氮肥对樟子松人工林养分变化影响试验

试验以樟子松人工林针叶为研究对象,探讨了施用不同量的氮肥对针叶内养分变化的影响。试验结果表明:樟子松针叶的有机碳含量和全钾含量,随着氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐降低,而樟子松针叶中的全氮含量和全磷含量,随着氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐升高,各处理间差异显著。     

古油松衰弱衰老诊断的生理指标

选取颐和园不同树龄油松及其衰弱株的一年生针叶为试材,测量不同季节的针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等指标。结果表明:与健康油松比较,衰弱油松树冠不完整,一年生针叶柔弱细长,针叶单位质量的长度值大;衰弱油松叶绿素含量低、光合能力弱,叶绿素a/b值低,光能利用效率低。在一年的生长季节中,油松MDA含量随针叶的发育逐渐升高;与健康油松比较,衰弱油松针叶MDA含量远高于健康油松,而针叶SOD总活性和SOD比活力均低于健康油松,其抗氧化能力弱。这些结果说明:针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD活性等可以作为古油松衰弱衰老的诊断指标。     

干旱处理对侧柏和油松幼苗针叶生理变化的影响

以1年生的侧柏和油松幼苗为研究对象,研究了不同方式干旱胁迫对幼苗的针叶细胞膜透性及丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明:随着干旱程度的加剧,侧柏和油松幼苗的针叶细胞膜透性呈逐渐上升趋势,后期上升幅度较大;丙二醛含量出现先降低后上升的趋势。两种树苗的指标变化都以油松最好。     

油松针叶中营养元素含量与叶龄及采样部位的关系

本文通过对540个叶样的营养元素分析.研究了油松针叶中营养元素含量与叶龄及采样部位的关系。结果表明,随着叶龄的增大,针叶中N、P、K、Mg的百分含量降低,而Ca的含量增加;针叶中N、P、K、Mg含量从树冠基部向顶部有所增加,而Ca含量有所降低;树冠中部针叶中营养元素含量与全树冠针叶元素含量的平均值相接近;不同冠向针叶中营养元素含量无显著差导。此外,文中还指出了叶分析应避免采集树冠内膛侧枝的针叶以及不同林木个体间针叶中营养元素的变化范围。     

油松枯梢病发生规律研究

通过观察、调查及实验测定,主要研究油松枯梢病的发病症状及土壤条件和立地条件与油松枯梢病发病的关系。调查发现,油松枯梢病于5~7月发病,发病初期的症状是油松针叶枯黄,部分油松针叶尖端逐渐枯死。至10月份,油松感病的枝干上会出现分生孢子器,分生孢子器在病枝上进行越冬,分生孢子器越冬后形成的分生孢子是次年侵染油松的主要病原。土壤肥力对油松枯梢病发病的关系调查结果显示,随着土壤有机质含量的增加,油松枯梢病的发病指数呈现降低的趋势;随着土壤中速效氮、速效磷含量的降低,油松枯梢病的病害程度加深;土壤的全氮、全磷、速效钾的含量与油松枯梢病的发生测定无明显关系。立地条件对油松枯梢病发病的关系调查结果显示,坡向对油松枯梢病的发病并无明显关系;坡位对油松枯梢病的发病有明显关系,坡下的发病率较高,坡上的发病率较低。     

施氮对油松幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

通过分析不同施氮量对油松幼苗生长及生理指标变化的影响规律,以筛选出油松育苗中适宜的氮肥施用量处理,为其育苗中科学施肥提供理论参考。试验在田间条件下,设置4个处理,氮肥施用量分别为0 g/株(对照,YS1)、6 g/株(YS2)、12 g/株(YS3)、18 g/株(YS4),小区试验设计,重复3次。结果表明:施用氮肥促进了油松株高增加,YS3与对照相比提高了20. 68%;叶绿素含量YS4最高,YS3与YS4之间无显著差异;根系活力YS3,YS4显著高于对照和YS2处理,YS3与YS4之间无显著差异; 5—9月,YS3可溶性蛋白含量分别高于对照40. 20%,70. 80%,72. 03%,75. 27%,87. 60%;可溶性糖含量YS4与YS3之间无显著差异,6—9月YS3均显著高于对照和YS2处理。综合分析认为,3年生油松苗适宜的氮肥施用量为12 g/株。     

