紫云英地方种质资源品种比较试验

对10个紫云英地方品种之间的经济性状、物侯期及抗性进行研究,以期正确评价各地方品种的特性,筛选适宜福建地区栽培的紫云英地方品种,为今后新品种选育做基础。结果表明：‘信阳种’、‘大悟种’、‘湘乡种’和‘光泽种’在福建表现为早熟,早熟品种盛花期鲜草产量平均为44 225.59 kg/hm ²,低于中、迟熟品种。‘大悟种’鲜草产量和种子产量均较高,分别达48 015.75、342.04 kg/hm ²,且抗寒性和抗病性强,可作为优良的早熟品种。此外,中、迟熟品种地上鲜草产量平均达52 600.43 kg/hm ²,从高到低依次为：‘余江大叶’>‘南桥种’>‘升钟种’>‘金沙种’>‘常德种’>‘弋江籽’。鲜草产量高的品种其株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶周长等参数值一般比较大;叶面积和叶周长呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,但SPAD值（叶绿素）与叶面积、叶周长未有明显的相关性。中、迟熟品种中‘升钟种’、‘余江大叶’和‘金沙种’植株的抗寒抗病能力较高,氮、磷、钾含量较高,氮2.85%~3.00%,磷0.31%~0.34%,钾3.11%~3.85%,成熟期时每荚粒数、千粒重、种子产量也都较高,分别达7.34~7.85粒、3.35~3.42 g、333.01~346.52 kg/hm ²。以高产、优质、抗性强等综合良性状为选育目标,‘升钟种’、‘余江大叶’和‘金沙种’这3个中、迟熟品种在福建的适应性较好,可作为今后扩繁品种或新品种选育的材料。     

浙江省金华市苗圃紫云英品种比较试验

[目的]筛选适合浙江省金华市苗圃套种的紫云英品种。[方法]进行6个紫云英品种种植比较试验。[结果]结果表明,闽紫5号全生育期明显短于对照(宁波大桥种),为早熟品种,其他品种全生育期与对照相当;鲜草产量以闽肥3号和闽紫1号较高,分别比对照提高了11.11%和10.61%。盛花期鲜草氮、磷、钾养分总量以闽紫1号和闽肥3号较高,分别较对照增加了8.20%和5.53%。[结论]综合各项指标,适宜金华市苗圃套种的紫云英品种为闽肥3号和闽紫1号。     

绍兴县紫云英品种（系）比较试验

[目的]筛选适宜绍兴县种植的紫云英品种。[方法]以宁波大桥和江西余江为供试品种,设2个播量处理,分别对2个品种物候期、株高和鲜草产量进行比较分析。[结果]宁波大桥为迟熟品种,江西余江为中熟品种;相同播种量宁波大桥株高均高于江西余江,同一品种播种量为22.5 kg/hm2的植株高于播种量30.0 kg/hm2的植株;2个品种盛花期鲜草产量都达到18 000.0kg/hm2以上。[结论]绍兴县南部山区可以迟熟品种宁波大桥为主,北部平原稻田以中熟品种江西余江为主。     

甜高粱不同品种(系)在河西地区的比较试验

为了筛选适合河西地区种植的甜高粱品种,从国内外引进48份甜高粱品种(系)进行比较试验,结果 48个甜高粱品种(系)鲜草产量为5113.7~9037.9 kg/666.7m2,12号鲜草产量最高,各品种(系)间鲜草产量差异显著;早牧的糖锤度最高,达19.5%;不同品种(系)的适应性表现差别较大。综合试验结果表明:甜高粱品种(系)12号、7号、2号和44号在河西地区鲜草产量高、茎秆糖锤度高、农艺性状表现良好,是河西地区种植饲用甜高粱的首选材料,可以在河西地区推广种植。     

11个饲用燕麦品种在鲁南地区的生产性能评价

为筛选出适宜鲁南地区栽培的优良饲用燕麦品种,采用随机区组设计方法,从生长特性、产草量、营养品质和饲用价值4个方面对11份燕麦材料在鲁南地区的表现进行综合评价。结果表明：枪手、青海444和加燕2号株高较高,两年株高均超过110 cm;领袖、牧王和魅力分蘖率较高,两年分蘖率均超过3.9;燕王、牧王鲜草产量较高,两年鲜草产量均超过40 t/hm²;贝勒干草产量较高,两年干草产量均超过10 t/hm²;林纳和魅力粗蛋白含量超过10%,贝勒、青引1号、青海甜燕麦和加燕2号的相对饲用价值均超过110。采用优势指数法对各项指标进行综合分析,魅力、青海甜燕麦、燕王、青海444、牧王、领袖平均优势指数均超过100%,综合性能优良,适宜在鲁南地区推广。     

