Improving efficiency of sow productivity： nutrition and health

This reviews research focused to understand the nutrient requirement and balance to meet the needs of fetal growth,mammary growth,and milk production.This summary will handle how feeding strategies can be adjusted according to the nutrient needs for a sow to enhance productivity and health.Most research data used in this summary are based on the studies conducted by the authors between 1996 and 2013.Nutrient requirements of sows are affected by stage of gestation and parity of sows.Dietary antioxidant concentrations need to be re-evaluated for its sufficiency in sow diets especially to prevent excessive oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation.When feeding sows,consideration of phase feeding of gestating sows and parity feeding of lactating sows could enhances production longevity and health of sows.Use of selected nutrients and additives seems to help productivity and health of sows.     

The significan e of N-carbamoylglutamate in ruminant productionOA

Improving the efficiency and production of grazing ruminants to support food and fiber production, while reducing the environmental footprint and meeting the welfare needs of the animals, is important for sustainable livestock production systems. Development of new technologies that can improve the efficiency of nitrogen(N) utilization in ruminants, and that are effective and safe, has important implications for ruminant livestock production. N-carbomoylglutamate(NCG) is a functional micronutrie...     

Exploring the effectiveness of in ovo feeding of vitamin C based on the embryonic vitamin C synthesis and absorption in broiler chickensOA

Background: Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF) of vitamin C(VC) are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken, but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself, the selection of injection site and the effectiveness of IOF of VC. This study aims to explore the above problems.Results: Kidney and yolk sac were the main organs for VC synthesis and L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO) expression was lower during pre-hatch development than that during p...     

Heat stress in pigs and broilers:role of gut dysbiosis in the impairment of the gut-liver axis and restoration of these effects by probiotics,prebiotics and synbioticsOA

Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity,health and welfare.Despite the fact that all farm animal species are susceptible to heat stress,birds and pigs are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to either lacking or non-functional sweat glands.Convincing evidence in the literature exists that gut dysbiosis,a term used to describe a perturbation of commensal gut microbiota,develops in br...     

Feed-and feed additives-related aspects of gut health and development in weanling pigs

The development of new/different management and feeding strategies to stimulate gut development and health in newly-weaned pigs, in order to improve growth performance while minimizing the use of antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotic growth promotants (AGP) and heavy mineral compounds, is essential for the long-term sustainability of the pig industry. Factors including the sub-optimal intake of nutrients and energy, inappropriate microbiota biomass and (or) balance, immature and compromised immune function, and psychosomatic factors caused by weaning can compromise both the efficiency of digestion and absorption and intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity. As a consequence, pigs at weaning are highly susceptible to pathogenic enteric conditions such as post-weaning diarrhea that may be caused by serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Many dietary components, e.g., protein, fiber, feed additives and minerals, are known to influence microbial growth in the gastrointestinal tract that in turn can impact upon pig growth and health, although the relationships between these are sometimes not necessarily apparent or obvious. In a world climate of increased scrutiny over the use of antibiotics per se in pig production, certain feed additives are seen as alternatives/replacements to antibiotics, and have evolved in some cases to have important roles in everyday commercial pig nutrition. Nevertheless and in general, there remains inconsistency and variability in the efficacy of some feed additives and in cases of severe disease outbreaks, for example, therapeutic antibiotics and/or heavy minerals such as zinc oxide (ZnO) are generally relied upon. If feed ingredients and (or) feed additives are to be used with greater regularity and reliability, then it is necessary to better understand the mechanisms whereby antibiotics and minerals such as ZnO influence animal physiology, in conjunction with the use of appropriate challenge models and in vitro and in vivo techniques.     

Effects of drinking water supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri,and a mixture of reuterin and microcin J25 on the growth performance,caecal microbiota and selected metabolites of broiler chickensOA

Background: Since the overuse of antibiotics in animal production has led to a selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that affect humans and animals as well. Scientists are therefore searching for novel natural alternatives to antibiotics. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and a combination of reuterin and microcin J25(RJ) were evaluated as promoters of growth and modulators of the cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles in broiler chickens. Oneday-old Cobb 500 male broilers were distrib...     

Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swineOA

Background: Alternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig production. But these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch(RS). Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT) and modulate the microbial community. Certain microbes in the GIT can promote host health, depending on the type of fermentation substrates available. In this study, six alternative feedstuffs(three starchy: Okinawan sweet potato, OSP; yam, and taro, and three f...     

Stage-specific nutritional management and developmental programming to optimize meat productionOA

Over the past few decades,genetic selection and refined nutritional management have extensively been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of livestock.However,the rapid growth rates of modern breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat deposition and increased occurrences of muscle abnormalities,impairing meat quality and processing functionality.Early stages of animal development set the longterm growth trajectory of offspring.However,due to the seasona...     

Iteration Linear Programming Method and Livestock Ration Optimization

Iterative linear programming methods are proposed for optimum balanced animal diet in this paper. According to ＂wooden bucket theory＂ of the nutritional balance, each nutrient in the feeding standard has equal importance. It＇s unreasonable to use common goal programming to attach different weighted value to different nutritional parameters. This paper introduces an effective algorithm to deal with this kind of problem. When the permitting cost of livestock ration is given, we can design a ration formula with linear program-this is the first round. Then, according to the differences between the permitting cost and the formula cost gained in the first round, adjust the feeding standard and the feeding raw materials, and conduct the second round of linear programming for ration formula. If there is still a very big difference between the formula cost and the permitting cost, the third round will be taken, and so on. In this iteration course the formula cost gradually approaches the permitting cost. It is the key that the feeding standard and feeding raw materials are modified in each round. This method ensured the nutritive equilibrium with the formulation of least-cost ration. This is an especially important method when the primary goal of the optimization tool is to improve economic and nutritive efficiency.     

