密度调控方式对马铃薯块茎大小调控功能初探

2014年和2015年分别以尤金和克新13号脱毒原种为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,分别设置6万穴/hm~2、9万穴/hm~2、12万穴/hm~2播种穴数和1、3个主茎/穴(2014年)以及6万穴/hm~2、8万穴/hm~2、10万穴/hm~2播种穴数和1、2个主茎/穴(2015年)等处理,研究密度调控方式对马铃薯块茎大小分布及产量的影响。两年试验结果表明:增加播种穴数或单穴主茎数都将增加30~150 g的块茎产量,降低150 g以上的块茎产量。早熟品种尤金的种薯生产采用12万穴/hm~2、3主茎/穴的播种方式,并于苗后60 d左右收获,可获得较高150 g以下块茎产量;商品薯生产采用6万穴/hm~2、3主茎/穴的播种方式可获得较高商品薯产量。中晚熟品种克新13号的种薯生产采用8万穴/hm~2、2主茎/穴的播种方式,苗后80 d左右收获,可获得较高150 g以下块茎产量;商品薯生产采用6万穴/hm~2、2主茎/穴的播种方式可获得较高商品薯产量。     

气象条件对西北温凉半湿润区马铃薯块茎形成及产量的影响

利用西北温凉半湿润区马铃薯生长发育定位观测资料、加密观测和对应平行气象观测资料,应用农业气象统计分析方法,分析马铃薯块茎生长与气象条件的关系。结果表明：研究区域马铃薯播种到可收约需150～168d,需≥0℃积温2000～2300℃·d,降水量400～500mm,日照时数900～1100h;马铃薯在播种后第105天开始,块茎由缓慢生长转为迅速生长阶段,在播种后的第127天,块茎生长速度最大,播种后第149天开始,块茎生长从迅速生长又转为缓慢生长。气温对马铃薯产量形成除采收期外,均为负效应,块茎膨大期对气温变化十分敏感;降水量的影响函数同热量的影响函数呈反相位分布,除出苗期和采收期为负效应外,其余时段降水量对马铃薯产量形成均为正效应,马铃薯分枝-开花期对降水量变化十分敏感。     

营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育中激素、产量和品质的影响

以台湾红皮（Cardinal）为试验材料,研究了不同营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中内源激素行为的影响及对产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,过低、过高的营养供给,降低了块茎发育前期细胞分裂素（ZT）的含量,中期细胞生长素（IAA）的含量以及促进块茎发育的脱落酸（ABA）、茉莉酸（JA）含量,增加了各时期促进匍匐茎发生的赤霉素（GA）含量,导致在块茎形成和膨大的关键时期,GA/ABA和GA/JA比值失衡,抑制了块茎的正常发育。而合理营养水平供给,保持了前期较高水平的ZT含量,中期较高的ABA、IAA、JA含量和较低的GA含量,保证了块茎发育各时期对重要激素的需要,GA/ABA和GA/JA在块茎发育各时期也保持在合理的水平。结果还表明,过低、过高的营养供给,有利于马铃薯可溶性糖的形成,但不利于后期淀粉的形成,同时缩短了块茎快速增长期的时间。     

氮素形态对马铃薯块茎形成的影响及机理

马铃薯的经济器官是块茎,其形成过程及生理调节机理一直是植物生理和农学领域的研究热点。本文就马铃薯块茎形成的机制的研究进展进行了归纳总结。研究发现,光周期、温度、p H、介质蔗糖浓度、土壤紧实度、氮素供应量等多种环境因素影响或诱导马铃薯块茎的形成,而且这些环境因素主要通过调节植物内源激素的代谢进而影响马铃薯块茎的形成。一些研究还发现氮素形态对马铃薯块茎形成也有影响,但其机制尚未明确,根据其他环境因素影响马铃薯块茎形成的研究进展,推测激素可能介导了氮素形态对块茎形成的调控作用。因此开展氮素形态对马铃薯块茎形成机制的研究非常必要,研究结果将为指导马铃薯的养分管理、专用肥的开发奠定理论基础。     

