最佳养分管理对华北冬小麦养分吸收和利用的影响

针对华北地区小麦施肥过量和不平衡、产量和肥料利用率较低的现象,进行了河南、山东、河北3个小麦主产区最佳养分管理、农民习惯施肥和减素处理对冬小麦产量、养分吸收、利用和经济效益影响的田间试验。结果表明,在山东和河北较高肥力地区,最佳施肥处理(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)处理相比在减少氮肥施用5.4%和43.8%的情况下,分别提高氮肥回收利用率7.7和4.5个百分点;在河南低肥力地区,OPT处理在比FP处理增加10%氮肥施用量的情况下,冬小麦增产12.5%,氮肥回收利用率提高了13.0个百分点。同时,OPT处理钾肥和磷肥的回收利用率也有不同程度的提高。由于地区土壤肥力和养分供应能力变异较大,基于土壤养分测定和目标产量的优化养分管理很有必要且切实可行。     

不同盐分条件下植物促生菌对燕麦和黑麦草幼苗的促生效应

从盐生植物根际土中分离得到4株含1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶的植物促生菌(PGPR),通过无菌育种袋栽培试验,考查其在不同盐分条件下对燕麦和黑麦草幼苗的促生效应。结果表明,4株菌对5 g/kg或10 g/kg NaCl盐分胁迫下的燕麦和黑麦草幼苗均表现出显著地缓解促生效应,其中假单胞菌属S1最显著,10 g/kg NaCl比无NaCl时促生作用更大。4株PGPR的ACC脱氨酶活性与植物生长参数(根长和下胚轴长)之间具有极显著的正相关性(Pearson相关系数>0.81)。     

两种根际促生菌在不同氮磷条件下对油菜生长 和养分吸收的影响

油菜是我国和世界主要油料作物,对氮磷肥需求量大,但是氮磷肥利用率低,会造成资源浪费和环境污染等问题。由于根际促生菌能够改善植物生长并提高养分吸收,近些年来不少生物肥料中添加有根际促生菌。采用土培试验,探究了两种根际促生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌)在不同氮磷条件下对油菜生长和养分吸收的影响,以期为油菜肥料研制和施肥技术提供帮助。结果表明:油菜在缺氮或缺磷条件下的地上部干重仅为正常氮磷供应的20%;巨大芽孢杆菌在正常氮磷供应条件下改善了油菜生长,促进了油菜对P、K、Zn和B 4种营养元素的吸收,而在缺氮和缺磷条件下没有效果;短小芽孢杆菌在缺氮、缺磷和正常氮磷条件下均没有效果。因此,氮磷肥对油菜生长至关重要,巨大芽孢杆菌能够在适当氮磷供应的条件下发挥促生作用。     

模拟降雨条件下聚丙烯酰胺应用对径流、侵蚀和土壤养分流失的影响

Soil erosion affects soil productivity and environmental quality.A laboratory research experiment under simulated heavy rainfall with tap water was conducted to investigate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide(PAM) application rates(0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 g m-2) and molecular weights(12 and 18 Mg mol-1) on runoff,soil erosion,and soil nutrient loss at a slope of 5°.The results showed the two lower rates of PAM application decreased runoff while the highest rate increased runoff as compared with the control.Sediment concentration and soil mass loss increased significantly with the increasing PAM application rate.Compared with the control,PAM application decreased K+,NH4+,and NO3-concentrations in sediment and K+ and NH+4 concentrations in runoff,but significantly increased the mass losses of K+,NH4+,and NO-3 over soil surface except for the NH4+ at PAM application rate lower than 1.0 g m-2.PAM application decreased the proportion of K+ loss with runoff to its total mass loss over soil surface from 60.1% to 16.4%.However,it did not affect the NH4+ and NO3-losses with runoff,and more than 86% of them were lost with runoff.A higher PAM molecular weight resulted in less soil erosion and K+ mass loss but had little effect on runoff and NH+4 and NO3-losses.PAM application did not prevent soil erosion and the mass losses of K+ and NO3-under experimental conditions.     

在富营养土壤斑块中根增值对玉米养分吸收和生长的贡献

Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages.     

