加拿大荷斯坦牛与中国荷斯坦牛生产性能对比

黑龙江省八五二农场１９９０年底从加拿大引进１１０头荷斯坦育成母牛，平均１２月龄，现已全部投产。为了解加拿大荷斯坦牛在中国北方地区的适应性及其生长发育情况和生产性能，与当地中国荷斯坦母牛进行了对比饲养试验。１材料和方法１．１供试牛选择：试验组为加拿大荷...     

青海省荷斯坦牛胚胎移植

青海省民和县种畜场2001年引进了48头秦川牛,于2001年4月～2002年6月进行了荷斯坦奶牛胚胎移植,结果12头秦川牛移植成功,所产荷斯坦牛犊生长发育良好。1材料与方法1．1供体胚胎荷斯坦奶牛7日龄冷冻胚胎,由新疆生物科技研究所提供。     

日本荷斯坦牛登记制度

日本荷斯坦牛登记制度天津市奶牛改良育种中心（３００２２２）史夏彬中芬乳品培训研究中心魏洁我们知道，正确登记是奶牛改良育种的第一步，只有准确而详细的登记，才能为奶牛改良提供科学而可靠的依据。因此，世界各国奶牛育种工作都是从准确的登记记录开始的。日本的荷...     

胚胎移植在加拿大荷斯坦牛中的应用

序 言 胚胎移植(ET)作为繁育牛的较新方法已被公认和接受。ET是一项过程,通过它在相对短的时间里,从1头母牛能够获得更多的小牛。例如,仅在1年里从1头母牛获得的小牛可能比它整个一生自然生下的小牛还要多。因而,对1头遗传上优秀的母牛使用ET其优越性是十分明显的。 简单地说,这个过程涉及到用激素处理母牛(供体),以便使它在给定的发情周期排出多个卵来(超数排卵)。紧跟这种处理,用供体跟理想公牛配种;大约7天之后,通过一种叫做冲卵的过程从供     

中国荷斯坦牛白细胞粘附缺陷病遗传分析

荷斯坦牛白细胞粘附缺陷病（BLAD）是一种遗传性免疫缺陷病，患病牛出生后，生长发育差，绝大多数在1年内死亡，且不具繁殖和哺育能力。该病的遗传基础为CD18基因编码区383位的A／G点突变导致白细胞表面的β2整合素表达缺陷。目前欧美等奶牛业发达国家都已经建立了完善的BLAD分子检测方法和跟踪监控体系。中国长期从国外进口荷斯坦公牛精液、胚胎或活体，由此可能引进了BLAD基因。本研究采用PCR—RFLP方法对116头可疑中国荷斯坦牛进行了检测．确定了2头BLAD携带者公牛和8头携带者母牛．未发现隐性纯合个体．     

荷斯坦牛疑似阿托品过敏一例

一头成年荷斯坦牛牛，用阿托品后引起了严重的“过敏反应”，经治疗脱险。     

Reference ranges of hematology and lymphocyte subsets in healthy Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) and Holstein dairy cattle

There are no accurate reference ranges for hematology parameters and lymphocyte subsets in Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo). This study was performed to establish reliable reference ranges of hematology and lymphocyte subsets using a large number of Hanwoo cattle (n = 350) and to compare differences between Hanwoo and Holstein dairy cattle (n = 334). Additionally, age‐related changes in lymphocyte subsets were studied. Bovine leukocyte subpopulation analysis was performed using mono or dual color flow cytometry. The leukocyte subpopulations investigated in healthy cattle included: CD2⁺ cells, sIgM⁺ cells, MHC class II⁺ cells, CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells, CD3⁺CD8⁺ cells, and WC1⁺ cells. Although Hanwoo and Holstein cattle are the same species, results showed several differences in hematology and lymphocyte subsets between Hanwoo and Holstein cattle. This study is the first report to establish reference ranges of hematology and lymphocyte subsets in adult Hanwoo cattle.     

