番茄不同生育期遮荫对其干物质分布、产量及叶片养分含量的影响

Pot-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Maofen) was used to study the effects of three shading levels (0, 75% and 40%) for 8 days on dry matter partitioning, contents of nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in leaves and yield at three growth stages (early flowering (EF), peak flowering (PF) and later flowering (LF)). Shading reduced the dry weight of root and stem tissues at the EF and PF stages, but the 40% shading increased root dry weight and stem dry weight by 43.2% and 21.6%,respectively, at the LF stage. The influence of shading on the dry weight of leaves was very small at most growth stages. Shading had no effects on total leaf N, P and K contents at the EF and PF stages, showing that N, P and K absorption were regulated by the carbon assimilation at these two stages. The leaf N, Pand K contents of 40% shaded plants at the LF stage were significantly increased. There were no obvious differences in leaf N and K contents between 75% and 40% shading treatments, but significant difference in leaf P contents was found between them at the LF stage. Shading significantly enhanced the friit yield of 40% shaded tomato plants at the LF stage, but failed to affect the fruit yield of shaded plants at the EF stage. These showed that tomato could grow well and a better yield could be obtained if some moderate shading (i.e., 40% shading) was applied at the LF stage at s, mmer midday.     

玉米细根形成和土壤中无机磷分级平衡对缺磷的特异性响应

Plants have diverse strategies to cope with phosphorus (P) deficiency. To better understand how maize responds to P deficiency, a field experiment with two P levels, 0 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0 and P100, respectively), was carried out as a part of a long-term Pfertilizer field trial. Plant and soil analyses showed that P-deficient maize reduced its growth rate, increased P use efficiency, and formed more thin roots with the diameter less than 0.6 mm at jointing and silking stages, compared to the plants treated with P100. Further, there were no differences in major inorganic P fractions (Ca 2 -P, Ca 8 -P, Al-P, Fe-P, occluded P and Ca 10 -P) between the rhizospheric and bulk soils at each harvest, even when soil Olsen-P was only 1.38 mg kg-1 . These results suggested that maize responded to P deficiency by reducing the internal P demand for growth and increasing P acquisition ability by favorable root morphological alteration at low carbon cost.     

根区限制及氮营养对杂交小麦生长的影响

To study the physiological effects of small root zone, plants of a hybrid wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Meiyou 4) were grown in small pots (1 litre) or large pots (8 litre) with low nitrogen (50 mg kg^-1 soil) and high nitrogen (200 mg kg^-1 soil). Restricting root zone decreased dry weight of plants at the stages of stem elongation and flowering, compared to those of control plants grown in the large pots (P<0.01). Spraying of 6-benzylaminopurine (50 μmol L^-1) increased dry weight of plants and chlorophyll concentration in leaves. Restriction of root zone decreased the concentrations of total nitrogen, chlorophyll and soluble protein in the flag leaf and accelerated senescence of the leaves. Supply of high nitrogen delayed senescence of the flag leaf. The results suggested that the shortage of nutrients, especially nitrogen deficiency, was the primary reason for the decreased growth of plant in the treatment of root zone restriction.     

Root cell walls and phytochelatins in low-cadmium cultivar of Brassica parachinensis

‘Lvbao-701’ is a cultivar of Chinese flowering cabbage(Brassica parachinensis) that exhibits low cadmium(Cd) accumulation and high Cd tolerance.In this study, this cultivar was compared with a high-Cd accumulating cultivar, ‘Chixin-4’, to characterize the mechanisms influencing Cd accumulation in B. parachinensis. Root cell walls were isolated by dissolving the cytoplasm with an organic solvent, and root Cd and phytochelatin(PC) contents were analyzed. In addition, a PC synthase gene fragment was cloned and expressed under Cd stress conditions. The proportions of Cd bound to root cell walls were higher in the ‘Lvbao-701’ plants(68.32%–76.80%) than in the ‘Chixin-4’ plants(35.36%–54.18%) after exposure to Cd stress. The proportions of Cd bound to root cell walls measured using cell walls isolated with a non-destructive method were higher than those obtained using a conventional method that required grinding and centrifugation. Exposure to Cd stress induced the PC production and resulted in higher PC contents in the ‘Lvbao-701’ plants than in the ‘Chixin-4’ plants. Cloning and expression analysis of a B. parachinensis PC synthase cDNA fragment indicated that PC synthase gene expression was induced by Cd and occurred mainly in the roots of both ‘Lvbao-701’ and ‘Chixin-4’ plants. However, the PC synthase gene expression level was higher in the‘Lvbao-701’ roots than in the ‘Chixin-4’ roots. Therefore, a higher abundance of Cd in the root cell walls of ‘Lvbao-701’ and up-regulated PC production in the roots are probably the main reasons why ‘Lvbao-701’ exhibits lower Cd translocation to the shoots and higher tolerance to Cd than ‘Chixin-4’.     