间作条件下超积累和非超积累植物对重金属镉的积累研究

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了超积累植物龙葵、非超积累植物黑麦草、苋菜分别与玉米间作条件下对重金属Cd的积累特性。结果表明,几种间作作物中地上部生物量最大的是龙葵,其次是苋菜,最小的是黑麦草,其中土壤Cd浓度为1.59 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部生物量分别是苋菜、黑麦草的2.41、10.6倍;土壤Cd浓度为1.92 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部生物量分别是苋菜、黑麦草的2.42、9.06倍,3种富集植物地上部生物量的差异达到显著水平。玉米间作条件下超积累植物龙葵各器官中Cd含量表现为叶茎籽粒根,即地上部大于根部;而苋菜中Cd含量表现为根茎叶,黑麦草中Cd含量表现为根部地上部,即非超积累植物Cd含量为根部大于地上部。土壤中Cd含量为1.59 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部Cd累积量分别为苋菜、黑麦草的28.0、59.9倍;龙葵的富集系数是苋菜、黑麦草的28.2、59.3倍,转运系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的8.08、55.9倍。土壤中Cd含量为1.92 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部Cd累积量分别为苋菜、黑麦草的30.8、43.5倍;龙葵的富集系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的29.4、41.4倍,转运系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的7.98、53.6倍。综上可知,超积累植物龙葵对土壤中Cd的吸收与转运能力远远大于非超积累植物苋菜、黑麦草,龙葵是最理想的与玉米间作的Cd污染土壤修复的植物修复材料。     

铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响

通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100～250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.     

遮荫条件下氮肥运筹对棉花生长和氮素积累的影响

【目的】果棉间作下棉花贪青晚熟现象明显,霜前花率低,产量下降严重,而合理的氮肥追施可以调控作物生育进程,优化各器官生物量和氮素的积累分配。为此,本文探讨果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,以期为间作棉合理施氮提供理论依据。【方法】以中棉所49为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为遮荫50%(S50)与不遮荫(CK),副区为3个氮肥追施方式,即N1(氮肥前移)、 N2(正常追肥)、 N3(氮肥前移比例大于N1),总施氮量N 320 kg/hm2,随机追施量为160 kg/hm2,追施时期与比例见表1。研究其对棉花生物量、 氮素动态累积特征的影响。【结果】遮荫50%(S50)与不遮荫(CK)相比,营养器官生物量理论最大值和最大生长速率较大; 生殖器官生物量理论最大值、 最大生长速率和生长特征值较小; 总氮快速积累提前5~8 d; 单株铃数、 单铃重和衣分显著降低,皮棉产量平均减少35.61%。遮荫50%时,以N1处理地上部营养器官和生殖器官生物量进入快速增长期的起始日和结束日、 最大生长速率出现日提早,生殖器官生物量理论最大值表现为N1＞N2＞N3; 氮积累量理论最大值、 快速积累持续时间及生长特征值最大; 有利于营养器官对氮的净吸收、 净转移和对棉纤维的贡献; 单株铃数、 单铃重最高,皮棉产量比N2、 N3提高18.90%和29.07%。不遮荫时,以N2处理地上部营养器官生物量的最大生长速率和生长特征值最大; 氮积累量理论最大值、 氮快速积累持续时间及生长特征值也最大; 皮棉产量比N1、 N3提高13.03%和23.67%。【结论】遮荫50%条件下,氮肥追施适度前移(N1),即提前至盛蕾期(6月中下旬)开始追肥,在盛铃期(8月上旬)前结束,可改善遮荫条件下棉花快速生长期的生长特征值,显著增加生物量和氮素积累量,有利于营养器官对氮的净吸收、 净转移和对棉纤维的贡献,最终增加单株铃数、 单铃重和产量。     

AM真菌和水分条件对稀土尾矿堆中植物生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下接种3种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌（Diversispora spurcum、Glomus aggre gatum和Glomus constrictum）后对稀土矿砂中黑麦草（Lolium perenneL.）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.）植物株高、地上和地下部分干重及植株内Pb和Zn含量的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下黑麦草和狗牙根与AM真菌均有一定的结合。在干旱胁迫（W1和W2）下,接种3种AM真菌均提高了黑麦草的株高、地上和地下部分干重,其中,接种Glomus aggregatum促进作用最为显著,重度干旱胁迫（W1）处理下接种后黑麦草株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了76.16%、202.86%和481.82%;接种Glomus constrictum显著提高了狗牙根的株高、地上和地下部分干重,W1处理下狗牙根接种后的株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了119.17%、290.63%和247.37%。接种AM真菌的植株内Pb和Zn含量与AM真菌种类、植物品种、水分处理及重金属性质等相关,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著降低了黑麦草植株内Pb的含量,而对Zn的含量影响不大;而对于狗牙根,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著增加了其Pb和Zn的含量。此外,还测定了植物叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果显示接种AM真菌明显降低了干旱处理下黑麦草和狗牙根叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,表明接种AM真菌能有效提高植物的抗逆性。     

