黑龙江垦区丹麦荷斯坦奶牛诸性状的观测和遗传参数的研究

黑龙江垦区于1985年10月从丹麦引进丹麦荷O斯坦奶牛297头,分别饲养在857、858和克山三个农场。这批牛将给垦区荷斯坦牛增添新的血液,是个很好的基因库,为了提高垦区牛群质量,加速品种改良,促进奶牛事业的发展,我们于1986年对丹麦荷斯坦奶牛(以下都简称丹麦牛)的产奶性能、生长发育、繁殖性状和产奶性能的遗传及变异进行了观测和研究,兹将其结果报道如下。 1 丹麦牛主要经济性状的测定结果 1.1 丹麦牛产奶性状的测定 1.1.1 胎次产奶 丹麦牛的产奶量见表1。     

利用西门塔尔牛改良中国荷斯坦牛效果初探

为了更好地研究乳肉兼用西门塔尔牛(分为德系西门塔尔的弗莱维赫牛和法系西门塔尔的蒙贝利亚牛)与中国荷斯坦牛杂交的效果,本研究选择在相同饲养环境下的蒙荷F1(蒙贝利亚牛与荷斯坦牛杂交子一代)、弗荷F1(弗莱维赫牛与荷斯坦牛杂交子一代)作为研究对象,并与纯种荷斯坦牛进行对比分析。研究结果显示,乳肉兼用牛与荷斯坦牛杂交后代具有良好的产奶性能,肉用价值更高。产奶量方面,蒙荷F1与弗荷F1均低于纯种荷斯坦牛,但差异不显著(P0.05)。奶质方面,蒙荷F1与弗荷F1的乳蛋白率、乳糖率均高于纯种荷斯坦牛,且差异显著(P0.05)。蒙荷F1与弗荷F1的体重均高于纯种荷斯坦牛,且差异显著(P0.05)。可以得出,乳肉兼用西门塔尔牛与中国荷斯坦牛的杂交一代在牛奶品质、产奶稳定性及肉用性能方面均优于荷斯坦牛。     

应用广西黄牛作受体进行奶牛胚胎移植的研究

本试验通过超排11头荷斯坦牛,获得42枚可用胚胎,分别移植到19头广西本地黄牛和18头低产奶牛中,广西黄牛受体的妊娠率为36.81%,其中母犊5头,公犊2头。荷斯坦牛受体的妊娠率为44.44%,流产2头,流产率25%,产犊6头,公母各3头。黄牛受体与荷斯坦牛受体生下的荷斯坦胚胎牛初生重差别明显,但经培育后,体重差距逐步缩小;产奶性能无差别。广西本土黄牛可以用于荷斯坦牛胚胎移植的受体牛,加强饲养管理可获得好的受胎率;做好胚胎移植出生犊牛培育,可获得良好的经济效益。     

弗莱维赫牛改良荷斯坦牛抗逆性研究

测定了弗莱维赫牛改良荷斯坦牛后代的外周血血常规、血生化和热休克蛋白指标。结果:与荷斯坦牛相比,弗荷牛的血红蛋白与血小板含量显著低于荷斯坦牛(8.3 vs 9.39 mg/mL,142.77×106vs 320.33×106/mL);夏季弗荷牛尿素含量显著低于春季弗荷牛和春夏季荷斯坦牛(5.04 vs 6.34、6.31、5.60 mmol/L)、总胆固醇含量极显著低于春季弗荷牛和春夏季荷斯坦牛(4.10 vs 5.64、5.90、4.86 mmol/L);弗荷牛春季与夏季热休克蛋白(HSP70)含量均显著高于春季荷斯坦牛(43 264、39 847 vs 30 243 pg/mL),弗荷牛夏季超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量显著高于荷斯坦牛(10 507 vs 8 031 pg/mL)。结果表明弗荷牛比荷斯坦牛有更好的抗热应激性能。     

杂交荷斯坦母牛与其纯种在产奶、繁殖及抗病性状上的综合对比

为了提高荷斯坦奶牛的繁殖力,改善乳成分,增加其乳肉综合经济效益,本试验以蒙贝利亚乳肉兼用牛为父本,荷斯坦牛为母本进行杂交。通过构建线性模型、拟合泌乳曲线、计算综合经济效益等对其F1代母牛(69头)与荷斯坦纯种母牛(74头)的产奶性状、繁殖性状、抗乳房炎能力及综合经济效益进行了对比研究。结果如下:在产奶性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛乳脂率(3.59比3.49,P0.05)和乳蛋白率(3.25比3.12)(P0.01)显著高于荷斯坦母牛,而体细胞评分(2.37比2.85,P0.05)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在饲料转化效率方面,泌乳盛期蒙荷F1母牛ECM/DMI(1.92比1.86,P0.01)极显著高于荷斯坦母牛;在繁殖性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛的初产月龄(25.38比26.33,P0.05)和空怀天数(87.35比107.16,P0.01)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在综合经济效益方面,蒙荷F1母牛第1胎次泌乳期305d经济效益比荷斯坦母牛提高了4 918.15元。总之,乳肉兼用型的蒙荷杂种牛较荷斯坦母牛具有高乳脂率、高乳蛋白率,抗乳房炎能力强、投产早、空怀期短、综合经济效益高的优点。     

