应用叶绿素仪诊断冬小麦氮营养状况的研究

利用叶绿素仪SPAD-502进行田间快速测定,并对作物进行氮肥推荐。结果表明,冬小麦应用叶绿素仪监测氮营养状况的测定部位为最上部完全展开叶的中部,该部位叶绿素仪测定值与作物全氮、施氮量及作物产量之间均有较好的相关性。作物品种对叶绿素测定结果影响很大,需要通过相对叶绿素仪读数的方法对其进行校正。     

叶绿素仪在夏玉米氮营养诊断中的应用

叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)的出现使通过无损伤的田间速测对作物进行氮营养诊断成为可能。采用简单的试验和研究方法在田间条件下研究了叶绿素仪应用于夏玉米氮营养诊断的可行性。研究结果表明,应用叶绿素仪监测夏玉米氮营养状况的最佳测定部位为最上部完全展开叶的中部,该部位叶绿素仪测定值与作物全氮、施氮量及产量之间均有较好的相关性。由于作物品种对叶绿素测定影响很大,需要通过相对叶绿素仪读数的方法对其进行校正,校正后叶绿素仪对夏玉米追肥推荐中营养状况的预测精度为66.7%。     

基于SPAD的西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究

为解决西瓜生产中存在盲目或过量氮肥施用导致的果实品质下降和氮素利用率低下等突出问题,开展了基于叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD值)的西瓜全生育期氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究,以期为利用SPAD仪建立田间西瓜氮素营养实时诊断技术、开发西瓜精准氮素养分管理模式提供理论依据。试验于2020—2021年在甘肃河西灌区的张掖市以‘金城5号’西瓜为材料,设置了0、80、160、240、320、400 kg/hm² 6个氮肥水平,通过研究不同施氮水平下西瓜关键生育时期不同叶位及叶片不同位置上的SPAD值、叶绿素含量、全氮含量的变化特征及其与西瓜产量、品质指标的相互关系,建立基于SPAD值进行西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥的实时氮肥管理(RTNM)模式,并开展RTNM模式的生产性验证。西瓜苗期顶一叶叶尖、伸蔓期顶三叶叶中、膨果期功能叶叶中位置SPAD值与叶片叶绿素、全氮含量相关性最佳,且变异系数小,是较为理想的指示叶或参照叶;通过指示叶SPAD值与西瓜产量、品质指标及施氮量的回归分析,获得西瓜产量超过60000 kg/hm²的SPAD阈值范围为苗期49.1～51.0、...     

硝酸盐反射仪和SPAD法对玉米氮素营养诊断的比较

精准的营养诊断是了解作物氮素营养及推荐施肥的基础。本文在田间滴灌条件下利用SPAD叶绿素仪(SPAD-502 Plus)和硝酸盐反射仪(RQ flex10)两种诊断方法对玉米关键生育时期的氮素营养诊断进行研究,旨在筛选出适宜的诊断方法,并依据诊断值建立滴灌玉米不同生育时期的施肥模型。试验设置0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N225)、330 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N330)、435 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N435)和540 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N540)5个施氮水平,在不同生育时期测定了玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量,并分别与施氮量、植株全氮含量、产量进行方程拟合,比较两种诊断方法对玉米氮素营养的响应。研究结果表明:1)玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量均随施氮量的增加而显著升高,且在拔节期对施氮量的响应最敏感。叶鞘NO_3~-含量对施氮量变化的响应较SPAD值大,其与施氮量及玉米产量的拟合度均高于SPAD值,说明硝酸盐反射仪法对滴灌玉米氮素丰缺的反应更灵敏。2)玉米全氮含量与叶片SPAD值呈显著线性关系,而与叶鞘NO_3~-含量则以线性加平台表示。当叶鞘NO_3~-含量小于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮与NO_3~-间呈显著线性相关;当叶鞘NO_3~-含量大于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮随NO_3~-含量增加趋于不变。3)本农作区滴灌玉米最佳经济施氮量为402.5 kg·hm~(-2),对应的玉米产量为17 049 kg·hm~(-2)。玉米拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期的临界叶鞘NO_3~-含量分别为729.3 mg·L~(-1)、536 mg·L~(-1)和81.2 mg·L~(-1)。SPAD叶绿素仪和硝酸盐反射仪均可对滴灌玉米进行氮素营养诊断,但硝酸盐速测值能更敏感地反映氮素丰缺状况,基于硝酸盐反射法进行作物氮素营养诊断及推荐施肥具有较好的准确性与适用性。     