荷斯坦牛冻精改良西藏黄牛的泌乳性能分析

[目的]西藏拉萨市引进荷斯坦牛冻精与本地黄牛级进杂交已40余年,对荷斯坦牛改良西藏黄牛（荷×藏）级进杂交后代泌乳性能进行测定,为后期横交固定育种工作提供基础数据和科学依据。[方法]统计并比较2017—2021年荷×藏高代次不同胎次之间的总泌乳量、高峰产奶量、高峰日、产奶天数和日泌乳量;2021年7月进行奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）。[结果]荷×藏高代次随着胎次增加总泌乳量、高峰产奶量、泌乳天数和日泌乳量随之降低,高峰泌乳日在正常范围内;3个胎次之间,总泌乳量主要集中在2000 ~ 4000 kg,高峰产奶量主要集中在15 kg ~ 25 kg,高峰日、产奶天数和日泌乳量的范围分别是49.58 d ~ 66.30 d、212.06 d ~ 217.36 d和14.96 kg ~ 17.99 kg。DHI测定数据显示荷×藏高代次群体乳脂率、乳蛋白率和尿素氮分别是3.86 %、3.34 %和12.47 mg/dL。[结论]高原低氧环境限制限制了荷×藏高代次牛的泌乳性能,但相比西藏黄牛有较大提高,结果可作为提高改良牛生产性能、产奶量、奶品质及遗传特性提供基础数据。     

影响江苏某牛场荷斯坦牛日产奶量和乳成分因素分析

[目的]探究江苏某牛场荷斯坦牛日产奶量和乳成分的影响因素。[方法]试验采集了该规模化牛场2018—2020年139 703条测定数据,并利用多因素方差模型对其进行系统的分析。[结果]不同胎次、测定季节、产犊季节、泌乳月对荷斯坦牛日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分、乳尿素氮均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。产奶量与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分均存在极显著负相关。[结论]综上结果,在生产中,应结合胎次、季节、产犊时间、泌乳等多种因素,灵活调整牛群结构、生产规划和饲养管理,以实现提高产奶量和乳品质的目的。     

Application of imputation methods to genomic selection in Chinese Holstein cattle

Missing genotypes are a common feature of high density SNP datasets obtained using SNP chip technology and this is likely to decrease the accuracy of genomic selection. This problem can be circumvented by imputing the missing genotypes with estimated genotypes. When implementing imputation, the criteria used for SNP data quality control and whether to perform imputation before or after data quality control need to consider. In this paper, we compared six strategies of imputation and quality control using different imputation methods, different quality control criteria and by changing the order of imputation and quality control, against a real dataset of milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cattle. The results demonstrated that, no matter what imputation method and quality control criteria were used, strategies with imputation before quality control performed better than strategies with imputation after quality control in terms of accuracy of genomic selection. The different imputation methods and quality control criteria did not significantly influence the accuracy of genomic selection. We concluded that performing imputation before quality control could increase the accuracy of genomic selection, especially when the rate of missing genotypes is high and the reference population is small.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛铁蛋白基因3'端克隆及序列分析

本研究旨在克隆和分析中国荷斯坦奶牛的铁蛋白(FTH)基因,为该基因的功能研究和有效利用提供理论依据.运用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术从公犊肝脏组织中扩增出FTH基因的3'端cDNA序列,并利用生物信息学方法对该基因的氨基酸序列进行分析.结果表明,FTH基因3'端cDNA全长为489 bp,编码81个氨基酸;经生物信息学分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白无N端信号肽及跨膜区,相对分子质量为9.1253 kD,理论等电点为5.19,脂肪系数为85.56,总亲水性为-0.342,其一级结构中存在4个功能结构域;二级结构元件以α-螺旋和β-旋转为主;同源序列分析表明,中国荷斯坦奶牛与原牛FTH氨基酸的相似性最高(99％);系统进化树显示,在该基因座位上中国荷斯坦奶牛与所测物种的亲缘关系均较远.本研究有助于揭示FTH家族基因的进化历史,为对其进行深入的功能分析和利用研究提供参考.     

中国荷斯坦牛GlyCAM1基因遗传多态性的研究

以273头中国荷斯坦牛为研究对象,利用CRS—PCR、PCR—SSCP及DNA测序技术检测了GlyCAM1基因外显子3、内含子3的遗传多态性。结果表明：GlyCAM1基因分别在外显子3和内含子3的第2081（A／C）、2417（C／T）位存在突变,2个位点的等位基因频率A／B分别为0．7525,0．2475和0．9046,0．0954;经菇。适合性检验,中国荷斯坦牛内含子3的突变达到Hardy—Weinberg平衡状态（P〉0．05）,但其外显子3的突变未达到Hardy—Weinberg平衡状态（P〈0．05）。     

Economic efficiency of Japanese Black cattle selection schemes utilizing crossbreeding with the Holstein breed

The economic efficiency of Japanese Black (JB) cattle selection schemes utilizing crossbreeding with the Holstein (H) breed was evaluated in the context of maximizing profitability. Selection schemes were defined that differed in the records available for use as selection criteria. The selection schemes were assessed based on profitability per cow in the JB cattle population. Within each selection scheme, two terminal crossbreeding systems were considered: two‐way crossbreeding without backcrossing (F₁ system) and two‐way crossbreeding with backcrossing (F₁ cross system). The impact on profitability of varying number of sires selected per year and the proportion of H cows that were inseminated by JB semen and of F₁ females that are retained for replacement was examined for all selection schemes. Utilizing crossbreeding with the H breed was less profitable than purebreeding of the JB. Profitability was higher in the F₁ system than in the F₁ cross system in all selection schemes. Profitability was influenced more by changes in the number of sires selected per year than by the proportion H cows that were inseminated by JB semen and of F₁ females that were retained for replacement. Implications of these results for the JB breeding program are discussed.     