德国荷斯坦牛与中国荷斯坦牛性能比较

选择德国荷斯坦育成牛95头（12～18月龄），成母牛129头（1-6胎）及中国荷斯坦育成牛111头（12～18月龄）、成母牛164头（1—6胎）；分别测定其体尺、体重及生产性能，并对两国荷斯坦牛体型、生长发育、生产性能和繁殖性能等指标进行比较分析，研究现行饲养管理水平对德国荷斯坦牛性能的影响。结果表明：德国荷斯坦牛早期生长发育快，12月龄体尺、体重极显著地大于中国荷斯坦牛（p〈0．01），德国荷斯坦牛各胎次产乳量、乳脂率均极显著地高于中国荷斯坦牛（p〈0．01），德国荷斯坦牛情期受胎率较中国荷斯坦牛低（p〈0．01），育成牛初配月龄明显晚于中国荷斯坦育成牛（p〈0．05）。产间距德国荷斯坦牛较中国荷斯坦牛略长，但差异不明显（p〉0．05）。     

影响奶牛产奶量的九大因素

影响奶牛产奶性能的因素较多,但归纳起来可分为九大因素. (一)品种 奶牛是家牛的一种.牛按用途又可分为乳用、肉用和兼用型.乳用型又有黑白花奶牛、荷斯坦牛、娟姗牛、瑞士褐牛、爱尔夏牛、更赛牛等.由于奶牛不同品种,其产奶量均有较大差异,少的只有500～600千克,多的可达20 000千克以上.要想多产奶,应首选黑白花奶牛和荷斯坦牛.     

持续热应激对荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛生理指标和机体代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究持续性热应激对荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛生理指标和机体代谢的影响,并探索荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛在适应热应激过程中的耐热性能差异。试验选择健康荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛各8头,于非热应激期、热应激前期、热应激中期和热应激末期分别测定荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛的直肠温度、呼吸频率以及血液指标。结果显示,长期热应激状态下,荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛的生理指标、血清生化指标、血清离子、抗氧化指标、内分泌激素和HSP70的变化趋势基本一致。此外,在热应激状态下,西荷杂交牛的呼吸频率、球蛋白(GLB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和丙二醛(MDA)显著低于荷斯坦牛(P0.05),而西荷杂交牛的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、皮质醇(COR)和HSP70显著高于荷斯坦牛(P 0.05)。结果表明,持续热应激环境对荷斯坦牛和西荷杂交牛的生理指标和机体代谢的影响是相似的,而西荷杂交牛在长期热应激状态下表现出较好的耐热性能。     

引进丹麦荷斯坦牛的产奶性能观察

引进丹麦荷斯坦牛的产奶性能观察黑龙江省畜牧研究所（１６１０４１）傅尚杰，刘文信，王曾明黑龙江省山市种奶牛场俞春英，许辉１９８４年１２月，黑龙江省山市种奶牛场从丹麦引进荷斯坦青年母牛１２４头，经过９年多的饲养管理，这群牛已完成６个以上生产周期，现将其产...     

不同品种牛肉用性能与经济效益比较分析

试验旨在比较分析德系西门塔尔牛、荷斯坦牛及其杂种后代牛的肉用性能与育肥经济效益。选择5月龄左右、体重在150~200 kg之间的健康公牛15头,其中荷斯坦公牛、西荷杂种一代公牛、德系西门塔尔公牛各5头,分组育肥后称重、屠宰并测算。结果显示:德系西门塔尔牛、西荷杂种牛的全期增重、平均日增重、胴体重、净肉重均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05);西荷杂种牛屠宰率显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05),而德系西门塔尔牛屠宰率与荷斯坦牛之间差异极显著(P0.01);在净肉率指标上,也表现为德系西门塔尔牛与西荷杂种牛极显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。在同等条件下,不考虑人工、设备折旧、水电及市场等因素影响,德系西门塔尔牛与西荷杂种牛的收益要远高于荷斯坦牛。综上所述,德系西门塔尔牛、西荷杂种后代牛与荷斯坦牛相比,具有更优的肉用性能,且屠宰后的综合收益更高,德系西门塔尔牛改良中低产荷斯坦牛的杂交模式可以推广应用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -