犬和猫肠道菌群研究进展

犬和猫是人类主要的伴侣动物,近几十年来,伴侣动物的健康越来越受人们的关注。与人类相似,动物的健康源于肠道,健康的肠道对于维持宿主动物正常生理机能是至关重要的。犬和猫肠道内寄居着一个数量庞大、种类繁多的微生物群落,肠道微生物在维持犬和猫肠道健康方面起重要作用。论文从犬和猫肠道微生物的分布、组成特点、犬和猫肠道共生微生物菌群形成的影响因素及肠道菌群失调与犬和猫急慢性肠病的关系方面的研究进展做一综述,旨在促进对肠道微生物与犬和猫相互之间的复杂作用机制的深入理解,为犬和猫肠道疾病诊断和防治提供参考。     

犬猫肠道菌群特点与营养调控研究进展

肠道菌群逐渐被认为是与犬猫健康密切相关的代谢活性器官，其参与营养物质的消化吸收、机体代谢及免疫等多种生理功能，决定着犬猫整体健康状态。食物营养素作为犬猫肠道菌群的生长基质，在决定肠道微生物组成及代谢方面起着重要作用。宠物食品中除碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪等营养成分外，也包括越来越多的微生物靶向成分，如益生菌和益生元等，这些营养素亦能调控犬猫肠道菌群结构及微生物代谢产物的生成，以达到改善宠物整体健康的目的。为此，本文就犬猫肠道菌群特点、功能以及饮食营养素对犬猫肠道菌群的影响进行综述，旨在为营养调控肠道菌群，改善犬猫健康及促进功能性宠物食品发展提供理论依据。 [关键词] 犬猫|肠道菌群|益生菌|益生元     

猫的情绪管理

随着社会经济的发展以及人类生活的快速变化，猫的饲养数量急速增加，目前在中国城镇家庭中，宠物猫数量已达5 806万只，约占宠物市场的59.5%。猫作为伴侣动物却仍保留了一定的野生习性甚至是攻击性，然而，国内对猫的心理学和行为学重视不足，以致猫的健康和行为问题日益显著。正确识别猫的情绪，帮助猫更好地融入人类家庭，一方面可以尽量避免主人和兽医被猫攻击，另一方面可以提升动物福利。本文从猫的情绪识别、社会化训练、环境管理、外出就诊和药物管理5个方面对猫的情绪管理进行了归纳总结，以期为建立更好的人-猫关系以及实现猫的科学饲养和科学诊疗提供一定的参考。     

宠物肠道健康与营养调控研究进展

宠物又称伴侣动物,猫和狗作为人类最主要的伴侣动物,其健康和长寿对宠物主至关重要。肠道是营养物质消化吸收的重要器官,也是机体最大的免疫器官,其健康水平决定动物整体健康,而肠道健康又需要各种营养素来维持和调控。因此,文章主要综述了近年来营养素和微生态制剂对宠物犬和猫肠道健康的调控研究,以期为研究宠物营养与肠道健康提供参考。     

不同饲养密度对笼养蛋鸡十二指肠肠道菌群的影响

本试验采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法探究不同饲养密度对笼养海兰灰蛋鸡十二指肠肠道菌群的影响。随机选取1 250只11周龄海兰灰蛋鸡,按照不同饲养密度随机分为5个组:A组900 cm2/只、B组675 cm2/只、C组540 cm2/只、D组450 cm2/只、E组380 cm2/只,每个组内50个重复。5个组均在相同的环境和饲养管理模式下进行饲养。分别于16、26、50周龄时,在每个组中随机选取5只鸡,取十二指肠内容物,用PCR-DGGE法进行肠道菌群分析。结果表明,在同一个饲养密度内,随着饲养周龄的增加笼养蛋鸡十二指肠肠道菌群结构相似系数逐渐减小;16周龄时高密度组与低密度组之间十二指肠肠道菌群结构相似性很高,即肠道菌群结构差异较小;26和50周龄时高密度组与低密度组之间十二指肠肠道菌群结构相似性很低,即肠道菌群结构差异很大。由此可见,随着饲养周龄的增加笼养蛋鸡十二指肠肠道菌群结构差异增大;2种有益菌(Lactobacillus gastricus和Lactobacillus alvi)在高饲养密度组(D组和E组)中消失,饲养密度高于450 cm2/只对笼养蛋鸡十二指肠肠道菌群结构具有不利的影响。     

关于家庭养狗的一些问题

１．什么是宠物或陪伴动物？宠物在国际上又称为陪伴动物或伴侣动物（Ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｏｎ　ａｎｉｍａｌｓ），是指家庭饲养作为陪伴、并与人有情感交流的动物，主要为狗、猫等。现今世界各地家养陪伴动物十分普遍，这是由于社会、经济、文化发展的结果。美国近年的统计约５６％（５３００万户）的家庭饲养陪伴动物，其中一半的家庭饲养２种以上。以下是家庭饲养宠物的主要种类和数量：狗占第一位，５５００万只（３８．２％）：猫６３８０万只（３２．３％）；鸟３１００万只（７．７％）；小哺乳动物１２２０万只（５．０％）和马４９０万…     

家庭养猫的常规管理

猫做为伴侣动物越来越多被家庭所饲养。如何对猫进行常规饲养管理,笔者对此简介如下:1.猫的营养需要 猫需要高蛋白和高脂肪饲料,动物性蛋白通常比植物性蛋白更适宜,一般情况下脂肪成分占饲料干物质的15％～40％较好。因为给猫喂饲含高蛋白质的饲料,如肉、鱼、鸡蛋、肝脏等,     

葛根多糖对猫肠道菌群的影响

为探究葛根多糖（PPL-1）对猫肠道菌群的影响,本试验选取8只体重为2.5～3.7 kg的家猫,按体重随机分为2组,包括对照组（W）和试验组（E）,每组4只（两只公猫,两只母猫）,试验组猫连续口服30 d葛根多糖后,收集粪便,通过IlluminaMiseq高通量测序技术对肠道菌群的多样性进行分析。结果显示：葛根多糖能够显著提高变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、罕见小球菌属（Subdoligranulum）、双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）的相对丰度;显著降低厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度。结果表明,葛根多糖能显著提高猫肠道菌群多样性,并改善肠道菌群结构,对机体产生有益影响。     

益生菌研究进展及其在宠物食品加工中的应用现状

随着人民生活水平的提高，伴侣动物如犬、猫等受到越来越多家庭的喜爱，对于宠物粮食的需求也由传统粮食逐渐向能够改善其健康的功能粮方面转变。益生菌是一类能够在动物体内定植的活性微生物，具有调控肠道菌群平衡、维持动物机体健康、促进营养吸收等作用。文章对益生菌的定义、菌株选择标准及其在宠物粮食中的应用进行了综述，分析了不同加工方式可能对益生菌的影响，旨在科学合理地加工含益生菌的功能粮食，保证其生物活性，为改善宠物健康提供思路。     

猫肠道微生物研究进展

近年来,随着人民生活水平的提高,人们对精神陪伴的需求与日俱增。猫作为伴侣动物越来越受欢迎,保持猫的健康以及预防其疾病成为人们关注的重点。研究表明,稳定的肠道微生物群落有益于宿主的营养吸收、免疫等生理活动。鉴于此,本文对猫肠道微生物以及猫粮中添加益生菌对猫的影响进行综述,旨在为开发新型猫用功能性饲料添加剂及保证猫的健康和疾病治疗提供参考。 [关键词] 猫|肠道微生物|益生菌|宠物     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.