一种简单有效的提取马铃薯块茎总RNA方法

对于块根、块茎和果实等富含淀粉、多糖的特殊材料,应用常规方法提取RNA,存在产量低、淀粉和多糖污染严重等问题（Logemann et al.,1987）.本研究采用马铃薯块茎为材料,通过改进变性液和抑制多酚氧化等环节,建立了一个改良的RNA抽提方法,有效的解决了在马铃薯块茎总RNA抽提过程中多糖污染和酚氧化等问题.……     

有机肥和无机肥对马铃薯生长发育及块茎产量的影响

在田间条件下,以‘尤金’和‘克新23号’为供试品种,研究了单施无机肥或有机肥以及有机肥和无机肥配施对马铃薯生长发育及块茎产量的影响,以对马铃薯生产中有机肥替代无机肥的可行性及替代效果进行验证和阐述。结果表明:施用有机肥可显著提高两品种的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值(P<0.05),延长了‘尤金’地上茎叶的功能期,提高‘尤金’的平均薯重(P<0.05);单施无机肥可促进两个品种地上茎叶及根系的生长,提高单株结薯数和块茎干物质积累量。两个马铃薯品种的最高产量均为单施无机肥处理,其中‘尤金’施用P₂O₅ 90 kg/hm²时达到最高产量41.50 t/hm²,‘克新23号’施用P₂O₅ 135 kg/hm²时达到最高产量41.26 t/hm²。在本试验条件下,两个品种全部和部分有机替代的产量均为中等水平。     

氮素形态及其浓度供应影响马铃薯块茎形成的生理机制研究

为深入了解马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)块茎形成机制,选用马铃薯‘克新1号’品种,在沙培条件下设置NO₃-N和NH₄-N两种氮素形态处理,每种氮素形态下又分别设置了10 mmol L^-1和20 mmol L^-1两个供氮水平,研究了不同氮素形态及其浓度对马铃薯块茎形成前后植株体内碳氮比(C/N)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响,探讨其与马铃薯块茎形成的关系。结果表明:相同氮源条件下,马铃薯单株薯重、块茎中干物质分配比在10 mmol L^-1处理下显著高于20 mmol L^-1处理;块茎形成前后,马铃薯叶、根、茎、块茎等器官的C/N值与淀粉含量,茎、块茎中可溶性总糖含量同样表现出在10 mmol L^-1处理下显著高于20 mmol L^-1;但植株叶片、根中全氮含量在20 mmol L^-1处理下显著高于10 mmol L^-1处理,其蔗糖含量则在不同...     

高海拔生境下怀玉山高山马铃薯和怀玉山本土农家薯块茎的转录组分析

为探究高海拔生境下怀玉山高山马铃薯的适应机制,本研究以怀玉山高山马铃薯(麻籽洋芋)和怀玉山本土农家薯的采后块茎为试验材料进行转录组分析。结果表明,怀玉山高山马铃薯上调的差异基因956个,下调的差异基因2 262个,总数为3 218个;怀玉山高山马铃薯和怀玉山本土农家薯与叶绿素结合、光系统Ⅰ、光合作用和光捕获、光系统Ⅱ、血红素结合、氧化还原酶活性等光合系统相关的GO term富集显著;怀玉山高山马铃薯和怀玉山本土农家薯与光合作用-天线蛋白、丙烷合成、光合作用、苯丙氨酸代谢等Pathway也富集显著,说明怀玉山高山马铃薯和怀玉山本土农家薯在怀玉山高海拔生境下主要是涉及到光合作用基因的差异表达。本研究结果为怀玉山高山马铃薯适应高海拔生境相关基因的挖掘与应用提供了一定的理论参考。     

土壤pH对马铃薯块茎发育及其内源激素含量的影响

选用马铃薯品种‘克新1号’和‘费乌瑞它’,研究了不同土壤pH对马铃薯生长发育、块茎发育及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:土壤pH5.0、pH6.5、pH8.0处理下的马铃薯植株结薯率、单个薯重、株高、叶面积和整株干物质积累量均显著高于pH3.5、pH9.5处理,而pH5.0、pH6.5、pH8.0三个处理间无显著差异;’克新1号’品种的单株薯数在pH8.0处理下最高,而‘费乌瑞它’品种在pH5.0、pH6.5、pH8.0处理下明显高于其他两个处理。不同pH处理下,马铃薯块茎形成前后的叶片、匍匐茎中脱落酸(ABA)含量为pH6.5=pH8.0> pH5.0=pH9.5> pH3.5,而赤霉素(GA)含量、赤霉素比玉米素核苷(GA/ZR)值、赤霉素比生长素(GA/IAA)值均在pH9.5处理下最高,呈pH9.5> pH3.5> pH5.0=pH6.5=pH8.0;其脱落酸比赤霉素(ABA/GA)值则在pH5.0、pH6.5、pH8.0处理下显著高于pH3.5和pH9.5,这与马铃薯植株生长发育、结薯时间、结薯数变化具有高度一致性;说明,在极端的酸碱(pH3.5和pH...     

