斑块形状指数发现,整体区域内聚落斑块形状整体趋于规整,其中邻近湿地的聚落斑块更趋于带状、边界更为曲折。3)从空间分布看,2008年和2018年乡村聚落均呈现聚集的格局,且2018年聚集度略高于2008年。4)随着乡村聚落离湿地、林地的距离增加,斑块数量和面积均产生锐减。此外,耕地斑块与道路斑块对羊山地区乡村聚落斑块分布也产生了一定的影响。【结论】目前羊山地区乡村聚落发展现状分为两类:一类为区位优势明显,得到优先发展,但由于缺少科学规划,村落传统风貌和生态环境被破坏;另一类地区较偏远,发展缓慢,许多古村落、古建筑得不到良好的保护而且遗弃。需要政府把握乡村聚落变化发展规律,因地制宜进行新农村规划建设和人居环境治理,引导乡村聚落朝集约化、内涵式方向发展。本研究揭示了海口羊山地区乡村聚落动态变化规律和影响因素,可为城乡协调发展区的聚落景观布局优化、城乡土地空间规划提供一定的参考依据和技术支撑。     

偏关县退耕还林地植物种类调查研究

以偏关县退耕还林地为研究对象,应用生态学原理和方法,调查退耕还林地的植物种类。结果表明,偏关县退耕地植物共有34科,77属,95种。2000年,2001年和2002年退耕地的植物高度分别比对照区增加了19．8cm,16．2em,7．0cm;植被相对盖度分别增加了47．6％,42．4％和33．1％．退耕地的植物生长发育速度比对照区快。     

Clearance of understory in urban woodlands: Assessing impact on bird abundance and diversity

Clearance of understory to enhance the recreational value of the forest is common in urban woodlands. Open forests are generally perceived as safe and pleasant, but clearance is likely to be negative for woodland birds as the shrub layer is important for foraging and protection. In this 3-year experiment with a before after control impact (BACI) design, the effects from understory clearance on woodland bird abundance and diversity in five suburban broadleaved forests in south-western Sweden were studied. Understory clearance was either made in regular patches, with 50% removal of understory, or as “Complete” (90%) removal. Adjacent stands of equal size were left unmanaged as controls. Woodland birds and understory vegetation were surveyed before and after the management. The total density of breeding forest birds decreased in the plots with “Complete” removal of the understory compared to plots with “Patchy” clearance. “Patchy” clearance had no significant effect on bird density. Bird diversity was not affected by the management. Woodland birds are highly valued animals in urban green areas and the impact on bird fauna should therefore be taken into consideration in the development of management plans for urban woodlands. The present study has demonstrated that clearance of understory can have negative effects on bird abundance if carried out over large areas. Clearance in patches was not found to have negative effects on bird abundance and can promote recreational values by increasing visibility and structural variation of the forest.     

深圳市立体绿化现状分析及应对策略

指出了立体绿化是适应未来城市高密度发展模式、缓解城市生态环境问题的重要途径。针对深圳市公园绿地、居住区绿地、道路绿地以及学校和机关事业单位附属绿地进行了抽样调查,结果发现深圳市室内和室外均存在立体绿化率低、绿化植物比较单一、植物配置较为单调、立体绿化形式单一、养护管理欠佳的问题,针对这些现存问题提出了相应的应对措施。     

大型山地城市绿地景观动态及驱动力分析

利用1995年和2007年两期TM和ETM遥感影像数据,结合实地调查,研究了重庆市主城区20世纪90年代中期以来绿地景观格局时空变化特点与成因,讨论了不同绿地类型景观区域格局变化。结果表明,（1）重庆成直辖市以来,研究区整体上绿地景观多样性增加,优势度下降,破碎化增加,景观结构变化呈上升趋势。（2）有林地和其他林地比重减轻,景观破碎度增加;高覆盖度草地面积增加明显,破碎化轻微增加,低覆盖草地破碎化降低。（3）绿地景观斑块形状较规则,其中林地景观斑块形状更复杂,属研究区内优势植被类型。（4）研究区内绿地景观同非绿地景观类型间转化明显,表明其受到较强烈的干扰。其中在海拔200 m以下、坡度6＆#176;下城市绿地受到干扰最强烈。北碚区和沙坪坝区内绿地景观年变化速率最高。（5）自然灾害（火灾和酸雨）和人为经济、社会活动（包括植被经营和管理、旅游开发和其他人为干扰活动等）是研究时段内绿地景观格局变化主要驱动因素。     

城市绿化植物滞尘效益及滞尘影响因素研究概述

总结城市绿化植物滞尘效益的研究现状,系统阐述不同主体下植物滞尘量的高低以及时空角度下城市绿化植物的滞尘规律.不同植物种在滞尘量方面存在很大差异,从群落角度来看,多层次的植物群落结构能够发挥最大滞尘效益.从时空变化上来看植物的滞尘过程是一个复杂的动态平衡过程.植物滞尘量的大小主要受到植物叶片特性、树冠枝叶结构密度、叶面倾角以及气象等因素的影响.同时,植物粉尘抗性、地被植物和垂直绿化植物滞尘效益、植物滞尘机理研究以及城市绿地滞尘总量估算可能成为今后研究的主要内容.