A型产气荚膜梭菌合成培养基使用参数及培养毒素浓缩工艺研究

经过对A型产气荚膜梭菌合成培养基pH值、灭菌方式和配制用水进行优化,确定最适pH值为8.0～8.5,灭菌方式为116℃30min,配制用水为去离子水。合成培养基培养产气荚膜梭菌CVCC37株6小时后毒力达50～100MLD/ml,随着时间的延长,毒力不再增强;培养温度为36℃或37℃时,产毒效果最佳。比较不同截留分子量的超滤膜浓缩效果,10Ku截留分子量的收获率为40%,其透出液静脉接种0.2ml,小鼠2/2死亡;而8Ku收获率达75%,其透出液静脉接种0.2ml,小鼠0/2死亡。因此,8Ku截留分子量膜包适宜对A型菌培养毒素的浓缩。     

A型产气荚膜梭菌最佳产毒时间的确定

测定了A型产气荚膜梭菌在庖肉培养基的生长曲线、培养液的pH值变化曲线以及不同培养时间提取的毒素液的蛋白质含量、溶血活性及卵磷脂酶活性。结果表明，A型产气荚膜梭菌在庖肉培养基培养8h是其a-毒素的最佳产毒时间。     

不同抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌效果研究

本文旨在研究不同抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验,筛选出对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌敏感性强的药物,帮助饲料、养殖企业选择抗生素控制产气荚膜梭菌提供理论依据。试验选择恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、杆菌肽锌、金霉素、阿维拉霉素、那西肽、林可霉素等7种生产中较常用的抗生素,采用试管稀释法对鸡源产气荚膜梭菌CVCC52标准株和猪源产气荚膜梭菌CVCC2038标准株进行抑菌试验。试验结果表明：（1）除金霉素外,其他药物对鸡源和猪源产气荚膜梭菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。（2）恩拉霉素的抑制作用最强,对CVCC52的MIC为0.6μg/mL,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.2μg/mL;（3）其次为阿维拉霉素,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.25μg/mL;（4）维吉尼亚霉素次之,对CVCC52的MIC为0.8μg/mL,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.8μg/mL。通过对以上7中抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验结果表明,恩拉霉素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌效果最佳。     

腐败梭菌α毒素和产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素的 共表达及其免疫效力评价

为获得腐败梭菌α毒素和D型产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素的共表达产物,并鉴定其致死活性和反应原性,评价其免疫保护效力,利用PCR扩增腐败梭菌α毒素和产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素基因Gcsa和Gcpe并克隆至pETDuet-1质粒,转化E.coli BL21(DE3),自诱导培养基诱导这2段基因共表达;用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot以及小鼠毒性试验、抗毒素血清中和试验对表达产物进行鉴定;将诱导后的大肠杆菌灭活,制成铝佐剂疫苗1 m L/只皮下注射免疫家兔2次,测定免疫血清中和抗体效价,用1 MLD的腐败梭菌毒素和D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素分别攻击。结果显示,所构建的E.coli BL21(pETDuet-Gcsa-Gcpe)可以同时表达Gcsa和Gcpe,表达产物能够与腐败梭菌和D型产气荚膜抗毒素血清反应;且具有小鼠致死毒性,只有用2种抗毒素一同作用,才能将其毒性中和;制成灭活疫苗免疫家兔,免疫血清对腐败梭菌毒素的中和抗体效价为2 MLD/0.1 m L,对D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素的中和抗体效价≥50 MLD/0.1 m L;用2种毒素攻击,免疫组家兔全部保护,对照组全部死亡,达到《中华人民共和国兽药典》(2015版)效力检验标准。结果表明,所构建的表达载体可以实现α毒素和ε毒素的活性共表达,本研究为腐败梭菌和产气荚膜梭菌的多联基因工程灭活疫苗的研究提供了实验基础。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素C末端的二拷贝串联表达与免疫原性分析

本研究旨在获得产气荚膜梭菌α毒素(CPA)C末端(第247-370位氨基酸,CPA_C)二拷贝串联融合蛋白,并评价其免疫原性。对已知的A型产气荚膜梭菌CPA_C编码基因进行优化设计,将其以同向串连的方式串联成二拷贝基因(GCPA_(C2)),经人工合成获得基因片段GCPA_(C2)。将GCPA_(C2)克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a (+)中进行表达与纯化,获得重组蛋白rCPA_(C2)。利用Western Blot方法检测rCPA_(C2)与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清的反应性。随后,用rCPA_(C2)免疫家兔,并检测一免及二免后兔血清的中和抗体效价。在二免21 d后,经耳缘静脉注射1个家兔MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素,检测rCPA_(C2)对家兔的免疫保护效果。结果表明,rCPA_(C2)主要以包涵体的形式表达且能与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应。每毫升的一免和二免抗血清分别可中和30个和80个小鼠MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素。1个兔MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组4/4死亡,免疫组得到了100%(4/4)的保护。以上结果说明,rCPA_(C2)具有良好的免疫原性,从而为A型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程疫苗的研制提供了重要的实验数据。     