不同水分条件下秸秆生物炭对高粱生长和养分含量的影响

【目的】 研究不同水分条件下秸秆生物炭对高粱生长、养分含量以及土壤理化性质和养分含量的影响,以探明秸秆生物炭对高粱生长的作用效果。 【方法】 以高粱“晋杂34号”为供试作物,石灰性褐土为供试土壤进行盆栽试验。试验设3个水分处理,分别为正常供水,田间持水量的85% (W₁);轻度胁迫,田间持水量的65%(W₂);重度胁迫,田间持水量的45% (W₃)。设5个秸秆生物炭添加量,分别占土壤干重的0、0.5%、1%、3%和6%。高粱出苗后70天调查株高,采集地上部 (茎和叶),测定生物量、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的含量,同时采集土样测定pH值、EC、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性Ca和Mg、有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的含量。 【结果】 干旱胁迫显著降低了高粱生物量和株高;施用0.5%秸秆生物炭显著增加了重度干旱胁迫条件下高粱生物量,但是当施用量 > 1%时不同水分条件下高粱生物量和株高均显著降低。干旱胁迫降低了高粱P含量,增加了K、Ca、Mn和Zn的含量;秸秆生物炭提高了高粱K和Zn含量,降低了N、P和Mg的含量;随着水分含量的减少,作物收获后土壤有效Mn和有效Zn含量降低;添加生物炭显著提高了土壤速效K和有效Zn的含量,但是当施用量大于1%时,土壤交换性Mg、有效Fe和有效Mn的含量显著降低。 【结论】 供试条件下,施用0.5%秸秆生物炭能够提高高粱钾和锌的含量,促进干旱胁迫条件下 (45%田间持水量) 高粱的生长,但过量施用 (> 1%) 会对高粱生长产生抑制作用。      

Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) growth promoting rhizobacteria and their effect on nodulation in coinoculation with rhizobia

Lentil is cultivated in Chilean Mediterranean drylands, in areas with soils that are nutrient depleted and eroded. Inoculation of lentil with rhizobia in co-inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria would allow higher biomass and an opportunity for early nodulation and increased nitrogen fixation. The objective of this research was to select rhizosferic bacteria (PGPR) from lentils and to evaluate their effect on lentil nodulation in co-inoculation with rhizobia. Sixty three lentil rhizobacteria isolates where obtained from nine soils in the mediterranean area. These were fingerprinted through BOX-PCR reducing the number to 57 distinct strains. The strains were evaluated for ACCdeaminase activity, IAA production and compatibility with rhizobia. Seventeen strains showed ACC-deaminase activity, all of them synthesized IAA and 38 were compatible with the rhizobia. Ten selected strains were identified as Pseudomonas spp. through 16S rRNA sequencing. The strains were inoculated in lentil seedlings growing on seed germination pouches, to evaluate nodule formation. The strain LY50a increased early nodulation in 85% in comparison to the control inoculated with rhizobia (AG-84) only. In conclusion, bacteria from the rhizosphere from Mediterranean soils of Chile can be used as nodulation promoters in lentils.     

Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions

This study was conducted with sugar beet in greenhouse and field at two soil type with different organic matter (containing 2.4 and 15.9% OM, referred as the low- and high-OM soil) conditions in order to investigate seed inoculation of sugar beet, with five N₂-fixing and two phosphate solubilizing bacteria in comparison to control and mineral fertilizers (N and P) application. Three bacterial strains dissolved P; all bacterial strains fixed N₂ and significantly increased growth of sugar beet. In the greenhouse, inoculations with PGPR increased sugar beet root weight by 2.8-46.7% depending on the species. Leaf, root and sugar yield were increased by the bacterial inoculation by 15.5-20.8, 12.3-16.1, and 9.8-14.7%, respectively, in the experiment of low- and high-OM soil. Plant growth responses were variable and dependent on the inoculants strain, soil organic matter content, growing stage, harvest date and growth parameter evaluated. The effect of PGPR was greater at early growth stages than at the later. Effective Bacillus species, such as OSU-142, RC07 and M-13, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05, Pseudomonas putida RC06 and Rhodobacter capsulatus RC04 may be used in organic and sustainable agriculture.     

