4种不同甘薯淀粉成分、物化特性及其粉条品质的相关性研究

为了研究不同品种甘薯淀粉性质与其粉条品质之间的关系,本文研究了4种不同淀粉型甘薯(卢选1号、徐薯22、冀薯65和冀薯98)来源淀粉化学成分和物化特性,并分析了甘薯淀粉成分和物化特性与粉条品质间的相关性.结果表明,不同品种间甘薯淀粉由于化学成分的不同而使其物化特性和粉条品质都发生不同程度的变化;通过对甘薯淀粉的成分和物化性质与其粉条品质之间的相关性分析,发现甘薯淀粉的直链淀粉和脂质含量、回生黏度、峰值时间、糊化温度、膨胀势、老化值等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈正相关,而甘薯淀粉的最终黏度、溶解度和粒径等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈负相关.通过综合比较,卢选1号的粉条品质优于其他3个品种的粉条.因此,本研究为合理选择甘薯粉条制备所需淀粉原料提供了理论依据,为进一步选育粉条专用型甘薯提供了基础数据.     

不同淀粉糊化及凝胶特性与粉条品质的关系

为了研究粉条加工过程中原料淀粉的糊化及凝胶特性对粉条品质的影响,该文对绿豆、红薯、马铃薯、大米和玉米等5种原料淀粉的糊化凝胶特性及其粉条品质进行了测定,并对淀粉糊化凝胶特性与淀粉粉条品质之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:5种淀粉原料所制的粉条中,绿豆粉条的品质是较好,其次就是马铃薯粉条和红薯粉条,大米粉条和玉米粉条的品质较差;淀粉的糊化特性与粉条品质之间具有显著相关性,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:峰值黏度谷值黏度衰减值回生值、最终黏度;淀粉凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏性和咀嚼性对粉条品质的影响较大,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:硬度黏性咀嚼性弹性。在粉条加工原料选择及粉条品质改善中可以考虑用谷值黏度、回生值以及淀粉凝胶特性特征值回复性、咀嚼性和黏性作为考核衡量指标。研究结果为粉条生产中原料选择及品质改善提供参考依据。     

氮肥施用量对甘薯产量和品质性状的影响

【目的】氮是影响作物产量和品质性状的重要因素,合理施氮是提高作物产量和改善品质的主要途径。研究施氮量对甘薯块根产量形成、营养品质和淀粉糊化特性的影响,对于明确江苏徐淮地区甘薯种植的适宜施氮量具有重要意义。【方法】本文选用淀粉型甘薯品种徐薯22和兼用型甘薯品种徐薯28为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm2。调查了甘薯不同生育期的叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和产量构成要素,采用分光光度法测定了块根主要营养品质指标,利用Tech-master型RVA快速测定淀粉谱粘滞特性,分析明确施氮量对块根主要品质指标和淀粉糊化特征值的影响。【结果】施氮N 60 kg/hm2增加了各生育期甘薯的叶面积,提高了甘薯的光合势,显著增加了块根产量(徐薯28增产16.38%,徐薯22增产9.31%),过量施氮(N 240 kg/hm2)则产量降低。施氮并未显著降低块根中的淀粉和直链淀粉含量,但明显增加了可溶性糖和蔗糖含量。施氮显著提高最高粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度和消减值。相关分析显示,直链淀粉含量与最高粘度值和崩解值呈极显著或显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.90**和-0.71*);直链淀粉含量与消减值呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.73*)。【结论】综合考虑甘薯的产量和品质,在本实验条件下甘薯较为适宜的氮肥用量约为60 kg/hm2。     

淀粉型甘薯新品种引进筛选试验研究

2017年,重庆市铜梁区对13个淀粉型甘薯新品种开展了引进鉴定试验。结果表明,商薯19、渝薯17、渝薯198、渝薯27、湛薯12和商薯9号共6个品种的薯块干物质含量、淀粉含量,鲜薯、薯干、淀粉产量表现较好,蒸煮食用品质综合表现也较好,适宜在铜梁区及周边地区推广。     