重组产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素三点突变体的融合表达及其免疫活性分析

为获得并评价重组产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素(ETX)三点突变体蛋白的毒力及免疫活性,对已知的D型产气荚膜梭菌ETX编码基因进行优化设计,同时引入包括第30和196位酪氨酸突变为丙氨酸,及第106位组氨酸突变为脯氨酸共3个氨基酸突变,并在该基因5'端添加Th细胞表位(T)和鞭毛蛋白(flagellin)N末端编码序列,经人工合成获得基因片段GTFNETXm3。随后,将该基因片段克隆至原核表达载体p ET30a-(+),转染BL21(DE3)菌诱导表达、纯化,从而获得重组蛋白,进而利用Western blot方法检测重组蛋白与D型产气荚膜梭菌抗血清的反应性,并检测其对犬肾细胞系(MDCK细胞)及小鼠的毒力。最后,将重组蛋白与Montanide ISA 201佐剂混合乳化制备疫苗,免疫4只健康家兔,根据《中华人民共和国兽药典》(2015年版)规定的方法检测一免及二免后兔血清的中和抗体效价。结果显示,重组蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在,且能与D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应;100μg/m L的重组蛋白未显示细胞毒性;6.25 mg/kg剂量的重组蛋白对小鼠无致死性;每毫升的一免抗血清可中和80~120个最小致死量(MLD)、二免抗血清可中和750~1100个MLD的D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素;用1个MLD的D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组家兔4/4死亡,免疫组家兔4/4保护。试验表明,产气荚膜梭菌ETX三点突变体的毒力基本消失,且保留了良好的免疫原性,是D型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程亚单位疫苗的理想候选抗原蛋白。     

OEPR法构建mETX-mCPA表达质粒及其重组蛋白的免疫效果评价

为了确定产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素(ETX)和α毒素(CPA)无毒突变体作为亚单位疫苗同时预防D型和A型产气荚膜梭菌病的免疫效果,试验用点突变结合OEPR法构建重组质粒pET32a-mETX-mCPA。将阳性重组质粒转入E.coli BL21(DE3)中,以预先添加乳糖的自诱导培养基表达目的蛋白。经SDS-PAGE分析,其表达的蛋白相对分子质量约为92 000,与预期值一致。Western blot检测结果表明,重组蛋白可被A型产气荚膜梭菌阳性血清所识别。致死性试验结果表明,重组蛋白不致死小鼠。以铝胶为佐剂将重组蛋白免疫家兔,二免血清0.1 mL可分别中和3个小鼠MLD的A型毒素和100个小鼠MLD的D型毒素。本研究用OEPR法成功构建了无毒突变体pET32a-mETX-mCPA质粒,获得的重组蛋白在家兔上显示出良好的免疫效果,为研发A、D型产气荚膜梭菌二价亚单位疫苗奠定理论基础。     

产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素突变体的表达及免疫保护力评价

为获得产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素(ETX)的重组突变体,并评价其毒力及免疫原性。对已知的D型产气荚膜梭菌ETX编码基因进行优化设计,并将第106位组氨酸突变为脯氨酸,经人工合成获得基因片段GETXH106P。将GETXH106P克隆至原核表达载体p ET30a(+),转染BL21(DE3)菌中进行表达与纯化,从而获得重组蛋白r ETXH106P。利用Western blot方法检测r ETXH106P与D型产气荚膜梭菌抗血清的反应性,并检测其对犬肾细胞系(MDCK细胞)以及小鼠的毒力。随后,将r ETXH106P与Montanide ISA 201佐剂混合乳化制备疫苗,免疫4只健康家兔,按照《中华人民共和国兽药典》(2015年版)规定的方法检测一免及二免后兔血清的中和抗体效价。结果表明,r ETXH106P为可溶性表达,通过灰度扫描,其可溶性表达量比例可达30%;该重组蛋白能与D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应;细胞毒性试验结果显示,100μg/m L的重组蛋白仍无细胞毒性;小鼠安全性实验结果显示,6.25×106ng/kg剂量的重组蛋白对小鼠仍无致死性;每毫升的一免抗血清可中和450~700个最小致死量(MLD)、二免抗血清可中和3000~4000个MLD的D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素;用1 MLD的D型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组家兔4/4死亡,免疫组家兔4/4保护。以上结果表明,产气荚膜梭菌r ETXH106P重组蛋白毒力基本消失,且保留了良好的免疫原性,是D型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程亚单位疫苗的理想候选抗原蛋白。     

