用基因枪法将小麦病程相关蛋白基因TαPR-1导入小麦的研究

为验证小麦病程相关蛋白基因TαPR-1的功能，利用gus基因瞬间表达技术对基因枪法转化小麦幼胚的两个重要参数金粉用量和轰击距离进行了优化。研究结果表明,金粉用量为250．0μg．轰击距离9cm的轰击参数最为理想，GUS瞬间表达率和平均蓝点数分别可达89．8％和33．7个。采用此轰击参数．将TαPR-1基因导入扬麦158幼胚．经3～5mg／L Bialaphos筛选获得49株抗性再生植株．经PCR、Southern杂交分析．其中2株为阳性植株．转化率为0．11％。对转基因小麦植株进行苗期离体叶段和田间成株白粉病接种鉴定．初步结果表明，转基因植株对白粉病抗性与对照相比无明显差别。     

水稻施用硅肥肥效试验总结

试验结果表明，有效SiO2时水稻生育有促进作用。施硅肥的植株比不施硅肥(对照)生长旺盛，分蘖旱，分蘖多，茎秆粗壮，抗病抗倒。生育进程有提前趋势，有效分蘖率、结实率和粒重均有明显提高，比对照增产5．8％。在硅肥基施600kg／hm^2的基础上。于有效分蘖末期(6月30日)再追施150kg/hm^2，比基施增产1.5％，比对照增产7．3％。施硅肥净增效益212．06～265．52元／hm^2。投入产出比1：1．7。增产增效效果明显。     

延缓叶片衰老系统在烟草中的表现

研究了自我调控缓叶片衰老系统在中国烟草品种白肋烟12中的表现。通过基因枪法和农杆菌介导方法，获得了21株阳性转基因烟草植株，并对这些转基因株及其后代进行了光合性能和田间性状的考察。结果表明：从R0代PSAG12-IPT转基因烟草中观察到2株表现出明显地延缓了叶片衰老。与对照相比，这两株转基因植株约有3片叶具衰老延缓的特征，并且腋芽能形成分枝，总花朵数增加，但发育得不是十分正常，部分花朵出现败育。对其后代（R1）的考察发现，转基因植株与野生型对照的总叶片数基本相当，但转基因植株的绿叶数多7片。转基因植株的下部叶片也具有光合功能，转基因烟草的总花朵数、籽粒产量和单株生物学重量分别比对照高出60．80％，20．96％和42．40％。但转基因植株的部分花朵败育，其可育花朵数仅比对照高16．32％。     

苎麻赣苎三号太空诱变SP1代的分离变异

苎麻赣苎三号种子搭乘卫星经过27天轨道运行后，SP1代种子出苗比对照提早2天，出苗率提高5．8％；植株形态上划分的四个类型分离比率差异不显著，SP1代雌蕊色泽分离与对照的分离比率基本接近，红色与黄色比接近3：1，麻株茎杆上分枝与对照比较两者差异不大。但在SP1代中有极少数变异单株分株少、茎杆粗、叶较大，少数单株产生雄性不育。这些少量的变异将被育种所利用。     

大豆根瘤菌与黑龙江省主栽大豆品种共生匹配的研究

应用大豆根瘤菌与黑龙江省几个主栽大豆品种的最佳共生进行匹配研究。结果显示：接种的根瘤菌（USDA 110）能够很好地与供试大豆品种结瘤固氮，其有效结瘤数，地上部分干重等指标明显高于对照植株及接种分离的土薯根瘤菌（HL1-2、HL2-1、HL8-1、HL9-1、HS1-1）的植株，接近或略高于氮肥对照植株。试验结果表明，接种的根瘤菌（USDA 110）的结瘤宿主范围广，结瘤数量多，因氮能力强，有望成为商品化大豆根瘤菌接种剂菌种。     

马铃薯需钾特性及钾肥效应

试验结果表明，钾对马铃薯营养生长有明显促进作用。团棵期施钾处理株高较对照平均增加３．２ｃｍ，鲜重增加１１．６ｇ；盛花期分别增加２．４ｃｍ和４９．１ｇ。植株含钾量随着植株生物量的增大而减小，前期植株中钾的含量３．８５％～４．６２％，后期钾的含量为１．６３％～４．１９％。植株吸钾量则随着生物量的增大而增加，前期０．６～０．８ｇ／盆，后期４．１２～５．８６ｇ／盆。施钾处理较对照平均增产６．８％，不施钾土壤速效钾和缓效钾均有下降，分别降低２７．７和５３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