甘薯产量、品质及农艺性状的基因型与环境效应研究

选育具有优质淀粉或花青素性状的甘薯新品种是甘薯育种的重要目标。本研究利用5个白肉(薯肉颜色为白色或淡黄色)甘薯品种(系)和5个紫肉(薯肉颜色为紫色)甘薯品种(系)的自然变异,于2012年和2013年对重庆市6个地点2年间甘薯淀粉和花青素等性状测定结果进行方差分析、变异分析和相关性分析,以期对甘薯产量、品质和农艺性状的自然变异规律和环境影响因素进行探索。结果表明,基因型效应和环境效应下甘薯产量性状(鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、薯干产量)和品质性状(干率、淀粉含量、花青素含量)差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)或极显著水平(P0.01)。供试的所有甘薯品种(系)淀粉含量的基因型效应环境效应年份效应,白肉甘薯产量性状的环境效应基因型效应年份效应,紫肉甘薯产量性状的环境效应、年份效应大于基因型效应。重庆中海拔地区(万州区或酉阳县)甘薯产量相对较高,低海拔地区(合川区、北碚区)甘薯薯块熟食性较好,并且薯块熟食适口性评分低海拔地区中海拔地区高海拔地区(黔江区或巫溪县)。甘薯农艺性状(茎粗、最长蔓长、基部分枝数)和产量性状平均变异系数较大(CV=0.30,0.28),品质性状(干率、淀粉含量、薯块熟食适口性评分)平均变异系数较小(CV=0.11),但花青素含量平均变异系数较大(CV=0.28)。相关性分析显示,甘薯鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、薯干产量之间均呈极显著正相关(r≥0.700);淀粉产量、薯干产量均与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关(r≥0.363)。白肉甘薯茎粗与最长蔓长呈极显著正相关(r=0.439),与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=?0.433),与淀粉产量呈显著负相关(r=?0.318)。紫肉甘薯商品薯率与基部分枝数、淀粉产量、薯干产量均呈显著正相关(r=0.345,0.368,0.357),基部分枝数与最长蔓长呈显著负相关(r=?0.397)。白肉甘薯和紫肉甘薯在产量、品质及农艺性状的影响因子上存在不同,在品种选育时应针对不同甘薯类型和育种目标采取不同选育方案。本研究可为筛选有利于甘薯品质性状形成的环境因子、促进育种手段和栽培技术的改进、加快甘薯品质改良提供理论依据。     

七个高淀粉甘薯品种比较试验初报

为了推广适宜本地气候条件的高淀粉甘薯品种,2017年选择7个高淀粉甘薯新品种在万州区进行了品种比较试验,调查其主要性状、产量和淀粉含量等,结果表明,渝薯15号、渝薯27号、万薯6号和商薯19号的产量和淀粉含量较高,可以作为高淀粉甘薯品种在万州区进行推广种植,助推甘薯产业发展。     

陇薯系列马铃薯品种营养品质评价及相关性分析

为了解陇薯系列马铃薯块茎的主要营养品质状况,对甘肃省农业科学院马铃薯研究所自主选育的14个品种(系)马铃薯块茎的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、维生素C和粗蛋白含量等主要品质性状和钾、钙、铁、锌、硒等矿质元素含量进行了测定和相关性分析,并利用隶属函数法对各品种(系)主要营养品质进行了综合评价。结果表明,马铃薯块茎主要品质性状和矿质元素含量在品种间差异较大,品质性状中还原糖含量的变异系数最大(101.30%),干物质含量变异系数最小(11.64%);矿质元素中硒含量的变异系数最大(29.78%),钾含量变异系数最小(7.62%)。马铃薯块茎中干物质含量与淀粉含量、粗蛋白含量与干物质含量和淀粉含量均呈极显著正相关,维生素C含量与还原糖含量呈显著正相关,粗蛋白含量与还原糖含量和维生素C含量分别呈极显著和显著负相关,其他品质性状间的相关性均未达到显著水平;钾含量与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,钾含量与干物质含量、钙含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关,其他矿质元素与品质性状间的相关性均未达到显著水平。利用隶属函数法,将参试的14个马铃薯品种(系)的营养品质从优到劣进行排序,依次为陇薯8号陇薯14号LY08104-12LZ111陇薯9号陇薯7号陇薯12号陇薯10号陇薯3号陇薯6号陇薯11号LK99陇薯13号陇薯5号。本研究不仅为合理应用陇薯系列马铃薯品种提供了科学依据,也为选育不同用途马铃薯新品种提供了一定的理论参考。     