甜瓜主茎叶不同叶位SPAD值空间分布与氮素营养诊断

在设施栽培条件下,研究甜瓜关键生育期不同叶位SPAD值的变异特征及与叶片、植株氮素含量的相关性,探索提出基于SPAD仪诊断氮素营养最佳的测定叶位。结果表明,在各施氮水平下,不同叶位间叶片SPAD值存在一定差异,各叶位叶片SPAD值随施氮量的增加而增加。在适宜施氮(N 210 kg/hm~2)水平下,各生育期顶3叶和顶4叶SPAD值变异系数显著低于顶1叶和顶2叶,不同叶位叶片SPAD值与叶片、植株含氮量有较好的相关性,其中顶3叶与叶片、植株含氮量相关性最高。因此,用叶绿素SPAD仪诊断甜瓜氮素营养,顶3叶为较理想的指示叶或参照叶。     

应用多酚–叶绿素仪监测棉花氮素营养状况研究

  【目的】  通过田间试验,研究使用多酚–叶绿素仪对棉花进行快速无损氮素营养诊断适宜的指标。  【方法】  田间试验在新疆石河子市进行,设3个施氮处理,分别为施纯N 0、180和240 kg/hm2,分别用N0、N180和N240表示。所有氮肥分5次随滴灌施入,每次施肥后3天,利用多酚–叶绿素仪 (Dualex-4) 和SPAD叶绿素仪分别测定20株棉花叶片的氮平衡指数 (NBI)、Chl值和SPAD值,同步采样测定棉花叶片全氮含量,及0—20 cm、0—40 cm和0—60 cm土层硝态氮含量。  【结果】  随着施氮量的增加棉花叶片全氮含量和土壤硝态氮含量均显著增加。其中,0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量与棉花叶片全氮含量关系最密切。增加氮肥施用量,棉花叶片氮素营养诊断指标NBI、Chl值和SPAD值均显著增加。棉花叶片NBI、Chl和SPAD与叶片全氮含量均呈极显著正相关关系,且相关系数 (r) 均达到0.8以上。相关性模型校验结果表明,棉花叶片全氮含量实测值与预测值的平均相对误差 (RE) 分别为–4.0% (NBI)、–3.1% (Chl) 和–5.7% (SAPD)。其中,氮平衡指数 (NBI) 模型对棉花叶片全氮含量的预测精度最高,与实测值的相关系数达到了0.9143,平均绝对百分比误差 (MAPE) 为6.91%;标准均方根误差 (nRMSE) 为8.21%。棉花叶片NBI、Chl和SPAD与土壤硝态氮的模型决定系数表现为NBI > Chl > SPAD。模型校验分析表明,NBI模型与0—40 cm土层硝态氮实测含量的相关性最高,相关系数为0.9116,预测值与实测值的MAPE和nRMSE分别为14.11%和17.88%。  【结论】  应用多酚–叶绿素仪监测棉花氮素营养,氮平衡指数 (NBI) 与棉花叶片氮含量和0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量的相关性最高,预测值与实测值的误差仅为6.91%和14.11%,可以满足膜下滴灌条件下棉花氮素营养的快速诊断需求。     