Genome-wide scan for selective sweeps identifies novel loci associated with resistance to mastitis in German Holstein cattle

Domestication and selection significantly changed phenotypic and behavioural traits in modern domestic animals. In this study, to identify the genomic regions associated with mastitis, genomic data of German Holstein dairy cattle were analysed. The samples were genotyped using the Bovine 50 K SNP chip. For each defined healthy and sick group, 133 samples from 13,276 genotyped dairy cows were selected based on mastitis random residual effects. Grouping was done to infer selection signatures based on XP-EHH statistic. The results revealed that for the top 0.01 percentile of the obtained XP-EHH values, five genomic regions on chromosomes 8, 11, 12, 14 and 26 of the control group, and four regions on chromosomes 3, 4 (two regions) and 22 of the case group, have been under selection. Also, consideration of the top 0.1 percentile of the XP-EHH values, clarified 21 and 15 selective sweeps in the control and case group, respectively. This study identified some genomic regions containing potential candidate genes associated with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis, immune system and inflammation, milk traits, udder morphology and different types of cancers. In addition, these regions overlap with some quantitative trait loci linked to clinical mastitis, immunoglobulin levels, somatic cell score, udder traits, milk fat and protein, milk yield, milking speed and veterinary treatments. It is noteworthy that we found two regions in the healthy group (on chromosomes 12 and 14) with strong signals, which were not described previously. It is likely that future research could link these identified genomic regions to mastitis. The results of the current study contribute to the identification of causal mutations, genomic regions and genes affecting mastitis incidence in dairy cows.     

Prevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in serum of Holstein cattle in Cameroon

Holstein cattle of a small scale dairy production systems were screened for Brucella abortus antibodies in 21 villages in Cameroon by ELISA. Results show a general seroprevalence of 8.4% in Holstein cattle. Of the 192 cows tested, 14 were infected giving a within-sex seroprevalence of 7.3% while 6/74 bulls were infected with a seroprevalence of 8%. There was no evidence (P=0.11) of differences in seroprevalence between age groups although animals above one year and below three years accounted for nearly half of the infected animals. 64% of infected animals were found in three locations (P=0.015): Kutaba (32%), Bamendankwe (16%) and Finge (16%). A specific control programme should be organized at these locations. Measures should be taken to ensure the eradication of the disease within the population and sound control measures adopted to avoid a further spread of the disease to larger cattle populations. Infected animals should be slaughtered systematically. All farmers should be advised to boil milk before consumption. Vaccination against Brucella abortus should be instituted and use of artificial insemination propagated. In order to ensure a productive and healthy population of Holstein cows within the dairy production scheme, regular Brucella testing should be instituted.     

Effects of long-term exogenous bovine somatotropin on glucose metabolism and the utilization of glucose by the mammary gland in different stages of lactation of crossbred Holstein cattle

The effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on glucose turnover and the utilization of glucose in the mammary gland using a continuous infusion of [3-³H]glucose and [U-¹⁴C]glucose in lactating crossbred Holstein Friesian(HF) cattle were investigated. Glucose turnover of rbST-treated animals was significantly higher than those of control animals ( P  < 0.05) in mid lactation, while plasma glucose concentrations were not affected. The utilization of glucose of non-mammary tissues of rbST-treated animals significantly increased ( P  < 0.05) as lactation advanced. The glucose taken up by the mammary gland in early lactation increased flux through the lactose synthesis and the pentose cycle pathway with significant increases in NADPH formation for fatty acid synthesis during rbST administration. The utilization of glucose carbon incorporation into milk appeared to increase in milk citrate and milk triacylglycerol but not for milk lactose as lactation advances in rbST-treated animals. The stimulant effect for milk yield by rbST treatment was transiently and significantly increased in early lactation and was decreased in late lactation even though there was a high level of udder blood flow. These findings demonstrate that the regulation of biosynthetic capacity within the mammary gland would be influenced more by local than by systemic factors. The proportion of glucose would be metabolized less for lactose synthesis, but metabolized more via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as lactation advances.