刘家峡库区生态承载力研究

刘家峡库区自然条件严酷,生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,亟需加快治理步伐。本研究通过计算分析刘家峡库区、库区南部三坪沟流域、库区北部碾子沟流域的生态承载力状况,为库区水土保持生态环境建设提供理论支撑。研究以生态承载力理论与方法为指导,建立了生态弹性度、资源承载力、资源承压度3级层次的生态承载力综合评价指标体系。分析表明,刘家峡库区目前生态弹性度为不稳定状态,水资源承载指数为低承载,土地承载饱和度为严重超载,库区处于不可持续的发展状态。应以提高库区生态承载力为目标,开展库区水土流失综合治理。     

2001-2011年石羊河流域水资源生态足迹研究

水资源是人类社会和生态系统可持续发展的基础性资源。随着人口增长和经济社会发展,水资源短缺和水环境恶化已经成为全球性问题,处于干旱内陆区的石羊河流域更是面临着生产生活用水与生态用水的巨大矛盾。利用生态足迹法构建了石羊河流域农业用水、工业用水、城镇公共用水、生活用水和生态环境用水5个二级水资源账户,研究了石羊河流域水资源承载力与生态赤字,结果表明,2001-2011年石羊河流域水资源承载力平均为1955.5 hm²,呈现出波动下降的趋势,水资源承载力与耕地面积存在显著负相关关系;石羊河流域水资源生态足迹平均为43531.04 hm²,呈现出“先增后减再增”的趋势;石羊河流域生态赤字平均为41575.55 hm²,呈现“先增后降”趋势,与总水资源生态足迹变化趋势一致。未来在水资源管理方面首先要调整产业结构,特别是不适宜再扩大种植业面积,进一步扩大节水灌溉面积。     

基于生态足迹的玛曲县近10年可持续发展研究

玛曲县是稳定与维护青藏高原和黄河上游生态系统的重要屏障。研究其生态环境与社会经济发展的可持续性具有重要意义。应用生态足迹模型对玛曲县2007-2016年的生态足迹、生态承载力、生态赤字及可持续发展指数变化进行了研究。结果表明,10年间研究区人均生态足迹显著增加,由2007年的4.26 hm²增加到2016年的5.91 hm²,增幅达到38.73%,草地在该区域人均生态足迹中占98.83%;生态承载力从2007年的3.74 hm²下降到2016年的3.04 hm²,降幅达到18.72%,草地和林地占到了人均生态承载力的88.04%;该区域10年均呈现生态赤字,总体生态安全形势较弱,处于弱不可持续发展状态。草地是玛曲县主要生态足迹消耗资源,且草地消费需求和草地退化之间的矛盾突出,应加强对该区域草地生态的保护。     

基于可持续发展分析的西藏地区生态监测指标构建

为西藏建立一套行之有效地生态监测指标体系,帮助管理部门及时而准确地了解该地区的生态状况与变化,以1996,2000,2005和2010年土地利用数据为基础,采用生态足迹模型定量评价地区可持续发展情况,采用压力-状态-响应概念模型,构建生态监测指标体系.结果表明:1996年西藏地区人均生态足迹与承载力分别为1.444和6.628 hm²,2010年分别为4.051和5.350 hm²,生态盈余迅速减少;耕地和草地生态足迹占总生态足迹的绝大部分比重;1996-2005年,耕地生态供给一直处于盈余状态,而到2010年,耕地的生态足迹达到其承载力的近3倍,2000年以前草地承载力明显大于足迹,到2010年草地资源人均生态赤字为0.055 hm².西藏地区可持续发展能力在逐年下降,草地资源利用、社会经济发展规模扩大和矿产资源开发带来的生态压力不断增大,与此同时,草地、森林和农田等自然生态系统的承载能力却在下降.     

2000－2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化

本研究以生态学理论为基础，以空间信息技术为支撑，基于遥感数据、气象数据和地面观测数据，通过多源数据融合、生态模型模拟和尺度转换手段，分析中国退牧还草综合治理工程区2000－2010年生态系统宏观结构和质量的时空分布及变化趋势，探讨生态系统变化的自然和人文驱动机制，为退牧还草工程的生态成效评估提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1）2000－2010年，草地生态系统面积保持平稳，生态系统宏观结构稳定，但局部区域仍存在草地与农田、湿地和荒漠间的相互转化；2）研究区草地退化趋势已得到初步遏制，植被覆盖度略有增长，叶面积指数略呈波动式增加，净初级生产力呈显著上升，草地植被呈现恢复转好态势，生态系统总体质量有所提高，生态环境向良性演变；3）研究区生态状况具有空间差异性，总体转好，局部变差，各亚区整体水平排序为内蒙古东部退化草原治理区＞青藏高原江河源退化草原治理区＞新疆退化草原治理区＞蒙甘宁西部退化草原治理区；4）退牧还草工程的实施有利于草地保护，气候暖湿化促进植被生长与恢复，人类活动干扰局部地区生态系统，三者共同影响研究区总体生态状况。     