棉株氮营养状况评估方法的比较研究

在田间和温室条件下分别用传统的硝化测氮法与叶绿素仪(SPAD.meter)和Cardy.NO3-nitrate.meter两种便携式氮素测定仪对棉花花铃期氮素营养状况进行了评估和跟踪。结果表明,传统的硝化测氮法测得的叶片全N和叶柄NO3--N含量和叶绿素仪(SPAD.meter)及Cardy.NO3-nitrate.meter的读数都反应出大田生长的棉株叶片和叶柄的含氮量因施氮水平、棉桃载荷和后期施用叶面氮肥而不同。在较高施氮水平下,单株棉桃数较少(即低载荷)以及叶面施用氮肥的棉株叶片和叶柄的含氮量明显高于其它处理,且叶绿素仪(SPAD.meter)和Cardy.NO3-nitrate.meter的读数与叶片的全N百分数和叶柄NO3--N含量存在显著的正相关,其相关系数在大田条件下平均为0.70;温室条件下平均为0.90。     

不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响

【目的】氮和钾是作物生长所必需的大量元素,在水稻生长发育、产量形成等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。南方稻田缺钾以及氮钾肥不合理施用已成为限制水稻高产的重要影响因子。本研究在田间条件下,探讨了不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻生长发育与叶片生理特性的影响,进而阐明缺钾导致营养生长期水稻叶色暗绿的营养及生理机制。【方法】采用两因素完全随机设计田间试验,因素A为不同施氮水平,包括不施氮、低氮（N 90 kg/hm2）和正常施氮（N 180 kg/hm2）;因素B为不同施钾水平,包括不施钾和正常施钾（K₂O 120 kg/hm2）。测定水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期地上部干物质,叶面积指数,叶片氮、钾、镁和叶绿素含量（叶色值）,叶片含水率、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值。【结果】1）在不施氮条件下缺钾对水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下显著降低水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数;随施氮量的增加,缺钾对干物质及叶面积指数的影响加剧,其中N₁₈₀K₀处理的降幅最为明显;氮钾交互作用对水稻各生育期的干物质和叶面积指数均有显著或极显著影响。2）在不施氮条件下缺钾对分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下以上各指标显著增加,其中N₉₀K₀处理的叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量均可以达到N₁₈₀K₁₂₀处理水平;无论施氮与否,缺钾均显著降低分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片钾含量,而显著增加叶片镁含量。3）回归分析结果表明,比叶重与叶片可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。【结论】水稻干物质、叶面积指数、叶片营养及生理状况、叶色表现等对缺钾的响应明显受到施氮量的影响。在施氮条件下缺钾造成叶片中可溶性糖大量积累,进而导致比叶重增加;结合田间试验观察及叶片营养及生理性状可知,水稻叶色（叶绿素含量）在不施氮条件下不受缺钾的影响;而在施氮条件下,缺钾造成水稻叶片单位质量及单位叶面积氮含量和叶绿素含量显著增加,这是田间条件下水稻叶色呈现暗绿的主要原因,从而也影响生育期植株氮素营养诊断。     

不同气候和土壤条件下玉米叶片叶绿素相对含量对土壤氮素供应和玉米产量的预测

叶绿素仪可以用于估测作物和土壤氮素供应状况,本研究通过野外土壤置换试验评估叶绿素仪在不同区域的适用性。在黑龙江海伦（中温带）、河南封丘（暖温带）和江西鹰潭（中亚热带）设置3种主要农田土壤（黑土、潮土、红壤）的异地置换对比试验,研究了不同气候和土壤条件下玉米叶绿素相对含量对土壤氮素供应的响应及其对玉米产量的预测性。研究结果表明:不同气候和土壤条件下,玉米生长旺盛期功能叶的叶绿素相对含量（叶绿素仪SPAD值）和土壤表层（0—20 cm）硝态氮、无机氮含量相关性显著,说明叶绿素仪测定值可以在玉米生长旺盛期反应土壤氮素供应情况;玉米生长旺盛期功能叶叶绿素相对含量和土壤表层硝态氮含量均与玉米子粒产量呈显著相关,说明叶绿素仪可以在玉米生长旺盛期估测玉米子粒产量,且不受地域、土壤类型的影响。     

