绵羊日粮添加纤维复合酶对瘤胃代谢的影响

研究在玉米秸秆日粮中添加纤维复合酶对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。结果发现,在玉米秸秆日粮中添加外源纤维复合酶,使瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)质量浓度显著提高,pH显著下降;提高瘤胃内纤维物质消化率。     

产气法研究不同纤维水平日粮对南江黄羊瘤胃发酵的影响

以4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的南江黄羊作为瘤胃液供体,用体外产气法研究不同纤维水平日粮对瘤胃发酵特性的影响。试验设为5个酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)水平日粮(14.86%、19.88%、24.52%、28.91%和34.12%)。结果表明:瘤胃液pH随着日粮ADF水平升高而升高。在日粮ADF水平为24.52%时,累积产气量、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和微生物蛋白浓度最高,NH3-N浓度和乙丙酸比例最低。试验表明,日粮纤维水平能够影响瘤胃发酵,当日粮ADF水平为24.52%时是南江黄羊瘤胃发酵的最适纤维水平。     

牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性及饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响。试验选用4只平均体重为(40.83±4.11) kg的4周岁新疆细毛羊×杜泊羊杂交的安装永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加牛至油),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.015%、0.030%和0.045%牛至油的试验饲粮。试验共分为4期,每期12 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期2 d。第1天于早餐采食后2、4、6及10 h采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度,第2天利用尼龙袋法测定基础饲粮的营养物质瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)添加牛至油对饲粮干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 2)添加牛至油对各组在各时间点的绵羊瘤胃液pH、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 3) 0.030%和0.045%组绵羊瘤胃液4 h的总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05); 0.015%组绵羊瘤胃液0、2、6 h乙酸比例显著低于其余各组(P0.05),6 h的乙酸/丙酸显著低于其余各组(P0.05),而2 h丙酸比例显著高于除了对照组外的其余各组(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加牛至油不影响饲粮营养物质的瘤胃降解率,对瘤胃氮浓度也无显著影响,但会影响瘤胃内挥发性脂肪酸浓度,以添加0.015%牛至油效果最好。     

过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对奶牛营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵和氮代谢的影响

试验研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸(RP-Met)对奶牛瘤胃发酵和氮代谢的影响。试验采用2×2反转试验设计。选择4头产奶量相近、体质量(610±70)kg、泌乳日龄(150±30)d且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康经产荷斯坦泌乳牛为试验动物。随机分为2组,其中一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;另一组为试验组,在饲喂基础日粮的同时添加RP-Met 60 g/d。试验结果表明,添加RP-Met后日粮中各种营养成分的表观消化率与对照组相比差异均不显著(P0.05),但中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率在数值上有所提高。在日粮中添加RP-Met对饲喂后2~6 d瘤胃液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)质量浓度及各挥发酸的比例无显著影响(P0.05),但瘤胃液pH有降低的趋势(在早饲后4 h,其pH差异已接近显著水平,P=0.057);NH3-N和VFA质量浓度有升高的趋势。与对照组相比,试验组尿氮占消化氮的比例显著降低(P0.05);消化氮的沉积率显著升高(P0.05);尿氮排出量明显降低,乳氮、沉积氮和消化氮转化成乳氮的效率明显升高,血浆尿素氮和牛奶尿素氮有降低的趋势,但均未达到统计学上的显著水平(P0.05)。上述结果说明,RP-Met具有较好的瘤胃稳定性和小肠消化率,能够起到RP-Met的基本功能与作用。     

丙酸杆菌对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵及日粮营养物质消化率的影响

本文采用体外法探讨丙酸杆菌不同添加剂量对瘤胃发酵及日粮营养物质消化率的影响。5个添加水平(0、3.0×104、3×105、3×106、3.0×107cfu/mL)分别添加到1.5 g(干物质)日粮(玉米秸秆50%+混合精料50%)中,在体外混合荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液和磷酸缓冲液(1∶2)共90 mL,在39℃厌氧培养24 h。结果表明:丙酸杆菌对瘤胃pH、瘤胃氨态氮浓度、体外干物质、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素消化率影响不显著,但有降低中性洗涤纤维消化率的趋势;3×105、3×106cfu/mL有降低产气量的趋势;显著提高瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸量、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸浓度,并显著降低乙酸∶丙酸值。结果显示奶牛日粮中添加丙酸杆菌能提高瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸量,降低乙酸∶丙酸比值,但有降低中性洗涤纤维消化率的趋势,因此丙酸杆菌在转变奶牛瘤胃发酵向丙酸型发酵上具有良好应用潜力。     