餐厨废水中A型产气荚膜梭菌的分离与鉴定

为了对餐厨废水中的产气荚膜梭菌进行鉴定,试验采用TSC培养基进行厌氧培养、显微镜检等常规方法进行分离,并提取细菌基因组,设计、合成产气荚膜梭菌α、β、ε与ι毒素基因引物,配制PCR反应体系并设置反应条件,对扩增产物进行电泳检测。结果表明:分离菌在TSC培养基上产生黑色菌落,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳只有α毒素基因得到良好扩增。说明此次分离菌为A型产气荚膜梭菌。     

绵羊大肠杆菌与A型产气荚膜梭菌混合感染的病原分离鉴定

试验旨在对宁夏一绵羊场疑似大肠杆菌与A型产气荚膜梭菌混合感染的死亡病例进行确诊并提出相应的防治方案。采用产气荚膜梭菌显色培养基及伊红美蓝固体培养基进行病原分离培养,对分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列PCR检测,依据16S rRNA序列构建分离株分子进化树;之后对大肠杆菌分离株毒素因子进行PCR检测,对产气荚膜梭菌分离株进行毒素分型鉴定。结果显示,分离株PCR检测获得了16S rRNA特异性条带;分子进化树结果显示,大肠杆菌分离菌株NXDC001与大肠杆菌在同一分支,产气荚膜梭菌分离菌株NXSJ001与产气荚膜梭菌在同一分支。大肠杆菌分离株检测出毒素因子HPI (irp2)及LEE (eae);产气荚膜梭菌分离株携带毒素因子cpa,证明分离株为A型产气荚膜梭菌。研究表明,试验成功分离鉴定大肠杆菌及A型产气荚膜梭菌各一株,证明病死羊为大肠杆菌及A型产气荚膜梭菌混合感染。     

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: possible role of Clostridium perfringens type A in the disease complex

A survey based on clinical, pathological and microbiological investigations was performed on 11 Brown Swiss cattle affected with depression, anorexia, agalaxia, ruminal hypomotility, abdominal pain and melaena. In eight animals, macroscopical lesions consisted in haemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestine. Seven of eight isolates from tissue samples were identified as Clostridum perfringens type A, and four were identified as C. perfringens type A with the beta2 toxin gene. Based on these observations, animals were considered affected with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome.     

Purification of the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens type A by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography

Clostridium perfringens type A toxin produced in Jayko & Lichstein medium was subjected to various concentration and purification procedures. The results obtained with 3 different ultrafiltration membranes followed by gel filtration showed that by using Millipore PSED OHV10 and Amicon XM-100 filter membranes in combination, a three-hundred-and-fivefold purification could be achieved as against a twelvefold increase obtained with ammonium sulphate/acetone precipitation. The lecitovitelin test was more sensitive than the haemolytic activity in determining the alpha toxin activity. The optical density, measured at 280 nm, did not reveal any alpha toxin activity in the relevant toxic fractions.     

A型产气荚膜杆菌产毒条件的测定

以肉肝胃酶消化汤作为培养基,对同一A型产气荚膜杆菌分离株在33℃、35℃、37℃、39℃下培养,每个温度分别培养6h,7h,8h,10h,之后提取出每组的毒素,分别测定小白鼠的最小致死量,以确定最佳产毒条件,其中在35℃、7h产毒最强。按不同剂量进行接种,发现接种剂量对产气荚膜梭菌产毒也有较大的影响。     

Studies of necrotizing enteritis of suckling piglets (Cl. perfringens typc C enterotoxemia) in industrialized sow breeding units. 3. Experimental reproduction of the disease]

Experimental reproduction of necrotising enteritis of sucking pigs was successfully achieved by using both Clostridium perfringens Type C strains, which had been isolated from sucking pigs with necrotising enteritis, and Type C strain 3628 of A.T.C.C. (sub-type C1). The lethal dose for sucking pigs was between 20 X 10(6) and 12 X 10(7) pathogens per animal. The disease could not even be induced by repeated application of no-bacterial toxin of Cl. perfringens Type C nor by administration of Cl. perfringens Type A strains which had been cultured from broilers with necrotising enteritis. Necrotising enteritis was found to develop in two phases in sucking pigs. First, the pathogen will deposit to the villous epithelium and then penetrate the superficial strata of the mocous membrane. In the second phase, the villous structure will be destroyed by the lethal, haemolysing, and necrotising toxins of Cl. perfringens. The role played by individual toxin fractions is discussed together with the importance of humoral and localised infection defence. Sucking pigs may be sufficiently protected against infection based on single or ten-fold lethal infectious dosage by two vaccinations of the mother animal, five and three weeks prior to parturition, using "Enterotoxaemia Vaccine Dessau bivalent". Infection then would not occur unless a hundredfold lethal dose was applied. Characteristics include diarrhoea, apathy, exhaustion, and death.     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因工程菌表达产物免疫原性研究