马铃薯需钾特性及钾肥效应

试验结果表明，钾对马铃薯营养生长有明显促进作用，团棵期施钾处理株高钾对照平均增加３．２ｃｍ，鲜重增加１１．６ｇ；盛花期分别增加２．４ｃｍ和４９．１ｇ，植株含钾量随着植株生物量的增大而减小，前期植株中钾的含量３．８５％￣４．６２％，后期钾的含量为１．６３％￣４．１９％，植株吸钾量则随着生物量的增大而增加，前期０．６￣０．８ｇ／盆，后期４．１２￣５．８６ｇ／盆，施钾处理较对照平均增产６．８％，不施钾上     

花生根瘤菌的应用效果研究

研究了“富思德”花生根瘤菌与不同氮肥水平的化肥配合施用对花生主要性状和产量的影响,结果表明：（1）花生根瘤菌在常规施肥50％氮肥水平上施用,依然可以提高花生的植株鲜重、根瘤数和出仁率,分别比对照提高27．7％～57．0％、4．9％～132．8％、1．4％～2．0％;（2）花生根瘤菌与化肥配合施用对花生的增产效果明显,比对照增产9．4％～21．2％。     

种植方式对水稻和陆稻氮素吸收利用的影响

 以武香粳99-8（水稻）和中旱3号（陆稻）为材料，研究了种植方式对水稻和陆稻生育后期N素吸收利用的影响。与水种稻（对照）相比，中旱3号覆膜旱种时产量显著低于对照，武香粳99-8覆膜旱种时和对照没有显著差异，裸地旱种产量均为最低。覆膜旱种和裸地旱种抽穗期植株的含N率较低，抽穗至成熟期植株含N率下降速率为水种＞裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种。抽穗和成熟期植株吸N量大小为水种＞覆膜旱种＞裸地旱种。旱种稻成熟期茎鞘中的N素分配显著高于对照，籽粒显著低于对照，品种间叶片有所不同。抽穗期旱种稻的N素物质生产效率显著高于对照。成熟期覆膜旱种N素物质生产效率最低。旱种稻N素籽粒生产效率（中旱3号覆膜旱种除外）和N素收获指数较对照增加，大小为裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种＞水种。与武香粳99-8相比，中旱3号抽穗后植株含N率下降快，植株N素积累量较小，叶片和籽粒中N素分配比例高，茎鞘低；N素物质生产效率（成熟期）、N素籽粒生产效率和N素收获指数高，产量低。     

黑亚16号亚麻新品种的选育

黑亚16号是以高纤、抗病、抗倒、早熟的俄罗斯亚麻品种俄-5为供体，以我所育成的优质、高纤、抗旱品种黑亚7号为受体进行DNA导入，于2000年D4代决选出了亚麻新品系D96021-1。经两年鉴定试验和两年区域试验均表现出高纤、优质、抗病、抗倒等优点。2005年生产试验原茎产量5842．3kg／hm^2，比对照增产11．8％；长麻产量986．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产18．1％；全麻1469．7kg／hm^2、比对照增产18．6％；种子产量405．9kg／hm^2，比对照增产15．8％；长麻率20．6％，比对照高0．9个百分点；全麻率30．8％，比对照高1．3个百分点。     

Preparation and application of an<Emphasis Type="Italic">s</Emphasis>-triazine-based novel<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-halamine biocide for antimicrobial fibers

N-halamines serve as important antimicrobial agents. Development of this class of compounds has been shown to provide benefits especially from a biocidal point of view. A novels-triazine-basedN-heterocycle, dichloro-m-aminophenyl-hydantoinyl-s-triazine (DAPHT), which could be rendered antimicrobial through exposure to diluted chlorine bleach, was synthesized and characterized by¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, and FT-IR. A finishing method was used to apply theN-halamine precursor onto cotton fabric, and the optimum conditions for finishing were investigated. The DAPHT-treated cotton fabric had durable antimicrobial properties up to 50 standard washing cycles and was rechargeable under normal laundry/bleaching conditions. The antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated.     