Effect of soil pH on plant growth and nodulation of cowpea

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil pH on rhizobium inoculation, plant growth and nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Both inoculated and non‐inoculated seeds of the cultivar ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ were grown in the greenhouse in plastic pots with growth medium being a Norfolk sandy loam (Fine, loamy siliceous, thermic, Typic Palendult) soil under different pH levels. Both soil pH and rhizobium inoculation significantly affected root length, plant height, nodule and pod number per plant. Within the pH range of 6.6 to 7.6, these growth parameters generally were at their maximum, decreasing above or below this pH range. Non‐inoculated plants produced some nodules, indicating failure of the methyl bromide to totally destroy all residual soil rhizobta before inoculation treatment.

The inoculated plants produced more seeds and the increased number of nodules of treated plants was directly related to increased seed weight. Since nodule number was highest at the approximate pH range of 6.6 to 7.6, this range was considered optimum for nodulation of cowpea by this strain of rhizobium under greenhouse conditions. At pH 7.5 and above, roots tended to be more fibrous and nodules were generally smaller in size.     

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and soil compaction on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties and rhizosphere microflora

Inoculants are of great importance in sustainable and/or organic agriculture. In the present study, plant growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been studied in sterile soil inoculated with four plant growth-promoting bacteria and mineral fertilizers at three different soil bulk densities and in three harvests of plants. Three bacterial species were isolated from the rhizosphere of barley and wheat. These bacteria fixed N₂, dissolved P and significantly increased growth of barley seedlings. Available phosphate in soil was significantly increased by seed inoculation of Bacillus M-13 and Bacillus RC01. Total culturable bacteria, fungi and P-solubilizing bacteria count increased with time. Data suggest that seed inoculation of barley with Bacillus RC01, Bacillus RC02, Bacillus RC03 and Bacillus M-13 increased root weight by 16.7, 12.5, 8.9 and 12.5% as compared to the control (without bacteria inoculation and mineral fertilizers) and shoot weight by 34.7, 34.7, 28.6 and 32.7%, respectively. Bacterial inoculation gave increases of 20.3–25.7% over the control as compared with 18.9 and 35.1% total biomass weight increases by P and NP application. The concentration of N and P in soil was decreased by increasing soil compaction. In contrast to macronutrients, the concentration of Fe, Cu and Mn was lower in plants grown in the loosest soil. Soil compaction induced a limitation in root and shoot growth that was reflected by a decrease in the microbial population and activity. Our results show that bacterial population was stimulated by the decrease in soil bulk density. The results suggest that the N₂-fixing and P-solubilizing bacterial strains tested have a potential on plant growth activity of barley.     

AM真菌对田间山银花生长、矿质营养及绿原酸含量的影响

Lonicera confusa, a traditional Chinese medicine herb for treating cold, flu, acute fever, and so forth, is often grown artificially in acidic soils and suffers from phosphorus (P) deficiency. A five-year field experiment was carried out to study the colonization rate, growth, nutrition, and chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera confusa seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices. Before transplanting into a field, both AM-inoculated and uninoculated control plants were cultured in nursery beds. In the plants inoculated with the AM fungi, the colonization rate decreased linearly with time and a greater decrease was observed in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices than with G. etunicatum, while the AM colonization increased from 0% to 12.1% in the uninoculated control plants 5 years after transplanting. Plant height, crown diameter, number of new branches, and flower yield increased significantly by AM inoculation as compared to the uninoculated control. Phosphorus concentrations in leaves and flowers increased, and plant uptake of nutrients, e.g., nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K), was also enhanced significantly by AM inoculation. The Lonicera confusa seedlings had a better response to inoculation of G. intraradices than G. etunicatum in both growth and chlorogenic acid content in flowers. In contrast, both plant P uptake and P concentrations in leaves and flowers were similar between two fungal inoculations. The positive responses of Lonicera confusa to AM inoculation in growth, nutrient uptake, flowering, and chlorogenic acid content in flowers suggested that AM inoculation in nursery beds could promote the plant growth and increase chlorogenic acid content in flowers of Lonicera confusa when grown on acidic and P-deficient soils.     

Accumulation and distribution of Zn and Mn in soybean seeds after nutrient seed priming and its contribution to plant growth under Zn- and Mn-deficient conditions

Nutrient seed priming is a strategy to increase the seed reserves of mineral nutrients as primary source for mineral nutrition during seedling development and early growth. The present study investigates the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) seed priming on growth and nutritional status of soybean under conditions of Zn and Mn limitation. Nutrient seed priming increased the natural seed reserves for Zn by, approximately, sixfold and by fivefold for Mn; however, 40–60% of the primed nutrients were adsorbed to the seed coat. Zinc seed priming was able to maintain plant growth for 5 weeks in the same way as Zn supply via the nutrient solution. It is concluded that nutrient seed priming offers perspectives to improve seed quality of soybean for early seedling development under limited nutrient supply or availability and needs further investigation on performance under various stress conditions.     