不同油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃代谢及养分表现消化率的影响

试验以3头荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,采用3×3拉丁方设计,探讨日粮中添加不同油料籽实(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH3-N和菌体蛋白浓度动态变化、干物质采食量及养分表观消化率的影响.3种籽实分别为葵花籽、胡麻籽、菜籽.结果表明:日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液纤毛虫数量动态变化影响差异不显著(P＞0.05);对瘤胃液pH值动态变化影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),且数值均在瘤胃发酵的正常范围之内;瘤胃液NH3-N浓度动态变化3组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);对菌体蛋白浓度的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05);对奶牛干物质采食量的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05);对奶牛干物质表观消化率、中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05);粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率均为葵花籽组较高,与其他2组相比差异显著(P＜0.05),葵花籽组粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率分别为62.56%、64.92%,胡麻籽组和菜籽组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白表观消化率较低,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

大豆黄酮和染料木素对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,进行3期瘘管奶牛体外发酵试验,分别饲喂(基础日粮)Ⅰ组、(基础日粮+200 mg大豆黄酮/d)Ⅱ组、(基础日粮+200 mg染料木素/d)Ⅲ组,于采食后0、2、4、6、8 h采集瘤胃液进行pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)分析,旨在探讨大豆异黄酮类植物雌激素对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响,为其在奶牛生产中的广泛应用及新型饲料添加剂产品的开发提供参考和理论依据。结果表明:二者对瘤胃各时间点pH无显著影响(P>0.05);各组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的时间动态变化趋势相似,饲喂后0、2、6、8 h NH3-N浓度均差异不显著(P>0.05),但在饲喂后4 h,染料木素组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);瘤胃液中丙酸浓度各处理组间在相同的时间点比较差异不显著(P>0.05),乙酸浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度在发酵后4～6 h染料木素组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。表明大豆黄酮对奶牛瘤胃发酵未产生影响,染料木素对瘤胃NH3-N、乙酸和TVFA有影响。     

不同季节日粮组成对狍瘤胃内环境的影响

选用8只健康成年狍,采用瘤胃穿刺法收集瘤胃液。研究不同季节日粮组成对狍瘤胃pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）、氨态氮（NH3-N）、茵体蛋白（BCP）、内毒素以及组织胺浓度等瘤胃内环境指标的影响。结果显示：夏季日粮与冬季日粮相比较,瘤胃中NH3-N和BCP浓度显著升高（P〈0．05）;瘤胃pH和乙酸水平显著降低（P〈0．05）;丙酸水平显著提升（P〈0．05）;而内毒素和组织胺浓度无显著变化（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明,冬、夏日粮组成均能够满足狍的营养需要以及稳定狍的瘤胃内环境,但夏季日粮组成对狍瘤胃发酵和营养需要更为适宜。     

葡萄渣单宁对绵羊养分消化代谢及瘤胃发酵的影响

选用4只体重28 kg左右且安装永久瘤胃瘘管羯羊[萨福克(Suffolk)♂×小尾寒羊(small tail Han-yang)♀],采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,通过消化代谢试验,研究饲料中不同含量葡萄渣单宁对绵羊养分消化代谢及瘤胃发酵的影响。试验共设4个处理,葡萄渣缩合单宁含量分别为0.00,0.85,1.70和2.25 g/kg DM。结果表明,葡萄渣单宁对绵羊干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率没有产生显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高绵羊氮表观消化率和存留率(P<0.05);显著降低绵羊瘤胃液总氮和蛋白氮浓度而显著提高尿素氮浓度(P<0.05),对绵羊瘤胃液氨氮浓度没有产生显著的影响(P>0.05);显著提高绵羊瘤胃液丙酸摩尔比而显著降低丁酸摩尔比和乙丙比(P<0.05),对绵羊瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸及其他酸摩尔比没有产生显著的影响(P>0.05)。此外,试验结果表明饲料中添加2.25 g/kg DM含量的葡萄渣单宁,能够提高绵羊对饲料蛋白质的利用率。     

不同剂量苹果酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响

选择2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶牛作为瘤胃液供体牛.采用体外批次培养技术,在培养液中添加终浓度为0、4、8和12 mmol/L的苹果酸,其中0 mmol/L组为对照组,测定培养3、6、9、12、18 h和24 h后的体外瘤胃发酵指标.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加不同剂量的苹果酸,均有不同程度的提高瘤胃发酵液pH、NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度,显著提高培养底物中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率(P＜0.05)的作用.在本试验日粮条件下,培养液中添加8 mmol/L苹果酸有利于促进体外瘤胃发酵,建议在奶牛日粮中苹果酸的添加量为80 g/d.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.