氮肥施用量对辽东栎幼苗生长和氮代谢相关酶活性的影响

在田间条件下，设置0 g/株(对照)、4 g/株、8 g/株、12 g/株、16 g/株5个氮肥施用量处理，研究不同氮肥施用量对辽东栎幼苗生长和氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明，辽东栎的总干物质积累量随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加，表明施用氮肥对植物生长具有显著的促进作用。施用氮肥提高了辽东栎的硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、谷氨酸脱氢酶活性、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量，因此，施用氮肥提高了辽东栎的氮代谢相关酶活性及其氮吸收和存储能力，从而促进了辽东栎生长，提高了各器官干物质积累量。不同处理比较来看，12 g/株是辽东栎育苗实践中适宜的氮肥施用量。     

失叶对油松光合强度叶绿素含量和蒸腾强度的影响

用人工摘叶方法模拟松毛虫的取食,测定不同失叶量对油松光合强度、叶绿素含量及蒸腾强度的影响。结果表明,轻度失叶(30％左右)针叶的光合强度及蒸腾强度较不失叶为高;随着失叶量的增加,光合强度、叶绿素含量、蒸腾强度逐渐下降。     

塔里木盆地东北部香梨园土壤无机氮分布特征

以新疆库尔勒市梨园6年树龄库尔勒香梨为试材,采用土钻分层取土的方法对香梨整个生育期的香梨园土壤取样,研究土壤无机氮含量及累积特征。结果表明:香梨园土壤中无机氮的分布具有表聚效应,不同层次土壤无机氮的含量都随着生育期的推进而呈现递减趋势。施用氮肥可以增加土壤中无机氮含量,且土壤中无机氮含量与氮肥施用量呈正比关系,会随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在香梨年生育末期,0~120cm土层土壤中硝态氮累积量达到15.1kg/hm~2,铵态氮累积量达到13.43kg/hm~2,无机氮的累积量共计28.53kg/hm~2。     

大亮子河几种松树针叶中营养成分分析

松树针叶营养成分高,且东北地区松树资源丰富,利用广泛,作为营养膳食保健品等如松针酒等,也可作为农业畜牧的饲料来源之一,增加饲料的营养成分含量。提取并测定大亮子河国家森林公园中的油松、樟子松和红松针叶的营养成分,探讨三种松树针叶作为医药资源和畜牧饲料的开发前景。实验测定松树针叶中的Vit C、多糖和蛋白质的含量进行综合分析。采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定Vit C含量,硫酸苯酚法测定多糖含量,Bradford法测定蛋白质含量。结果表明：油松针叶的Vit C含量最多,红松次之,樟子松最少。多糖及蛋白质含量最多的均为油松针叶,樟子松次之,红松最少。这表明油松针叶的营养成分含量在三种松树针叶含量最多、红松次之,樟子松最少。     

2种松树苗木栽植对矿山污染土壤营养成分的影响

通过用污染土壤盆栽方法研究油松和樟子松幼苗对土壤营养成分的影响。结果表明:油松和樟子松能够明显改善土壤中有机质含量,以樟子松提高较显著,在0~10cm土层,油松和樟子松的有机质分别比对照提高102.63%和168.42%;在全氮含量方面,油松的全氮含量低于对照,樟子松能提高土壤的全氮含量。樟子松比油松更适合种植在贫瘠的污染土壤上。     

油松大树移栽成活率与不同因素相关分析

为探讨油松（Pinus tabuliformis）在高速公路上移栽效果，对油松大树移栽与不同因素进行了相关分析，结果表明，油松移栽的成活率和保存率能达到90％以上；油松针叶的颜色随时间的变化而改变，移栽越早，颜色改变越快；油松形体的变化与选树、栽植效果有关，选树严格，栽植精细，树木形体的发育加快，形体优异、优良形占94％，达到了景观效果；公路两侧油松针叶枯黄因风力所致，今后移栽时就远离公路15～20 m ，并加强防护。     

RLH营养液提高油松成活率及生长量技术研究

研究了RLC营养液对油松生长及生理活性的影响。结果表明,使用RLH营养液,1）可以提高油松移栽成活率和新梢生长量,比根宝处理的分别提高了9.67%和22.87%.2）叶绿素含量增加,两次测量比根宝处理的分别提高了14.78%和7.77%.3）针叶中SOD和POD酶活性极显著高于对照,两次测量比根宝处理的分别提高了43.63%,29.89%和27.85%,42.50%;CAT酶活性也显著高于对照,两次测量比根宝处理的分别提高了4.17%和9.64%;MDA含量极显著降低,两次测量比根宝处理的分别降低了11.54%,25.59%.4）脯氨酸（Pro）含量极显著高于对照,两次测量比根宝处理提高了41.48%和19.56%.     