忻州市鲜食甘薯新品种引进筛选试验初报

为筛选适宜忻州市推广种植的甘薯新品种,2019年以当地主栽品种忻薯2号为对照,对引种自国内的10个鲜食类甘薯新品种进行了比较试验,观察鉴定其农艺学性状、产量性状和食味性、贮存性.初步结果表明,济薯26、烟薯25、普薯32适合在忻州市推广种植,单产分别比忻薯2号高136.51％、132.73％、42.43％,其余性状也表...     

旱区不同马铃薯品种的品质评价与分析

为评价天薯12号、定薯4号、庄薯3号、希森6号和青薯10号5个马铃薯品种的综合品质,以同一条件下生产的品种为试材,采用分级指数法对参试品种的单株块茎数、单株质量、单薯质量、商品薯率等经济性状和干物质、淀粉、蛋白质、维生素C、还原糖进行综合分级评价。结果表明,同一条件生长的不同马铃薯品种其田间表现和采后营养品质均存在较大差异,参试的5个品种中,青薯10号的综合评价指数最高,说明其综合品质最好;其余品种按综合评价指数由高到低依次为定薯4号、天薯12号、庄薯3号、希森6号。研究结果可为马铃薯的贮藏加工提供参考依据。     

重庆市开州区甘薯品种比较试验初报

2015年,在重庆市开州区对4个甘薯新品种的生长进程、主要性状、产量、商品性做了初步比较试验,结果表明,‘万薯7号’‘渝薯17’‘万薯5号’‘万薯6号’平均667 m2折合产量均比对照‘徐薯18’高,差异达到极显著水平。‘万薯7号’淡红皮、橘红肉,消费者喜爱,食口性表现最好,是食用型品种;其余3个品种淀粉率大于21%,属淀粉加工型品种。     

不同品种小麦粉的粉质特性对速冻熟制面条品质的影响

为研究不同品种小麦粉与速冻熟制面条质构特性之间的关系,选取30种小麦制粉,用FOSS定氮仪、快速黏度仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等测定面粉品质指标,制作速冻熟制面条,用质构仪测定质构特性。采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对30种小麦面粉和速冻熟制面条的质构关系进行了分析。结果表明:不同品种小麦粉的湿面筋、糊化温度、弱化度、粉质质量指数与硬度呈极显著相关(P0.01);蛋白质、湿面筋、总淀粉含量、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度、粉质吸水率、粉质曲线稳定时间、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力与剪切力呈极显著相关(P0.01);小麦粉的粉质特性,除衰减值、峰值时间和延伸度外,均与拉伸力呈极显著相关(P0.01)。根据方差贡献率提取出可以反映原变量84.023%信息的5个因子,因子1主要反映面粉的粉质拉伸特性,因子2反映小麦粉糊化特性,因子3反映蛋白质特性,因子4和因子5共同反映小麦粉的淀粉特性。这些性状在小麦粉的评价方面起着重要作用,在加工中要注重对它们的选择。聚类分析将30种小麦粉分为4类,结果表明,不能仅凭小麦粉的指标数据和质构数据来选择制作速冻熟制面条的原料,还需考虑到感官评价的影响。该结论可为小麦粉在速冻熟制面条加工应用方面提供一定的理论参考。     

Properties of Starch Noodles as Affected by Sweetpotato Genotype

Starch was extracted from 14 sweetpotato genotypes from the Philippines. The Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) viscoamylographs of the starches showed Type A pasting curves, characterized by a high pasting peak followed by a high degree of shear-thinning. The major difference among genotypes was in the sharpness of the peak, with some showing a very sharp peak while others showed a broad peak. This difference was related to time from onset of pasting to peak viscosity, and to stability ratio (holding viscosity/peak viscosity), which were also highly correlated (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) to each other. Stability ratio was also correlated to noodle firmness (r = 0.95, P < 0.01), rehydration (cooked weight) (r = -0.89, P < 0.01), and swelling volume of the starch (r = -0.62, P < 0.05). The amylose content was correlated significantly only to peak viscosity (r = -0.84, P < 0.01). Significant differences in texture and cooking quality of the starch noodles produced from the different genotypes was found. It was shown that the RVA viscoamylographs could be used to detect differences in pasting characteristics of sweetpotato starch which are related to quality of noodle produced.     