Effect of co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the growth of amaranth plants

This study shows the effect of co-inoculation of three bacterial isolates, viz. Bacillus firmus KUCr1, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans KUCr3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUCd1, on selected growth parameters of amaranth plants. KUCr1 and KUCr3 are reported to be P-solubilizers and indole acetic acid (IAA) producers, and KUCd1 is a siderophore producer. Co-inoculation of the three isolates gave the best results for overall growth of amaranth plants followed by co-inoculation with KUCr1 and KUCd1, then KUCr1 alone. Among the test isolates, KUCr1 and KUCd1 were found to be better rhizosphere colonizers when co-inoculated. KUCr1 and KUCr3 when co-inoculated produced more IAA in liquid medium. Co-inoculation gave insignificant variation in P-solubilization, but siderophore production by KUCd1 was greatly enhanced when inoculated with other isolates in culture conditions. The augmentation of plant growth, whenusing a consortium culture, might be due to better IAA production andsiderophore production by the test isolates. This report suggests that co-inoculation of microbes promotes plant growth better than individual isolates.     

Evaluation of agro-industrial by-products as nutrient source for plant growth

Nutrient leaching from dry (COD) and wet (COW) coffee, sisal (SIS), brewery barley malt (BEB) and sugar cane (FIC) by-products, and linseed (LIC) and niger seed cakes (NIC), and uptake by maize were studied in a pot experiment with tropical Alfisol. After three months, soils were leached to recover labile plant nutrients, and root and shoot biomass was harvested. The leachate from FIC-amended soil had the highest concentration of inorganic P (0.90 μmol L^?1), whereas the highest concentrations of potassium (K) (48,088 μmol L^?1) and calcium (2566 μmol L^?1) were determined in leachates from COD and BEB treatments, respectively. The amendments significantly increased K uptake by maize proportional to the amount of K applied, but the effects for other plant nutrients were small. The results indicated that pre-decomposition of agro-industrial by-products may increase the nutrient release in tropical soils.     

Symbiotic parameters,growth, nutrient accumulation,productivity and profitability as influenced by integrated nutrient management in lentil (Lens culinaris)

Field experiments evaluated the effects of integrated nutrient management on symbiotic parameters, growth, nutrient accumulation, productivity and profitability of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Application of recommended dose of nutrients (RDN, 12.5 kg N ha^?1 + 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) + 25 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers [Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed recorded the highest number & dry weight of nodules, leghaemoglobin content, root & shoot dry weight, plant height, number of pods plant^?1 and 100-seed weight. The next best treatment was RDN + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed. On the basis of mean of three-year data, the treatment of RDN + 25 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed proved the best in realizing the highest grain yield (34.0%), gross returns (34.0%) and net returns (54.8% higher over control). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grains and straw were significantly improved where RDN was applied in combination with seed inoculation, basal application of ZnSO₄ and seed treatment with 1 g ammonium molybdate than their single applications.     

K和Al对水稻生长和养分吸收的影响

The effects of K and Al in K-deficient and complete nutrient solutions on the growth and nutrient uptake of rice were studied in the work.The effect of Al on the growth of roots and above-ground part of rice was associated with the concentration of Al in solution .A low level(0.1 mmol L^-1) of Al promtoed but a high level(1 mmol L^-1)of Al inhibited the growth of both the root and the aerial part of rice,and the magnitude of K concentration in the nutrient solution also had an appreciable impact on this,Thus ,in the low-Al solution,the plant treated with K2(80 mg K L^-1)produced much longer roots,showing the presence of interaction between Al and K; in the high-Al solution the K-reated plant had more and longe roots and a considerably greater dry weigh of the above-ground part compared with the plant deficient in K, showing the alleviating effect of K^ on Al toxicity.The mechanism of the Al-K interaction affecting the rice aerial part growth is not yet known,but part of the reason might be that the excessive amount of Al inhibited the uptake of some nutrients such as Ca and Mg and reduced their transfer to the plant aerial organs,whereas K showed its compensating effect on this;therefore,K could relieve Al toxicity at a high level of Al and promoted rice growth at a low level of Al.