西红柿对聚烯烃控释肥这种新的施肥方法的反应

The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

油菜苗期根系缺硼对保护酶的变化及多胺积累的影响

The effects of boron deficiency on the membrane permeability,the lipid peroxidation of membrane ,the activities of the protective enzymes and the accumulation of polyamines in the roots of rape (Brassica napus L.cv Zhongyou 821)plants were examined using solution culture experiment .Compared to the 20 mmol B m^-3 treatment ,boron-deficient treatment( 2 mmol B m^-3) decreased root dry weight and increased the rate of solute leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the roots of rape.Similar patterns of change were observed in the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA concentration) and the rate of solute leakage under boron deficiency.Results suggested that a signifcant alteration of membrane composition had occurred under B deficiency.The concentration of putrescin and the ration of putrescine to spermidine spermine in the roots of rape increaed significantly,and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased in the roots of rape during B deficiency,But peroxidase activity in root of B-defcient plant was higher than that of control plant.     

万寿菊：铬植物修复的潜在价值

Environmental pollution with chromium(Cr) is harmful to humans, animals and plants, while in plants it causes diminished growth,anatomical alterations and death. In the present study, the potential value of marigold(Tagetes erecta) in the phytoremediation of Cr has been investigated. The randomized experimental design involved the exposure of plants to nutrient solutions containing 0.00,0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 or 0.24 mmol L~(-1)Cr(Ⅲ). Chromium toxicity was observed at Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations ≥ 0.12 mmol L~(-1) as demonstrated by diminished growth of the aerial parts and reduced density of the root system. Increasing Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations in the nutrient solution resulted in a higher bioaccumulation of total Cr in the tissues, although translocation from roots to aerial parts was not efficient(maximum value of 25% at 0.12 mmol L~(-1)Cr(Ⅲ)). The Cr bioaccumulation was up to 11-fold greater in roots than in the aerial parts. Tagetes erecta exhibited leaf plasticity when exposed to Cr, indicating the existence of a tolerance mechanism to Cr in this species. Chromium caused a reduction in xilem vases, resulting in a plastic effect in T. erecta leaves that increased the metal tolerance in culture solution. Tagetes spp. are potential Cr hyperaccumulators; at Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations up to 0.12 mmol L~(-1), the plants accumulated levels above that proposed for hyperaccumulators and still maintained a considerable growth and even flourished. However, this study was conducted in nutrient solution, and studies on species confirmation as Cr hyperaccumulator should be conducted in soils for further clarification.     

辣椒丛枝菌根真菌吸磷机制研究

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the action mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phosphorus (P) uptake of Capsicum annuum L.in a sterilized fossil Oxisol.Three P levels of 0,10 and 200 mg kg-1 soil (P0,P10 and P200,respectively) without and with AM fungal inoculation were applied as Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O.Shoot dry matter yields and shoot P uptake increased significantly (P > 0.05) by the inoculation of AM fungi at P0 and P10.Root length and P concentration in soil solution increased with the inoculation of AM fungi but the root:shoot ratio decreased or remained constant.Around 50% roots of inoculated plants were infected by AM and the external hyphae amounted to 20 m g-1 soil at P10 and P200.The hyphae surface area of the infected root cylinder amounted to 11 and 2 cm-2 cm-2 root at P0 and P10,respectively.The increased P uptake of inoculated plants was mainly because of an up to 5 times higher P influx of the infected root.Model calculations showed that the root alone could not have achieved the measured P influx in both infected and non-infected roots.But the P influx for hyphae calculated by the model was even much higher than the measured one.The P uptake capacity of hyphae introduced in the model was too high.Model calculations further showed that the depletion zone around roots or hyphae was very narrow.In the case of the root only 7% of the soil volume would contribute P to the plant,while in the case of hyphae it would be 100%.The results together with the model calculations showed that the increased P uptake of AM inoculated plants could be explained partly by the increased P concentration in the soil solution and by the increased P absorbing surface area coming from the external hyphae.     