施氮量对宁夏旱区马铃薯块茎淀粉形成和产量的影响

为探索不同施氮量对宁夏旱区马铃薯块茎淀粉形成和产量的影响机理,分别于2017年(平水年)和2019年(丰水年)在宁夏南部山区开展大田试验,以马铃薯栽培品种青薯9号为材料,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究施纯氮量75(N1)、150(N2)、225 kg·hm-2(N3)对马铃薯淀粉含量、淀粉形...     

不同中薯系列马铃薯淀粉组成与理化性质的差异分析

为分析不同品种马铃薯淀粉组成与理化性质的差异,本研究以15个不同品种中薯系列马铃薯为原料提取淀粉,并对其组成和理化性质进行了检测及相关性分析。光学显微镜和扫描电镜结果表明,马铃薯淀粉颗粒的粒径分布范围广,颗粒形貌存在差异,小颗粒多为卵圆形,大颗粒多为椭圆形、拉长形以及不规则形。不同马铃薯淀粉的理化性质存在显著差异,其溶解度、膨润力范围分别为25.92%~28.74%,4.90~6.26 g·g^-1;糊化初始温度(T_o)、峰值温度(T_p)、终止温度(T_c)、糊化焓值(ΔH)范围分别为61.44~65.55℃、64.49~68.69℃、67.87~72.54℃、7.21~13.49 J·g^-1;峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值范围分别为2 499.3~3 220.4、514.0~2 218.4、401.0~884.1 BU。相关性分析结果表明,马铃薯淀粉中磷含量与峰谷黏度呈显著正相关,与溶解度呈显著负相关;平均粒径D[4,3]与短程有序参数1 045/1 022 cm^-1 和1 022/995 cm^-1均呈显著正相关;T_o与峰值黏度呈显著负相关;糊化温度与峰值黏度和崩解值均呈显著负相关,与峰谷黏度、最终黏度和回生值均呈显著正相关。本研究结果可为中薯系列马铃薯淀粉在食品加工中的应用提供科学依据。     

Estimating Maximum Tuber Length of Potato Based on the Number of Fully Expanded Leaves

Abstract

Defining growth stages of the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) based on aboveground morphological characteristics could be more practical than using underground characteristics such as tuber size. The applicability of this approach was tested in Cyprus for a spring‐harvested crop sown in a Tera Rosa soil with three different within‐row spacings (15, 25, and 35 cm). The development of various tuber characteristics of three commercial potato cultivars (cvs. “Cara”, “Nicola”, and “Spunta”) was monitored for two growing seasons. The three cultivars represent late, medium, and early maturity classes. Various tuber sizes obtained from each cultivar were related with the number of fully expanded leaves (NFEL) based on linear equations. For individual cultivars, the NFEL appeared to be a reliable aboveground parameter for estimating the size of the largest tuber during the early stages of growth. Defining growth stages based on NFEL could also be a practical approach for the farmers to perform activities, which must be done at a specific developmental stage.     

Effect of Integrated Management of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Cattle Manure on the Leaf Chlorophyll,Yield, and Tuber Glycoalkaloids of Agria Potato