不同氮磷钾肥用量对五指毛桃叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨在"3414"肥料试验中叶绿素仪测定叶绿素的精确度,以及不同施肥处理对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的影响,采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精-丙酮浸提法对五指毛桃不同叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量进行测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理对五指毛桃3片叶片的SPAD值,倒1叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,倒2叶的叶绿素a以及倒3叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量的影响不显著;对倒2叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量,倒3叶的叶绿素a影响显著。氮、磷、钾肥对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量效应依次为N肥P肥K肥。SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量从倒1叶至倒3叶呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加的幅度因施肥处理不同而不同。倒1叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈负相关;倒2叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈极显著正相关;倒3叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a呈负相关,而与叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关,表明在"3414"肥料试验中倒2叶的SPAD值更能准确地预测其叶绿素的绝对含量。该研究为叶绿素仪在五指毛桃生理实验中正确应用提供了科学依据,也为五指毛桃在成龄胶园间作实践提供了理论指导。     

利用叶绿素计(SPAD-502)诊断水稻氮素营养和推荐追肥的研究进展

叶绿素计(SPAD-502)在监测水稻氮素营养水平和及时提供追肥所需的信息方面有快速、简便、无损的特点,但其精度常受多种因素的影响。本文分析了影响利用SPAD-502叶绿素计诊断水稻氮素营养和推荐追肥精度的水稻品种、生育时期、测定叶位、测定叶片的位点、生态环境等因素。并综述了通过量化SPAD读数与氮的关系,提高诊断水稻氮素营养精度;通过量化SPAD读数与追肥关系,提高SPAD-502叶绿素计诊断法推荐施肥精度的研究现状;提出进一步提高利用SPAD-502叶绿素计诊断水稻氮素营养状况与推荐追肥精度尚需解决的几个问题。     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

应用叶绿素计诊断烤烟氮素营养状况

为探讨叶绿素计在估测烤烟叶绿素和氮浓度上的应用价值,进行了3个田间试验。即:郑州点2003年设施N.51.0.kg/hm2与4个品种NC89、RG17、85048、541;2004年设5个氮肥用量:N.30.04、0.5、51.0、61.5、75.0.kg/hm2与2个品种中烟101、云烟85;玉溪点于2005年设5个氮肥用量:N.02、7.0、54.5、81.8、109.0.kg/hm2与K326品种的试验。测定了不同试验条件下烤烟叶片的叶绿素计(SPAD-502和CCM-200)值和实际叶绿素浓度、全氮浓度,并进行了三者关系分析。结果表明,应用叶绿素计监测烤烟叶片最佳测定部位为完全展开叶的中部。叶绿素计测定值因年份、地点、氮肥水平、叶位、同一叶片不同的部位而异。叶绿素计值与叶绿素浓度、叶片全氮浓度之间有稳定的极显著相关性。叶绿素计SPAD-502的SPAD值和CCM-200的CCI值与叶绿素浓度之间的决定系数分别为0.8755(P0.001)和0.9499(P0.001)。SPAD计值(SPAD)与全氮浓度(N)之间回归方程为N=0.0265SPAD+0.9601(R2=0.7649,P0.001),经检验该模型具有较好的精确性和普适性,利用叶绿素计进行烤烟氮素营养监测是可行的。     

CALIBRATING CHLOROPHYLL METER (SPAD-502) READING BY SPECIFIC LEAF AREA FOR ESTIMATING LEAF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION IN SWEET SORGHUM

The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) is used to estimate nitrogen status of various crops. However, the relationship between SPAD readings and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has not been fully established. We examined the relationship between SPAD readings and LNC in sweet sorghum in a two-year study; and the effects of leaf thickness on the relationship was also examined. There was a significant relationship between the SPAD reading and LNC at each of two growth stages, but the correlation was weaker when the data for the two growth stages were pooled. This correlation improved when the specific leaf area was introduced as a second independent variable in the multiple regression analysis. This regression equation was applicable to not only different growth stages but also different seasons. The results suggest that the regression equation developed in this study can help in optimizing nitrogen fertilization for sweet sorghum production.     