Effects of Protein Content,Glutenin‐to‐Gliadin Ratio,Amylose Content,and Starch Damage on Textural Properties of Chinese Fresh White Noodles

The independent effects of flour protein and starch on textural properties of Chinese fresh white noodles were investigated through reconstitution of fractionated flour components. Noodle hardness decreased with decreased protein content, whereas it unexpectedly increased as protein content decreased to a very low level (7.0%). Noodle cohesiveness, tensile strength, and breaking length increased with increased protein content. Higher glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio resulted in harder and stronger noodles at constant protein content. Increased starch amylose content resulted in increased flour peak viscosity. When water absorption remained the same during noodle making, hardness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles also increased with increased starch amylose content, while springiness did not vary significantly. Increased starch damage of ≈5.5–10.4% effectively improved noodle hardness; however, starch damage >10.4% decreased it. Increased starch damage also enhanced noodle springiness while it decreased cohesiveness.     

Effects of LAB Fermentation on Physical Properties of Oat Flour and Its Suitability for Noodle Making

Flour was obtained from oats fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to study the effect of fermentation on the physical properties and the suitability of fermented oats for use in starch noodle production. The results showed that fermented samples had a significantly lower pH than control samples. Gel strength and amylose content initially increased and then decreased (P < 0.05) with fermentation time. The peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback value decreased with fermentation time. Fermented noodles showed a higher hardness and springiness. In particular, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) induced the highest springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience over 12 hr of fermentation. The cooking quality evaluation indicated that fermentation improved the quality of oat starch noodles. Fermented oats resulted in noodles with low cooking loss and higher cooking weight compared to noodles made from fresh flour. The use of LP for 12 hr of fermentation time yielded noodles of the best quality.     

Effects of Added Minerals on Pasting of Partial Waxy Wheat Flour and Starch and on Noodle Making Properties

Mineral content, as determined and expressed by ash content, serves as an index of wheat flour quality for flour millers and food manufacturers who prefer flour of low mineral content, even though the significance of mineral content on the functional properties of wheat flour is not well understood. We explored whether minerals have any influence on the functional properties of wheat flour and product quality of white salted noodles. Ash, obtained by incinerating wheat bran, was incorporated into two hard white spring wheat flours and their starches to raise the total ash content to 1, 1.5, or 2%. Pasting properties were determined using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Addition of ash increased the peak viscosity of the flours in both water and buffer solution but did not affect the peak viscosity of starch. Wheat flours with added ash showed lower pasting temperature by approximately 10°C in buffer solution. Mineral extracts (15.3% ash) isolated from wheat bran, when added to increase the ash content of wheat flour and starch to 2%, increased the peak viscosity and lowered the pasting temperature of flour by 13.2–16.3% but did not affect the pasting properties of the isolated starch. The mineral premix also increased peak viscosity of wheat flour but not in starch. Added ash increased noodle thickness and lowered water retention of cooked noodles while it exhibited no significant effect on cooked noodle texture as determined using a texture analyzer.     

Effects of Inorganic Phosphates on the Thermodynamic,Pasting, and Asian Noodle‐Making Properties of Whole Wheat Flour

The effects of four inorganic phosphates on the thermodynamic and pasting properties of whole wheat flour as well as color, cooking quality, textural properties, and structural characteristics of whole wheat noodles were studied. The addition of phosphates increased the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of melting of starch in whole wheat flour. Rapid visco analysis showed that all phosphates significantly increased whole wheat flour peak viscosity and final viscosity. Moreover, the whole wheat noodles prepared with disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) exhibited brighter appearance, and the use of STPP and sodium hexametaphosphate reduced the cooking loss of whole wheat noodles. Texture profile analysis of cooked noodles revealed that the addition of phosphates significantly decreased the hardness and slightly increased the springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience. The microstructure of whole wheat noodles showed a larger degree of connectivity of the protein network and coverage of starch granules in the presence of inorganic phosphates. The results suggested that inorganic phosphates exhibited substantial effects on improving the quality of whole wheat noodles. Of the four phosphates studied, STPP appeared to be the most effective one in improving the overall properties of whole wheat noodles when they were normalized to constant phosphate content.     