Mechanisms of exogenous nitric oxide and 24-epibrassinolide alleviating chlorosis of peanut plants under iron deficiency

Iron(Fe) is a crucial transition metal for all living organisms including plants; however, Fe deficiency frequently occurs in plant because only a small portion of Fe is bioavailable in soil in recent years. To cope with Fe deficiency, plants have evolved a wide range of adaptive responses from changes in morphology to altered physiology. To understand the role of nitric oxide(NO) and 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency in peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) plants, we determined the concentration of chlorophylls, the activation, uptake, and translocation of Fe, the activities of key enzymes, such as ferric-chelate reductase(FCR),proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase(H~+-ATPase), and antioxidant enzymes, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and malondialdehyde(MDA) of peanut plants under Fe sufficiency(100 μmol L~(-1)ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-Fe) and Fe deficiency(0 μmol L~(-1)EDTA-Fe). We also investigated the production of NO in peanut plants subjected to Fe deficiency with foliar application of sodium nitroprusside(SNP), a donor of NO, and/or EBR. The results showed that Fe deficiency resulted in severe chlorosis and oxidative stress, significantly decreased the concentration of chlorophylls and active Fe, and significantly increased NO production. Foliar application of NO and/or EBR increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase,peroxidase, and catalase, and decreased the ROS and MDA concentrations, thus enhancing the resistance of plants to oxidative stress.Application of NO also significantly increased Fe translocation from the roots to the shoots and enhanced the transfer of Fe from the cell wall fraction to the cell organelle and soluble fractions. Consequently, the concentrations of available Fe and chlorophylls in the leaves were elevated. Furthermore, the activities of H~+-ATPase and FCR were enhanced in the Fe-deficient plants. Simultaneously,there was a significant increase in NO production, especially in the plants that received NO, regardless of Fe supply. These suggest that NO or EBR, and, especially, their combination are effective in alleviating plant chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency.     

缺磷胁迫下番茄侧根形成与miR164及NAC1表达的关系

为了研究番茄幼苗在缺磷胁迫下根系形态发育与生长素、生长素信号转导途径中的转录因子NAC1,以及调控NAC1 表达的上游miR164之间的关系。试验以5和500 μmol/L磷浓度作为缺磷胁迫和对照,检测了外源生长素NAA（1-naphthalene acetic acid）及生长素抑制剂NPA（N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid）对侧根形成的影响; 同时采用RT-PCR检测了NAC1和miR164在缺磷胁迫下的时序表达。结果表明,缺磷胁迫下侧根大量形成与生长素及其运输密切相关,在侧根迅速形成的24 h内,NAC1的表达在缺磷胁迫下增强; 而其上游的miR164表达降低,从而揭示了缺磷胁迫下侧根形成与miR164调节NAC1表达之间的关系。     

Effects of Grafting on Alkali Stress in Tomato Plants: Datura Rootstock Improve Alkalinity Tolerance of Tomato Plants

Plant growth, nutritional status, and proline content were investigated in non-grafted and grafted greenhouse tomato plants onto five rootstocks of eggplant, datura, orange nightshade, local Iranian tobacco, and field tomato, exposed to 0, 5, and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) to determine whether grafting could improve alkalinity tolerance of tomato. The leaf fresh mass of ungrafted and grafted tomato plants decreased significantly as NaHCO₃ levels increased. Despite other rootstocks and ungrafted plants, alkalinity had no significant effect on stem and root fresh mass and shoot phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of datura grafted plants. The lowest solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values and the highest leaf proline content were observed in the plants grafted onto datura rootstock. Moreover, sodium (Na) concentration in shoots was lower in plants grafted onto datura rootstock than in other plants especially under high NaHCO₃ levels. Overall, using datura rootstock improved alkalinity tolerance of tomato plants under NaHCO₃ stress.     

番茄双链RNA绑定蛋白(SlDRB)基因家族鉴定及抗TYLCV防御反应分析

番茄生产是现代蔬菜生产的主导产业,因经济价值高,成为乡村振兴的优势产业.然而番茄生产大多面临番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)和其他病毒的严重威胁.最新研究发现双链RNA结合蛋白(DRB)在植物RNA干扰(RNAi)抗病毒通路中发挥重要作用.为探究番茄DRB(SlDRB)基因抗TYLCV防御反应,本研究通过生物信息学方法鉴...     

Azospirillum brasilense mitigates water stress imposed by a vascular disease by increasing xylem vessel area and stem hydraulic conductivity in tomato

Water stress, with its negative consequences on plant growth and survival, can be mitigated by Azospirillum brasilense inoculation. In tomato, A. brasilense delays wilting caused by a vascular pathogen, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, by yet unknown mechanisms. We studied morphological, anatomical and physiological changes induced by A. brasilense in tomato that relate to water stress tolerance, which could explain the deferral in symptom expression. For this purpose, tomato seeds were treated or not with A. brasilense BNM65, and 5 weeks later plants were challenged with C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis or mock inoculated with water. There was a large growth promotion associated to Azospirillum: treated plants had higher total biomass and leaf area. In relation to water stress tolerance, Azospirillum treated plants had larger xylem vessel area, higher stem specific hydraulic conductivity, thicker stems, and lower shoot/root dry matter and specific leaf area. These changes were opposite to those induced by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. We conclude that A. brasilense favoured a better adjustment of plant-water relations by several mechanisms, and thus, transitorily alleviated symptoms expression of a vascular disease.     

Populations of Pseudomonas solanacearum biovar 3 in naturally infested soil

Populations of Pseudomonas solanacearum biovar 3 were monitored in a clay loam soil sampled from the root zone of infected tomato plants during 1978, 1979 and 1980. Soil numbers increased during symptom development and declined with the death of infected plants. The decline in population size in the soil was continuous where no cover crop was planted between the autumn and spring crops. This decline in population size was interrupted, however, following the planting of an oats cover crop numbers decreased with the ploughing under of the oats. Rainfall was associated with high soil numbers but soil temperature did not appear to directly affect population size. Soil populations in the root zone of susceptible tomato plants cultivar Floradel reached a maximum 1000-fold greater than in soil from the root zone of a resistant line. P. solanacearum survived in bare fallow soil for 21 months. Tomatoes planted 2 months later wilted rapidly.     

The bacterial community of tomato rhizosphere is modified by inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but unaffected by soil enrichment with mycorrhizal root exudates or inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to induce the biocontrol of soilborne diseases, to change the composition of root exudates and to modify the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere, leading to the formation of the mycorrhizosphere. Tomato plants were grown in a compartmentalized soil system and were either submitted to direct mycorrhizal colonization or to enrichment of the soil with exudates collected from mycorrhizal tomato plants, with the corresponding negative controls. Three weeks after planting, the plants were inoculated or not with the soilborne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae growing through a membrane from an adjacent infected compartment. At harvest, a PCR-Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from the total DNA extracted from each plant rhizosphere was performed. Root colonization with the AM fungi Glomus intraradices or Glomus mosseae induced significant changes in the bacterial community structure of tomato rhizosphere, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, while enrichment with root exudates collected from mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants had no effect. Our results support that the effect of AM fungi on rhizosphere bacteria would not be mediated by compounds present in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants but rather by physical or chemical factors associated with the mycelium, volatiles and/or root surface bound substrates. Moreover, infection of mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants with P. nicotianae did not significantly affect the bacterial community structure suggesting that rhizosphere bacteria would be less sensitive to the pathogen invasion than to mycorrhizal colonization. Of 96 unique sequences detected in the tomato rhizosphere, eight were specific to mycorrhizal fungi, including two Pseudomonas, a Bacillus simplex, an Herbaspirilium and an Acidobacterium. One Verrucomicrobium was common to rhizospheres of mycorrhizal plants and of plants watered with mycorrhizal root exudates.     