Management of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), is one of the most important factors in potato production. Cattle manure and mineral fertilizers are two sources of N that can affect the quality and quantity of potato yield. The effects of the use of cattle manure (5, 10, 15, and 20 ton ha^?1), N fertilizer (50, 100, and 150 kg ha^?1), and their interaction on tuber yield, chlorophyll content, and glycoalkaloid concentration were evaluated during field experiments in Iran in 2008 with a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of three experimental replications. At the time of flowering, chlorophyll a, b, and total (chlorophyll) were recorded by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, at the end of the growth season, tuber yield was calculated and tuber glycoalkaloids were measured by the colorimetric method for the assessment of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potato. Chlorophyll a, b, and total content increased linearly and very significantly in response to the application of manure and N fertilizer. The interaction between manure and N fertilizer was also significant; somehow the maximum content of total chlorophyll [1.448 mg g^?1 fresh weight (FW)] was obtained by using 150 kg N + 20 ton of manure per hectare. Cattle manure, N fertilizer, and their combination had a highly significant effect on tuber yield. Maximum tuber yield (36.8 ton ha^?1) was obtained by the utilization of 20 ton manure + 150 kg N per hectare. Total glycoalkaloid content was affected by the N application only. It showed a linear increase in the presence of increased concentration of N fertilizer.     

施氮对块茎形成期高温胁迫后马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉含量和相关酶代谢活性的影响

为了明确不同施氮量对高温胁迫后马铃薯块茎淀粉合成酶、淀粉含量及产量的影响,本研究于2019-2020年在宁南山区海原县进行田间试验.供试品种为青薯9号,通过搭建高温棚构建高温环境,设2个温度处理(T1:块茎形成初期高温胁迫,T2:自然温度),4个氮肥水平(不施氮N0:0 kg·hm-2,低氮水平N1:75 kg·hm-...     

Nitrogen Sources and Rates Effect on Yield,Nutritional Status,and Yield Components of Sunflower

Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), ammonium nitrate (NO₃NH₄), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and urea (CO(NH₂)₂)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg^?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY.     

Growth,Yield and Quality Components of Canola Fertilized with Urea and Zeolite

In the present study, integration of nitrogen (N) and zeolite on growth, photosynthesis, yield and yield components, nitrate reductase activity, and plant nutrient content on canola (Brassica napus L. cv. SLM₀₄₆) was evaluated during two growing seasons (2010 and 2011) at East Azerbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a 4?×?5 factorial design with three replications. Different levels of zeolite (0, 4, 8, and 12 ton ha^?1) and nitrogen (N; 0, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg ha^?1) were added and mixed with soil thoroughly. According to combined analysis of variance, effect of year was significant only on silique number per plant, respiration rate, and iron (Fe) content. Also results indicated that N fertilizer increased plant height, silique number per plant, seed number per silique, 1000-seed weight, and finally seed yield. Similarly, zeolite increased yield and yield components whereas plant height was not affected by zeolite in the second year. Oil yield decreased due to N and zeolite application. In addition, photosynthesis and respiration improved on account of N and zeolite treatments. Nitrate reductase activity significantly was promoted by N and zeolite. Furthermore, micro- and macroelements were affected by N or zeolite application, so that N and zeolite decreased P content whereas N increased N, K, Fe, and zinc. In general our results demonstrated that zeolite application can increase canola growth and production, which may be through increasing N-use efficiency and improving soil physical characteristics.     

Efficiency of Magnesium Use by Common Bean Varieties Regarding Yield,Physiological Components,and Nutritional Status of Plants

The magnesium (Mg) use efficiency in the selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties may contribute to increased nutritional status and grain yield. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess common bean varieties following the application of Mg regarding productivity (yield), soil fertility, physiological components, and nutritional status. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with three replicates. Five common bean varieties [BRS Estilo, IPR Tangará, IPR Campos Gerais (CG), IAPAR 81, and BRS Ametista] supplemented with two Mg concentrations [low (0 mg kg^?1) and high (100 mg kg^?1)] using magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) as a source in an Ustoxix Quatzipsamment were assessed. The yield of shoot dry weight (SDW) and grains varied significantly between varieties and Mg rates. The high Mg concentration has negatively affected the yield of SDW and grains of variety IPR Tangará, and the opposite was observed for the other varieties. The physiological components associated with photosynthesis are directly related to the yield of SDW and grains. The concentrations of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and boron (B) in leaves and of S, B, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in grains differed among the varieties and interactions of rates and varieties for B, indicating the presence of genetic factors in nutrient uptake.     

Yield,Yield Components,Soil Chemical Properties,Plant Physiology,and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Soybean Genotypes

Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg^?1], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P₂O₅ 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO₂ concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potência RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures.