菊苣高效不定芽直接发生及其植株再生

本研究以菊苣无菌苗叶片为外植体,建立了高效不定芽直接发生及其植株再生体系。在附加不同浓度N-6-benzyladenine(6-BA)或与低浓度α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)组合的MS培养基上,5~7d外植体表面不经过愈伤组织诱导阶段,直接形成不定芽。组织学观察表明,不定芽起源于叶片维管束薄壁细胞,且其微管组织系统与叶片外植体内微管组织系统紧密相连。6-BA是不定芽直接发生所必需的,外植体的发育时期、取材部位和培养基蔗糖浓度对不定芽直接发生有重要影响。在附加2.0mg/L 6-BA,0.5mg/L NAA,100mg/L Vc,100mg/L VB1,300mg/L脯氨酸和40g/L蔗糖的MS培养基上,培养20d龄基部叶片15d时,不定芽直接发生频率最高为100%,每块外植体上产生的不定芽数量也最多,平均为36~38个。在1/2 MS+IBA 0.5mg/L培养基上,再生苗诱导生根频率为97.58%,再生植株移栽于盆土中,100%存活且生长良好,未见形态异常。     

爆仗竹组培快繁6-BA与NAA组合浓度配比优化分析

以爆仗竹顶芽与带腋芽的茎段为外植体,采用二次回归正交设计方法研究了爆仗竹组织培养快速繁殖中不定芽增殖系数与继代培养基中6BA和NAA组合及其浓度配比之间的关系。通过对所建模型的解析得出,6BA1.27mgL、NAA0.36mgL时,不定芽增殖系数最高,达4.6。不定芽增殖系数大于4的6BA、NAA浓度的95%置信区间分别为1.14～2.11mgL和0.04～0.53mgL。     

赞皇大枣叶片再生植株的初步研究

以赞皇大枣组培苗叶片为试材 ,研究了叶片诱导再生不定根的最佳培养基及其生长调节物质种类及浓度 ,在此基础上从不定根诱导出不定芽 ,获得了完整的再生植株。结果表明 ,在 1 /2MS +IBA 1 0mgL- 1+NAA 0 3mgL- 1培养基上 ,可从叶片上诱导产生不定根 ,将上述不定根转接到 1 /2MS + 6 BA 1 0mgL- 1+NAA 0 2mgL- 1培养基上继续培养 ,从不定根诱导出不定芽 ,从而获得完整的体细胞再生植株     

农杆菌介导的洋桔梗遗传转化体系的建立

以洋桔梗叶片为外植体,建立了植株再生体系,并在此基础上,用根癌农杆菌介导法,研究了影响洋桔梗转化的若干因素。结果表明,诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.15mg/L,不定芽诱导率达74.5%;不定芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L,生根率达90%。不定芽分化阶段和生根阶段的Km筛选浓度分别为45mg/L和15mg/L;根癌农杆菌菌液浓度OD600值为0.6,侵染时间10min,共培养时间3d,有利于抗性芽的产生。Km筛选得到的抗性植株经过PCR和Southern检测表明,八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(PSY)已经整合到洋桔梗基因组中。     

利用二次回归正交设计优化香石竹叶片再生体系中6-BA和NAA的浓度组合

以香石竹叶片为外植体,利用二次回归正交设计对其再生体系建立中的关键因素6-BA和NAA的浓度及其组合进行定量优化。结果表明,增殖培养基中6-BA浓度为1.21mg/L、NAA浓度为0.35mg/L时,不定芽增殖数量可达3.65;6-BA浓度为1.20~1.79mg/L,NAA浓度为0.15~0.63mg/L时,不定芽增殖系数大于2,可靠性为95%。     

垂吊型矮牵牛叶片培养不定芽发生和微繁研究

以垂吊型矮牵牛叶片为材料 ,建立了垂吊型矮牵牛叶片高效不定芽发生、植株再生和微繁的技术体系。研究了不同激素及其组合对叶片不定芽发生、壮苗和生根的效应。结果显示 ,MS +BA 2mg L +NAA 0 1mg L是叶片不定芽发生的适宜培养基 ;MS +BA 0 5mg L +IBA0 1mg L +GA 0 5mg L是不定芽形成壮苗的适宜培养基 ;MS +IAA 0 1mg L是壮苗生根的适宜培养基 ;草炭珍珠岩基质是生根苗移栽的适宜基质     

预处理和激素对草莓花药离体培养的影响

花药培养是进行植物脱毒和获取单倍体的有效方法。为提高草莓花药培养的再生效率,采用低温和黑暗的方式对草莓花药进行预处理,以不同种类和浓度的激素诱导诱导愈伤组织形成、不定芽形成与增殖。结果表明,培养前低温处理可促进愈伤组织形成,以4℃低温处理72h的效果最好。但花药黑暗预处理对愈伤组织形成没有作用。较高浓度的2,4-D(MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+2.0mg·L-12,4-D)最适合诱导且促进花药愈伤组织形成,有助于下一步分化培养。而NAA对不定芽分化起着重要作用,诱导成功率达到10%以上,其中以MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+0.2mg·L-1NAA诱导效果最好。在添加NAA的基础上再加入KT也能提高不定芽分化率。不定芽增殖过程不宜添加过高浓度的细胞分裂素和生长素,以MS+0.7mg·L-16-BA+0.1mg·L-1NAA诱导增殖效率最高,激素浓度过高时易出现玻璃化,现象,形成畸形苗。本研究建立了高效的草莓花药培养再生体系,为获得无病毒草莓苗和单倍体提供了条件。     

爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunci var.radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂的MS基础培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株.结果表明,0.5 mg/LBAP和0.01 mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳,其不定芽再生率高达92%,外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个.将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404,通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴,经PCR和PCR-Southern检测,GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中.遗传转化过程中,外植体不经预培养,菌液浓度OD=0.6,共培养3 d,有利于获得最高遗传转化效率.     

爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化研究

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunei var. radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节的MS基础培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明,0.5mg/L BAP和0.01mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳,其不定芽再生率高达92%,外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个。将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404, 通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴,经PCR和PCR-Southern检测,GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中。遗传转化过程中,外植体不经预培养,菌液浓度OD=0.6,共培养3d,有利于获得最高遗传转化效率。     

蓝猪耳再生系统的建立

采用4因子3水平的正交设计，研究外植体种类、NAA、6-BA和光照处理对蓝猪耳愈伤组织诱导的影响，结果表明，光照下带有根的完整植株生长在MS NAA0．5mg／L 6-BA2mg／L的培养基上能够诱导出大量的愈伤组织。比较了不同外植体在诱导愈伤组织出现的时间、形态、质地和颜色等方面的差别。无菌苗的幼叶在培养基MS NAA0．1mg／L 6-BA2mg／L中不定芽诱导率最高，达到81．3％，在MS NAA0.1mg／L 6-BA0．5mg／L培养基上有效不定芽数最多，在MS NAA0．1～0．5mg／L培养基中无根的植株能够诱导出大量的不定根。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.