Launching the &quot;<Emphasis Type="Italic">Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration</Emphasis>&quot;

The Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration was created to provide, for the first time, a unified forum to consider all factors that affect scientific practice and scientific discovery – with an emphasis on the changing face of contemporary biomedical science. In this endeavor we are bringing together three different groups of scholars: a) laboratory investigators, who make the discoveries that are the currency of the scientific enterprise; b) computer science and informatics investigators, who devise tools for data analysis, mining, visualization and integration; and c) social scientists, including sociologists, historians, and philosophers, who study scientific practice, collaboration, and information needs. We will publish original research articles, case studies, focus pieces, reviews, and software articles. All articles in the Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration will be peer reviewed, published immediately upon acceptance, freely available online via open access, and archived in PubMed Central and other international full-text repositories.     

Structure and performance of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis> silk modified with nano-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and chitosan

Bombyx mori (B. mori) silk was modified with the nano-TiO₂ and chitosan dispersion system by the crosslinking reactions of citric acid (CA) and maleic anhydride (MA). The average size of the nano-TiO₂ particles in the aqueous dispersion system was 36.7 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the nano-TiO₂ particles were spherical and homogeneously dispersed in the dispersion system, and the surface ofB. mori silk fiber treated with the nano-TiO₂ and chitosan dispersion system was rougher than that of the untreated one. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry indicated that the crystallinity of theB. mori silk fiber increased after treatment. It was also found that the nano-TiO₂ and chitosan contributed to significantly enhance the mechanical properties including breaking strength, breaking elongation, initial modulus, rupture work, and elastic recovery property of theB. mori silk fiber. The wrinkle-resistant performance of the treatedB. mori silk fabrics was also greatly improved.     

Fabrication and characterization of nano Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> filled PVA:NH<Subscript>4</Subscript>SCN electrolyte nanofibers by electrospinning

Present paper reports a method of preparing polymer composite electrolyte nanofiber mat using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ammonium thiocynate (NH₄SCN) salt, and aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) nano particles based on electrospinning technique. Two-stage process of preparation of nanofibers, namely, preparation of nano particles filled PVA electrolyte gel solution followed by its electrospinning has been used. The so obtained nanofibers have been characterized by XRD, DSC, SEM, and Conductivity measurements. XRD patterns affirm the formation of nanocomposite while SEM pictures reveal formation of fibers on a nano scale format (300–800 nm). Fibers of the electrolytes are seen to be thermally stable. Ionic conductivity of electrolyte fiber is seen to improve in the presence of nano filler at room temperature with a maximum at 5.31×10⁻³ Scm⁻¹ for 4 wt% filler concentration, which is comparable to that for corresponding dried gel electrolyte films.     

Ladder-Structured Polysilsesquioxane/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Nanocomposites for Transparent Wear-Resistant Windows

As a protective layer for deformable displays, we synthesized ladder-type polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) containing cyclic epoxy as a curable unit. The mechanical properties after photo- and thermal-curing of LPSQs with a small amount of added Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were compared with those of the pure LPSQs. The prepared LPSQ-Al₂O₃ nanocomposites and the pure LPSQs exhibited comparable optical transparencies and thermal stabilities. In addition, the degree of conversion of the applied epoxy units in LPSQs and the resulting mechanical properties, as monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nanoindentation tests, indicated that the addition of nanoparticles to LPSQs moderately enhanced the epoxy conversion rate and remarkably improved the wear resistance, including hardness, after photo-/thermal-curing processes. The LPSQ-Al₂O₃ nanocomposites achieved higher wear resistance than epoxy-silica nanocomposites containing similar curable functional groups and reinforcing fillers (silica). The excellent mechanical properties of the LPSQ-Al₂O₃ nanocomposites could be attributed to three-dimensionally interconnected networks of organic-inorganic hybrid-type chemical structures in the LPSQ as well as additional reinforcement from amine-functionalized Al₂O₃ nanoparticles covalently interconnected with the LPSQ. We believe that the devised LPSQ-Al₂O₃ nanocomposites could serve effectively as a wear-resistant platform for deformable display windows.     