内蒙古锡林河流域草地生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布

草地生态系统是陆地表面最大的生态系统类型,其土壤保持功能对于维持敏感而脆弱的草地生态系统服务具有重要意义。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,采用改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)对内蒙古锡林河流域的土壤保持功能及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,全流域年土壤保持总量为1.65×10⁸ t/a,单位面积土壤保持量为168.18 t/hm²;流域土壤保持功能从上游至下游呈递减趋势;草甸草原的土壤保持功能最高,农田和典型草原其次,沙地植被和草甸最差;草地生态系统的土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长。可见,提高草地植被覆盖度,保持典型草原生态系统的结构与功能的完整性,有助于维持锡林河流域草地生态系统服务和区域生态安全。     

基于能值生态足迹模型的青海地区 可持续发展评估

生态足迹分析方法是生态经济学中测度人类社会资源消耗的经典方法之一,基于能值的生态足迹模型是该领域研究的最新发展和改进。本研究采用区域标准计算生态承载力和生态足迹,能够更好地体现区域的真实供给能力和人类对资源的实际消耗,其方法和数据优于普遍采用的全球标准。研究基于能值生态足迹模型,定量地分析了2005–2014年青海省的可持续发展状态;结合万元GDP生态足迹、生态足迹多样性指数以及发展能力指数,分析了青海省的总体经济发展状况;同时利用GIS空间分析技术,分析研究区可持续发展状态的空间分布差异。结果表明:1)2005–2014年青海省区域生态足迹超出了生态承载力,生态足迹指数小于0且不断下降。2)青海省不可持续发展的区域在不断扩大,主要集中在东部的市区及其周边的县域,2011年之后呈现由北向东的带状分布。3)结合能值生态足迹和多因子耦合分析表明,虽然青海省的资源利用效率有所提高,发展能力也有较大的提升,但主要是以大量的资源消耗为代价,水土流失、生态功能恶化、地区承载力下降、自我调节能力降低等生态环境恶化问题依然严峻。该研究结果可为相关青藏高原地区的可持续发展提供有益的参考。     

疏勒河流域2001~2010年水足迹动态特征及评价

随着人口增长、城市化进程的发展和社会经济发展,以及全球气候变化等因素的影响,疏勒河地区生态用水不断被挤占,造成地下水位下降,天然植被也因缺水而退化,水资源供需矛盾突出,为了有效改善水资源利用效率,利用水足迹模型研究了疏勒河流域2001~2010年的水足迹动态特征。结果表明:疏勒河流域2001~2010年总水足迹呈增长趋势,人均水足迹从2001年的772.537m3增加到2010年的1 304.476m3。疏勒河流域水资源集约利用度呈增长趋势,从2001年的6.053增加到2010年的10.875,说明疏勒河流域水资源利用效率提高了。疏勒河流域水资源压力指数从2001年的0.447增加到2010年的0.747,说明疏勒河水资源利用压力虽处于水资源可承载范围内,但其水资源压力不断上升。农田灌溉用水和农田种植面积均与农畜产品虚拟水足迹呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。未来还需从实施节水农业战略等方面提高流域水资源利用效率,以及通过虚拟水贸易方式优化产业结构,以实现疏勒河流域水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展。     

旱区旱作人工草地高效用水的研究进展及展望

旱区旱作人工草地种植是解决草畜矛盾,兼顾生态保护的有效途径,是农牧业结构调整的重要内容,其与生态环境效应关系是全球水危机的主要焦点之一。建植过程中不仅要借鉴旱区农田高效用水主要技术,有机统一"蓄"、"保"、"补"措施,同时也要考虑在利用有限水资源过程中所产生对旱区半旱区脆弱生态系统的环境生态影响,还需加强旱区旱作人工草地系统水动态过程和提高水资源利用效率的技术及机理,人工草地生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应,旱区多年生人工牧草生长退化与水文生态过程的关系,维持多年生人工牧草生产能力稳定性的机理、技术和途径等方面的研究。     

黄土丘陵区不同管理方式下草地优势种群的生态位

以吴起县杨青川流域草地为研究对象,对封育(Enclosure)、放牧(Grazing)、施肥(Fertilization)、刈割(Clipping)、灭鼠(Deratization)5种管理方式的草地群落进行调查,并运用Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠指数对5种管理方式下主要植物种群生态位特征进行分析。结果表明,达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)和硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)的种群总生态位宽度较大,封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠管理模式下,生态位宽度最大的分别是达乌里胡枝子、赖草、紫花地丁(Viola philippica)、达乌里胡枝子和猪毛蒿,生态位宽度值大于4的物种数分别为6、6、3、4和3种。不同管理方式下各种对间的重叠指数平均值由大到小依次封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠。施肥管理中,种群间生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间存在线性关系,其它管理方式中种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间不存在线性关系。生态位分析表明,封育和放牧管理下种群间对资源的需求趋于相同,彼此间通过竞争共存,有利于群落演替,草地生态系统逐渐得到恢复,施肥、刈割、灭鼠管理使群落物种竞争排序发生变化,破坏了草地生态系统原有的竞争机制,导致群落向简单群落演替。从牧草发展角度出发,封育、施肥和刈割有利于优质牧草生长。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.