已构建的能表达产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原基因工程菌株Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）经动物试验证实没有毒性。从ＩＰＴＧ诱导后的工程菌中提取包涵体,再辅以氢氧化铝胶制成抗原,免疫小鼠３０ｄ后,用产气荚膜梭菌强毒株培养物上清及培养菌体攻击,结果免疫鼠能抵抗至少２ＬＤ１００的攻击,证明Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）工程菌株表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。     

Influence of bacteria on Clostridium perfringens infections in young chickens

When monoflora chickens with Lactobacillus acidophilus or Streptococcus faecalis were inoculated with Clostridium perfringens either in broth culture or resuspended in Gifu anaerobic medium broth or supernatant fluid, few or no chickens died. Approximately 50% of germ-free chickens died after inoculation of C. perfringens culture, whereas no conventional birds died after inoculation of broth culture. C. perfringens in the contents of duodenum from germ-free chickens numbered about 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/g after inoculation 10(8) CFU broth culture per bird, but in gnotobiotic and conventional chickens this organism decreased or was not detected. When C. perfringens was cultured in intestinal contents collected from germ-free chickens, C. perfringens proliferated but alpha toxin was not detected. These findings indicate that the pathogenicity of C. perfringens was suppressed by L. acidophilus or S. faecalis administered previously or inhibited by normal intestinal flora.     

Comparison of the odds of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major toxins by Clostridium perfringens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or left-displaced abomasum

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major lethal toxins of Clostridium perfringens in adult dairy cows affected with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) versus left-displaced abomasum (LDA). DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 10 adult dairy cattle with HBS (cases) and 10 adult dairy cattle with LDA matched with cases by herd of origin (controls). PROCEDURE: Samples of gastrointestinal contents were obtained from multiple sites during surgery or necropsy examination. Each sample underwent testing for anaerobic bacteria by use of 3 culture methods. The genotype of isolates of C. perfringens was determined via multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Major lethal toxins were detected by use of an ELISA. Data were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression and chi2 analysis. RESULTS: C. perfringens type A and type A with the beta2 gene (A + beta2) were the only genotypes isolated. Isolation of C. perfringens type A and type A + beta2 was 6.56 and 3.3 times as likely, respectively, to occur in samples from cattle with HBS than in cattle with LDA. Alpha toxin was detected in 7 of 36 samples from cases and in 0 of 32 samples from controls. Beta2 toxin was detected in 9 of 36 samples from cases and 0 of 36 samples from controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: C. perfringens type A and type A + beta2 can be isolated from the gastrointestinal tract with significantly greater odds in cattle with HBS than in herdmates with LDA. Alpha and beta2 toxins were detected in samples from cows with HBS but not from cows with LDA.     

Toxigenic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type C in enterotoxemia of domestic animals.

Eleven Clostridium perfringens type C strains isolated from fatal cases of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of Canadian calves, a piglet, and a foal were studied for the production of soluble antigens. All the isolates from calves and a foal failed to produce delta toxin, but were capable of producing large amounts of lethal beta toxin. A strain isolated from a piglet produced delta, but very little beta toxin. Other differences were relatively minor. The results indicated that young domestic animals may be susceptible to all subtypes of C. perfringens type C. A simple method of using blood agar plates coated with type A antiserum for demonstration of hemolytic patterns was found advantageous in differentiation of C. perfringens strains.     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因工程菌表达产物的免疫原性研究

已构建的能表达产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原基因工程菌株Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）经动物试验证实没有毒性。从ＩＰＴＧ诱导后的工程菌中提取包涵体,再辅以氢氧化铝胶制成抗原,免疫小鼠３０ｄ后,用产气荚膜梭菌强毒株培养上清及培养菌体攻击,结果免疫鼠能抵抗至少２ＬＤ１００的攻击,证明Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）工程菌株表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。     

羊链球菌CVCC55001、CVCC55002株的制备与鉴定

为研究羊链球菌CVCC55001、CVCC55002株的菌种特性,制备了新的菌种批并对其形态及生化特性、培养特性、血清学特性、真空度、纯粹、剩余水分、毒力及免疫原性等进行鉴定,对其适宜培养基进行了筛选.试验结果表明,该冻干菌种的形态及生化特性、培养特性、血清学特性、真空度、纯粹、剩余水分、毒力及免疫原性均符合《中华人民...