基于RNA-seq技术开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium,2n=6x=42,JJJSJSStSt或Ee Ee EbEbStSt)是小麦遗传改良的重要近缘植物,高抗锈病、白粉病等病害,耐逆性强。开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记对于加快其优异基因向普通小麦中的转移和利用具有重要意义。为建立快速准确开发中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记的新体系,首先利用RNA-seq技术对中间偃麦草及其基因组供体二倍体长穗偃麦草、百萨偃麦草、假鹅观草的苗期叶片进行转录组测序,然后根据测序结果设计EST-SSR引物,对普通小麦、中间偃麦草及其基因组供体材料进行DNA扩增分析,从中筛选鉴定中间偃麦草基因组特异标记。结果表明,在所合成的200对ESTSSR引物中,有75对引物(37.5%)在中间偃麦草、二倍体长穗偃麦草、百萨偃麦草和假鹅观草中具有特异扩增,引物多态率较高。说明利用RNA-seq技术开发EST-SSR引物可以高效地用于筛选中间偃麦草基因组特异分子标记,这一技术体系也可应用于其他作物及其近缘物种的特异分子标记开发。     

Polyacrylonitrile/electroconductive TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles composite fibers <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> wet-spinning

For the first time, novel polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/electroconductive TiO₂ (EC-TiO₂) nanoparticles composite fibers have been successfully spun via wet-spinning. The composite fibers had uniform diameter and homogeneous surface. Moreover, at low content of EC-TiO₂ nanoparticles, the composite fibers realized a transition from an insulator to a conductor. This work has provided a simple and effective avenue for the production of PAN/EC-TiO₂ nanoparticles composite fibers that have great potential applications in the antistatic textiles.     

New Synthetic Glucosyl-Curcuminoids,and their <Superscript>1</Superscript>H and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C NMR Characterization,from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Curcuma longa</Emphasis> L.

Turmeric extracts, among which curcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin, are by far known for their therapeutic activities. In this study we propose easy and low cost synthetic pathways in order to obtain glucosyl-curcuminoids, safe and water soluble potential drugs and dyes, which may be implied in different fields ranging from pharmacology to food chemistry. The complete ¹H and ¹³C NMR characterization of naturally occurring curcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin and new synthetic glucosyl-curcuminoids is reported.     

Significance of LMW-GS and HMW-GS for Dough Extensibility: «Addition» versus «Incorporation» Protocols

Low molecular weight (LMW-GS) and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) were added to a base flour using both «addition» and «incorporation» protocols. «Incorporation» of glutenin subunits into the glutenin network of the base flour was performed by partial (reversible) reduction and subsequent reoxidation of the glutenin network in the presence of the added glutenin subunits whereas, in the «addition» protocol, glutenin subunits were added without reduction/oxidation. The effects of both «addition» and «incorporation» of alkylated and unalkylated LMW-GS and HMW-GS on dough extension parameters maximum resistance (MR) and extensibility (EX) were compared and thoroughly discussed. HMW-GS and LMW-GS had totally different effects on dough extensibility. «Addition» of LMW-GS significantly decreased both MR and EX whereas HMW-GS caused a significant increase in MR. «Incorporation» of LMW-GS caused a decrease in MR whereas HMW-GS clearly increased MR. The similarity in effects obtained with «addition» and «incorporation» of glutenin subunits indicated that, even with «addition», glutenin subunits can be partially incorporated into the glutenin network in the presence of oxygen. Alkylated and unalkylated glutenin subunits had different effects. This was probably caused by the effect of free sulphydryl groups in unalkylated subunits (possibility of SS/SH exchanges and/or incorporation) and/or the effect induced by introduction of alkylated derived substituents. A protocol for «incorporation with excess KIO₃» was developed to exclude the possible effect of a lowering of the available oxidant concentration by oxidation of free sulphydryl groups in glutenin subunits. However, the use of high levels of oxidant in the «incorporation with excess KIO₃» protocol seems to overrule the effects of added glutenin subunits or may force glutenin subunits to incorporate differently from what can be observed under gentle oxidation conditions. Therefore, «incorporation with excess KIO₃» is not suitable for studying the effects of incorporation of glutenin subunits on dough extensibility.