Effects of thinning on nutrient content pools in two Pinus sylvestris forests in the western Pyrenees

Abstract

Nutrient content [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)] in needles, branches and stems before (P0, not thinned) and after thinning (P20 and P30, 20% and 30% of basal area removed, respectively) was studied in 37- and 32-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the western Pyrenees: Garde and Aspurz. Thinning significantly decreased all nutrient pools in P20 and P30 relative to P0 on both sites, but no significant differences were found between P20 and P30 owing to low statistical power. Thinning increased the differences between the two forests for total above-ground content of P and Mg, and for the content of N, P and K in the 1999 needles cohort. The former result was due in part to the higher concentration of P (needles and branches) and Mg (needles) in Garde. Therefore, the importance of needles relative to the other nutrient pools increased for N and P after thinning. This may have resulted from the fact that the removal of dead trees with low needle biomass was greater in Garde than in Aspurz. Based on the percentage of basal area removed, nutrient removal in Garde for P30 was higher than expected, apparently owing to an increase in branch removal relative to P20. These results indicate that effects of thinning on nutrient pools were influenced by differences in stand structure and nutrient tissue concentrations between sites.     

Nitrate metabolism in Scots pine seedlings during their first growing season

Fluctuations in nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrate, nitrite, protein and total nitrogen content of bare-root Scots pine seedlings (Pinus sylvestris L.) raised outdoors were investigated during the first growing season. Nitrate reductase activity was higher in roots than in needles, whereas NO(3) (-) content was higher in needles than in roots and increased in both from June to October. Nitrate reductase activity in roots correlated more closely with NO(3) (-) N in the soil than did NO(3) (-) in the roots. In autumn, there was a closer correlation between foliar NRA and NO(3) (-) in the needles than with NO(3) (-)-N in the soil. Nitrite was not detected in the seedlings during the growing season. Total nitrogen content decreased toward the autumn, whereas protein content initially decreased but increased again in autumn. Acrylic netting placed above the seedlings increased both air and soil temperatures and apparently accelerated the use of nitrate.     

马尾松不同家系营养物质含量与松突圆蚧抗性的关系

测定马尾松家系中未受松突圆蚧危害植株与受害植株针叶中可溶性糖、总糖、可溶性蛋白、全N、游离氨基酸、粗脂肪等营养物质的含量,探讨营养物质含量与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系。结果表明:1)高抗家系全N含量低于中抗和低抗家系;2)受松突圆蚧危害的诱导,针叶可溶性糖和总糖含量降低,此诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性无关;3)可溶性蛋白、全N含量和游离氨基酸总量也因松突圆蚧的危害而降低,但这一诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性有关,高抗家系降低量大于低抗家系,导致高抗家系受害植株中这几类营养物质的含量低于低抗家系;4)高抗家系受害植株针叶中除精氨酸外的16种氨基酸含量低于低抗家系;5)粗脂肪含量和总糖/全N与马尾松对松突圆蚧的抗性无关。     

Long-term nitrogen addition regulates root nutrient capture and leaf nutrient resorption in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest

Human activities accelerate global nitrogen (N) deposition, and elevated N availability may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrients and then affect nutrient absorption by plants. The boreal forest is considered one of the world’s most N-limited ecosystems, and its response to N deposition is already a hot issue. In order to explore how long-term nitrogen addition influences nutrient uptake and distribution in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest, four N treatment levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) have been applied in a boreal forest since May 2011. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced the soil pH, significantly changed the soil N availability, increased the total N and N/P in needles and fine roots, and decreased the total P in needles and the C/N in soil. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced nitrogen resorption efficiency, and its impacts on P resorption efficiency were not significant. Nitrogen addition significantly increased the root length, surface area and diameter of 4th- and 5th-order transport fine roots. The N and N/P of needles showed seasonal variation. The needle N concentration and N/P were positively correlated with N addition, while the needle P was negatively correlated with nitrogen addition. With increase in nitrogen addition, Larix gmelinii increased its investment in its belowground parts, which may explain why Larix gmelinii tended to put more C in long-lived roots to improve its C utilization efficiency. Given the P deficiency caused by N addition, Larix gmelinii may be more likely to absorb P from the soil and adjust its C distribution to meet its P demand rather than relying on internal nutrient resorption.