Use of a hand‐held chlorophyll meter in winter wheat: Evaluation of different measuring positions on the leaves

A portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD‐502) was used to assess the nitrogen status of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two fertilizer trials at Apelsvoll Research Centre, located in south‐east Norway. The midpoint of the last fully developed leaf was found to be the best position on the winter wheat plant on which to take chlorophyll meter readings. This conclusion was reached after examination of the relationships between soil‐plant analyses development (SPAD) readings taken at different positions on the plant and leaf nitrogen concentration, grain yield and grain protein content. Emphasis was also laid on finding a measuring position that was convenient from a practical point of view. The relationships between chlorophyll meter readings and the parameters investigated were better at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 49 than earlier in the season at GS 31.     

Relationship between chlorophyll meter readings and nitrogen in poinsettia leaves

Chlorophyll meters are used for non-destructive estimation of leaf nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to evaluate the readings with several chlorophyll meters (SPAD-502, atLEAF, and CCM-300), different sampling sites on leaves, number of leaves used for sampling, and different types of leaf N sampling on estimation of N in leaves of potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) “Prestige Red.” Results showed that all meters gave readings that were correlated for N determination and also were correlated with each other. SPAD and atLEAF showed interaction between different N treatments and different sampling sites on the leaves, while CCM readings were affected by different sampling sites on the leaf. atLEAF readings showed interaction between number of leaves sampled and different N treatments. Thus, during sensor-based leaf N estimation, sampling site on leaf, number of leaves sampled, and stage of plant development should be considered to minimize error.     

Chlorophyll meter readings in corn as affected by plant spacing

Abstract

Heightened environmental consciousness has increased the perceived need to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency by crops. Synchronizing fertilizer N availability with maximum crop N uptake has been proposed as a way to improve N‐use efficiency and protect ground water quality. Chlorophyll meters (Minolta SPAD 502) have the potential to conveniently evaluate the N status of corn (Zea mays L.) and help improve N management. A potential problem with the use of chlorophyll meters is the effect of within‐row plant spacing on meter reading variability. Chlorophyll meter readings and leaf N concentration of irrigated corn at anthesis and grain yield at harvest were measured on plants grouped into eight within‐row plant spacing categories. Leaf N concentration was not affected by plant spacings, but chlorophyll meter readings and grain yield per plant increased as plant competition decreased and N fertilizer rate increased. These data indicate that avoiding plants having extreme spacings can greatly increase precision when using chlorophyll meters to evaluate the N status of corn.     

膜下滴灌棉花氮素推荐施肥模型的研究

研究应用叶绿素仪（SPAD-502）在膜下滴灌条件下的棉花氮肥推荐。试验于2006年在石河子乌兰乌苏农业气象实验站进行,以新陆早24为材料。结果表明,不同叶位的叶片含氮量、SPAD值及叶片不同部位的SPAD值存在明显差异,SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、单株吸氮量等均有较好的相关性;倒四叶的叶尖部位适合作为测试部位。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期倒四叶SPAD值与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关;各生育期SPAD值与产量也具极显著相关。滴灌条件下最高籽棉产量为4686.5 kg/hm2,对应的施肥量为293.1 kg/hm2;最大利润（经济最佳）施肥量为207.33 kg/hm2,对应的最佳产量为4565.9 kg/hm2。各生育期SPAD的临界值分别为60.5、60.0、60.8和59.1。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期SPAD值每变动一格推荐施肥量分别为10.81、8.46、13.42和6.29 kg/hm2。