IRON IS REQUIRED FOR THE INDUCTION OF ROOT FERRIC CHELATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN IRON-DEFICIENT TOMATO

Two mutants of tomato and their corresponding wild-type genotypes, Tfer/TFER and chloronerva/Bonner Beste, were grown in nutrient solution under conditions leading to iron (Fe) deficiency. Iron deficiency caused decreases in growth, leaf chlorosis, and changes in the morphology of roots. Ferric chelate reductase activities of whole roots were generally lower in Fe-deficient plants than in control, Fe-sufficient plants. Plants grown for 7 days without Fe, however, had transient increases in whole root ferric chelate reductase activity after the addition of small amounts of Fe (2 μM) to the nutrient solution. Also, adding sequential 0.5 μM Fe pulses to the nutrient solution led to high whole root ferric chelate reductase activities. Similar results were obtained with a protocol using excised root tips instead of whole root systems to measure ferric chelate reductase activities. The protocol using root tips generally gave higher ferric chelate reductase rates than the method using whole roots, due to the localized expression of the enzyme in the distal root zones.     

Effects of phosphorus and potassium deficiency treatment on roots secretion of wheat and rice seedlings

Abstract

Firstly, the secretion of sugars, protein and acid phosphatase from wheat and rice roots into surrounding medium under conditions of P and K deficiency stresses were studied. Secondly, Sephadex elution patterns of wheat root exudates labeled with ¹⁴C under N, P and K deficiency treatments were compared.

P deficiency treatment induced acid phosphatase activity in medium, in spite of the decrease in the secretion of total sugars and pro tein from roots into medium, whereas no such increase was observed in K deficiency stress.

Secretion of high molecular fraction of ¹⁴C compounds from roots was accelerated by P deficiency stress, probably being associated with the presence of phosphatase activity in the medium.

Activity of acid phosphatase secreted from P-deficient roots corresponded to nearly one half of the rate of P absorption by normal plant.     

硅、磷配施对玉米苗期生长及氮磷钾积累的影响

以‘正红2号’和‘正红115’玉米为材料,采用砂培方式,设置3个纯磷水平[1.0 mmol·L~(-1)(正常磷水平,P_(1.0))、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)(中度缺磷,P_(0.1))和0.01 mmol·L~(-1)(重度缺磷,P_(0.01))]和3个纯硅水平[1.5 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(1.5))、0.75mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(0.75))和0 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_0)],通过对玉米苗期干物质、叶面积、根系形态和氮磷钾含量的测定分析,研究硅、磷配施对玉米苗期根系生长、各器官干物质及氮、磷和钾养分积累与利用的影响,为磷、硅肥合理配施提供理论依据。结果表明:缺磷抑制玉米苗期生长,降低根长、根体积、根表面积和叶面积,减少磷和氮、钾的吸收以及干物质积累量,这种效应随磷浓度的降低而增强;玉米通过提高根冠比,增加磷、氮在根系中的分配率,提高氮、磷、钾的干物质生产效率来适应低磷环境;低磷胁迫对‘正红115’根系生长和磷吸收积累量的影响大于‘正红2号’,但‘正红115’在低磷条件下大幅度提高磷在根系中的分配率。在正常磷(P_(1.0))条件下加硅可促进玉米根系生长,增加磷和氮、钾积累量,提高其在地上部分配率,增加叶面积和干物质积累量;在中度缺磷(P_(0.1))条件下加硅也可增加玉米的磷和氮、钾积累量,促进根系和地上部生长,缓解低磷胁迫;在重度缺磷(P_(0.01))条件下,增施硅对玉米根系生长和干物质积累无显著的改善作用,但会增加根系中磷、钾素积累量。由此表明,硅和磷存在显著的协同作用和配合效应,生产上硅和磷应配施。