     

Plasticity in mesophyll volume fraction modulates light-acclimation in needle photosynthesis in two pines

Acclimation potential of needle photosynthetic capacity varies greatly among pine species, but the underlying chemical, anatomical and morphological controls are not entirely understood. We investigated the light-dependent variation in needle characteristics in individuals of Pinus patula Schlect. & Cham., which has 19-31-cm long pendulous needles, and individuals of P. radiata D. Don., which has shorter (8-17-cm-long) stiffer needles. Needle nitrogen and carbon contents, mesophyll and structural tissue volume fractions, needle dry mass per unit total area (M(A)) and its components, volume to total area ratio (V/A(T)) and needle density (D = M(A)/(V/A(T))), and maximum carboxylase activity of Rubisco (V(cmax)) and capacity of photosynthetic electron transport (J(max)) were investigated in relation to seasonal mean integrated irradiance (Q(int)). Increases in Q(int) from canopy bottom to top resulted in proportional increases in both needle thickness and width such that needle total to projected surface area ratio, characterizing the efficiency of light interception, was independent of Q(int). Increased light availability also led to larger M(A) and nitrogen content per unit area (N(A)). Light-dependent modifications in M(A) resulted from increases in both V/A(T) and D, whereas N(A) changed because of increases in both M(A) and mass-based nitrogen content (N(M)) (N(A) = N(M)M(A)). Overall, the volume fraction of mesophyll cells increased with increasing irradiance and V/A(T) as the fraction of hypodermis and epidermis decreased with increasing needle thickness. Increases in M(A) and N(A) resulted in enhanced J(max) and V(cmax) per unit area in both species, but mass-based photosynthetic capacity increased only in P. patula. In addition, J(max) and V(cmax) showed greater plasticity in response to light in P. patula. Species differences in mesophyll volume fraction explained most of the variation in mass-based needle photosynthetic capacity between species, demonstrating that differences in plastic adjustments in mass-based photosynthetic activities among these representative individuals were mainly associated with contrasting investments in mesophyll cells. Greater area-based photosynthetic plasticity in P. patula relative to P. radiata was associated with larger increases in M(A) and mesophyll volume fraction with increasing irradiance. These data collectively demonstrate that light-dependent increases in mass-based nitrogen contents and photosynthetic activities were associated with an increased mesophyll volume fraction in needles at higher irradiances. They also emphasize the importance of light-dependent anatomical modifications in determining needle photosynthetic capacity.     

土壤温度和水分变化对川西云杉幼苗氮和磷含量的影响

【目的】研究不同梯度的土壤温度和水分对川西云杉幼苗生长性状和各器官氮和磷含量的影响,以期为全球气候变暖背景下解释川西云杉树线形成的原因提供参考和数据积累。【方法】以5年生川西云杉幼苗为试验材料,采用人工气候室结合嵌套设计,设置5个土壤温度梯度(2、7、12、17、22℃)和3个土壤水分梯度(干旱处理、正常水分含量处理、饱和水分含量处理)。每处理9株幼苗,共135株幼苗。实验处理4个月后,测定并比较分析不同梯度的土壤温度和水分对幼苗的生长性状、各器官干物质含量、各器官全氮、全磷浓度和含量以及土壤全氮和全磷浓度的影响。【结果】土壤温度处理对幼苗基径和株高生长量均无显著影响,而土壤水分处理对幼苗株高生长量有显著影响;在2℃和7℃土壤温度干旱处理下显著降低了幼苗的株高生长量,但随着土壤温度的升高其影响效应不显著。土壤温度处理对土壤氮和磷浓度无显著影响,而干旱处理显著升高了土壤氮和磷浓度。川西云杉幼苗各器官的氮和磷浓度以及当年生叶氮含量随土壤温度降低显著降低;干旱和饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶和当年生枝的氮浓度,饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶的磷浓度,干旱处理显著降低了当年生枝、茎和根的磷浓度,干旱和饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶和根的氮和磷含量,且随着土壤温度升高影响效应更显著。【结论】在短期内,土壤低温对川西云杉幼苗的生长性状没有明显的制约作用,但对川西云杉幼苗各器官的氮和磷浓度及含量影响显著,尤其是当年生叶和根的氮和磷浓度及含量。在川西地区,低温、干旱等极端气候胁迫导致的云杉幼苗氮、磷含量的不足很可能是限制川西云杉垂直分布的重要因素。此外,土壤温度和水分处理存在显著的交互作用,随着土壤温度的降低,水分胁迫对幼苗各器官氮和磷含量的影响由显著变得不再显著,说明随着海拔升高,与水分因子相比,土壤低温成为造成云杉各器官营养元素亏缺的主导因子。     

不同保水剂处理对辽西地区油松苗木耐旱性的影响

以辽西常见的油松苗为试验对象,研究了添加保水剂对油松苗耐旱性的影响。结果表明:添加S型和K型保水剂处理后,油松幼苗叶片内的相对含水量和MDA的含量较对照发生显著变化,能明显提高幼苗的耐旱性。