不同裸燕麦品种抗倒能力及产量差异分析

为筛选抗倒伏能力强的高产裸燕麦品种,对16个裸燕麦品种的抗倒伏能力和产量进行比较,利用主成分分析和通径分析对与抗倒伏相关的7个性状进行分析。结果表明,裸燕麦品种间地上部生物量构成、主要农艺性状、茎秆基部第二节间形态及倒伏指数、产量及其构成因素均存在差异。通过主成分分析和通径分析,株高和穗位高是评价裸燕麦抗倒伏能力的关键。产量较高的白燕2号、白燕18号、花早2号的株高、穗位高较低,倒伏指数较小且田间未发现倒伏;坝莜14号、晋燕17号虽具有较高产量,但其株高、穗位高较高,倒伏指数较大,且田间分别表现为7级易倒伏和5级中抗倒伏。白燕2号、白燕18号、花早2号抗倒伏综合表现良好,产量高,适宜在内蒙古乌兰察布地区及类似地区推广种植。     

施氮量对春玉米产量形成与氮肥利用率的影响

以湘农玉14号为材料,于2009年在临武研究了施氮量对春玉米产量形成与氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:在施N0～270kg/hm2范围内,随施氮量增加,湘农玉14号株高增大,总叶数增加,果穗性状明显改善,库容显著增大,且灌浆期延长2～3d,产量显著提高,但施N180kg/hm2处理与270kg/hm2处理产量差异不显著;湘农玉14号氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而显著下降。综合来看,本试验条件下,湘农玉14号以施氮180kg/hm2左右较为适宜,能获得较高产量和氮肥利用率。     

烟后轮作玉米的适宜种植密度研究

为了明确烟后轮作不同品种玉米的适宜种植密度,2020年在湖南省浏阳市达浒镇金田村以湘农甜玉3号和郑单958为材料,设置5个密度水平,其中湘农甜玉3号的种植密度分别为42 000(T1)、48 000(T2)、54 000(T3)、60 000(T4)、66 000(T5)株/hm²,郑单958的种植密度分别为45 000(S1)、52 500(S2)、60 000(S3)、67 500(S4)、75 000(S5)株/hm²,比较分析不同密度处理下不同品种玉米的生长发育情况和产量。结果表明:不同密度处理下,2种玉米的生育期没有显著差异;从吐丝期起,2种玉米的叶面积指数和干物质积累量均随密度增加而增加;过高的轮作密度导致湘农甜玉3号倒伏倒折率增加、秃顶变长,郑单958的总叶片数和空秆率增加、穗粒数降低;2种玉米的产量均随着密度的增加先增加后下降,湘农甜玉3号以T3处理的产量最高,郑单958则以S3处理产量最高。该地区烤烟收获后轮作甜玉米和普通玉米的最佳密度分别为54 000株/hm²和60 000株/hm²     

种植密度对青贮玉米品种产量及相关性状的影响

以6个青贮玉米品种为试验材料,研究了3种种植密度对青贮玉米生物产量、干物质产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明,不同品种之间生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;不同密度下品种的生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;品种与密度互作之间生物产量和干物质产量差异分别为显著和极显著。龙育1号、高油169和高油115作为优质青贮高油玉米在黑龙江省适宜种植密度分别为7.0～8.0万株/hm2、7.0万株/hm2和6.0万株/hm2;黑饲1号在6万株/hm2时产量较高;龙辐208在7万株/hm2种植条件下,其生物产量和干物质产量均较高,尤其干物质产量最高;青贮玉米品种的青贮生育日数、株高、穗位、茎粗、收获期绿叶片数差异不大,品种之间差异主要由品种自身特性决定。中原单32可作为粒用玉米种植推广。     

播期对饲用油菜鲜草产量和品质的调控研究

为确定华北平原饲用油菜高产优质的适宜播期，选用甘蓝型油菜品种4个，设置4个播期，研究不同播期下温度对饲用油菜鲜草产量和饲用品质的调控效应。结果表明，随播期推迟，饲用油菜生育期内日均温与有效积温升高，花前生育期天数缩短但花后生育期延长，总生育期天数缩短2～7 d。饲用油菜鲜草产量随播期推迟呈降低趋势，3月28日前播种超过35 t/hm2；品种间华油杂62鲜草产量显著高于其它品种（P<0.01）。饲用油菜鲜草产量和饲用品质与纤维含量显著负相关，中性洗涤纤维含量与苗期的有效积温量极显著负相关，与营养生长和花后有效积温量显著正相关。因此，在华北平原春播饲用油菜可选用华油杂62，播期以3月8日-3月18日为最佳，鲜草产量稳定在50 t/hm2以上，具有较高的粗蛋白、淀粉、水溶性碳水化合物和总可消化养分含量，可实现华北平原饲用油菜的高产优质生产。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.