Physicochemical Properties of Australian Flours Influencing the Texture of Yellow Alkaline Noodles

Flour properties of 25 Australian wheat cultivars were examined for their relationship to alkaline noodle quality. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) analyses of flours showed that RVA breakdown and final viscosity determined in both water and dilute sodium carbonate were significantly related to the alkaline noodle firmness, elasticity, and surface smoothness. Flour swelling volume (FSV) of flours was negatively correlated with alkaline noodle firmness and elasticity, and positively correlated with surface smoothness of cooked noodles. Use of a dilute sodium carbonate solution led to overall increases in both paste viscosity and FSV. High FSV and low RVA final viscosity values were associated with both the softest noodles and with cultivars containing a null allele for granule-bound starch synthase on chromosome 4A. Flour protein content and SDS sedimentation volumes were significantly related to noodle texture. The relationship between protein content and noodle firmness was dependent on the Null4A status of the flours and suggested an interaction between starch and protein in determining noodle texture. Multiple regression analysis using flour protein and FSV accounted for 76% of the variation in alkaline noodle firmness. A speculative model of noodle structure was developed based on a concept of the cooked noodle as a composite material.     

蛋白质中二硫键对稻米淀粉黏滞性的影响

在6个不同品种的稻米粉中添加二硫苏糖醇以打破米粉中蛋白质的二硫键,用快速粘度分析仪测定淀粉的黏滞谱,研究稻米中蛋白质二硫键对稻米黏滞性的影响。结果显示,样品中添加DTT（二硫苏糖醇）后,糊化温度降低,糯稻的峰值粘度下降,其他样品的峰值粘度上升,而消减值极显著降低。蛋白质影响米饭的蒸煮食味品质,可能是二硫键结合形成的蛋白质网络的变化引起稻米吸水性改变而起作用。     

Sources of Variation for Starch Gelatinization,Pasting, and Gelation Properties in Wheat

The starch of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour affects food product quality due to the temperature-dependent interactions of starch with water during gelatinization, pasting, and gelation. The objective of this study was to determine the fundamental basis of variation in gelatinization, pasting, and gelation of prime starch derived from seven different wheat cultivars: Kanto 107, which is a partial waxy mutant line, and six near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in hardness. Complete pasting curves with extended 16-min hold at 93°C were obtained using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Apparent amylose content ranged from 17.5 to 23.5%; total amylose content ranged from 22.8 to 28.2%. Starches exhibited significant variation in onset of gelatinization. However, none of the parameters measured consistently correlated with onset or other RVA curve parameters that preceded peak paste viscosity. Peak paste viscosity varied from 190 to 323 RVA units (RVU). Higher peak, greater breakdown, lower final viscosity, negative setback, and less total setback were associated with lower apparent and total amylose contents. Each 1% reduction in apparent or total amylose content corresponded to an increase in peak viscosity of about 22 and 25 RVU, respectively, at 12% starch concentration. Of the seven U.S. cultivars, the lower amylose cultivars Penawawa and Klasic were missing the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS; ADPglucose starch glycosyl transferase, EC 2.4.4.21) protein associated with the Waxy gene locus on chromosome 4A (Wx-B1 locus). Kanto 107 was confirmed as missing both the 7A and 4A waxy proteins (Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 loci). The hardness NIL also were shown to be null at the 4A locus. Apparent and total amylose contents of prime starch generally corresponded well to the number of GBSS proteins; although the hardness NIL tended to have somewhat higher amylose contents than did the other GBSS 4A nulls. We concluded that reduced quantity of starch amylose due to decreased GBSS profoundly affects starch gelatinization, pasting, and gelation properties.