草地农业生态系统4个生产层理论对肃北县畜牧业可持续发展的指导

草地农业生态系统包含4个生产层,即前植物生产层、植物生产层、动物生产层和后生物生产层,每个生产层次都可以通过科学的管理和利用获得相应的经济效益和价值。4个生产层之间可发生系统耦合,产生的效益成倍地扩大。4个生产层理论对草原牧区的可持续发展具有重要的指导作用,处理好4个生产层之间的关系,有利于草原牧区牧业社会的转型(由传统畜牧业向现代畜牧业,由粗放型向集约型,由靠天养畜向建设养畜转变)。4个生产层的理论和实践对建设草原生态文明、实现人与自然的和谐发展、经济与社会的可持续发展具有重大意义。     

重庆市粮食生产影响因素分析

根据1990—2007年重庆市粮食生产的相关数据,建立了线性生产函数模型,依据各个影响因素的生产弹性,分析了重庆市粮食生产投入的影响因素及其程度,得出粮食播种面积、粮食单产和化肥施用量是影响粮食生产能力的主要因素等重要结论。因此,提出了高度重视重庆市粮食安全问题,应该实行严格的耕地保护制度,积极依靠粮食单产的提高来增加粮食总产量,进一步完善粮食生产有关的优惠政策等建议。     

批次化生产在猪场疫病净化中的重要作用

随着中国养猪业规模化、集约化发展步伐的加快,养猪生产正在从劳动密集型的连续生产方式过渡到智能化、批次化养猪的管理新模式,与之相伴而来的是猪新旧疫病的不断发生,其仍然是养猪生产面临的重大挑战,尤其是近两年非洲猪瘟防控形势非常严峻,猪场在疾病防控、生物安全方面遇到了新挑战。批次化生产模式可以使传统连续饲养方式造成的疫病传播得到阻断,在养猪生产中具有重要的实践意义。文章综述了批次化生产的概念、批次化生产在猪场疫病净化中的重要作用。     

Economics of stocker production.

The beef cattle industry, like any industry, is subject to economic signals to increase or decrease production according to short-run and long-run market conditions. Profitable stocker production is the result of careful matching of economic conditions to alternative animal production systems combined with sound animal and business management. The economics of stocker production are driven by the feeder cattle price-weight relation that combines broad market signals about how much production is needed with complex and subtle signals about how that production should be accomplished. The result is a dynamic set of values of gain that direct producers to adjust the level, type, and timing of stocker production according to changing market conditions.     

南阳牛生产推广体系调查研究

为了探讨南阳牛生产推广体系,推动南阳牛产业可持续发展。本文以南阳牛的生产推广体系为研究对象,综合分析了政府主导型的南阳牛生产推广体系、龙头企业带动型的南阳牛生产推广体系、专业养殖合作社带动型的南阳牛生产推广体系、散养农户型的南阳牛生产推广体系养殖南阳牛的现状,存在问题。针对性地提出了完善南阳牛生产推广体系的对策与建议。     

农牧场规模生产有机肥的技术方法

农牧场规模生产有机肥是当前发展现代绿色环保农牧业生产的必然趋势。本文利用农牧场生产的废弃物和年生产5 000吨有机肥规模标准,从有机肥生产原料选择、生产工艺流程、生产机械设备、生产厂房配置和具体技术方法等方面,进行了较详尽全面的介绍。为保证有机肥产品质量,有机肥生产原料发酵腐熟的时间须达到60天以上,有机肥产品质量检验应按照《NY/T525—2021有机肥料》标准进行产品质量检验,确保农牧场规模生产有机肥的产品质量。     

浙江省蚕茧生产成本分析

从蚕业生产发展、蚕茧生产成本变化、蚕业生产与其它竞争作物的比较效益等角度对近二十年来浙江省蚕茧生产成本进行了分析。结果表明：近二十年来浙江省蚕茧生产成本呈先增长后下降的趋势；蚕业生产成本中人工费用的增长速度快于物质费用；与其它竞争作物相比，蚕茧生产成本相对较高，劳动生产率较低。     

皂化菜籽油脚对人工瘤胃发酵产气量的影响

本试验用人工瘤胃技术研究了皂化菜籽油脚对体外发酵总产气量、甲烷产量、二氧化碳产量及ｐＨ的影响。研究发现，日粮中添加５％，１０％及１５％的皂化菜籽油脚对上述指标没有显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

荷斯坦奶牛产奶量与乳房性状的通径分析

对荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量与乳房性状进行了相关、通径分析。结果表明，荷斯坦奶牛的后乳房深、后乳房宽、后乳房高、乳房纵沟深、乳头直径与产奶量呈中等正相关，乳头长与产奶量呈弱相关；后乳房宽、乳房纵沟深、乳头直径是影响产奶量的重要性状，且是正向作用；后乳房高对产奶量起负面影响，其间接作用大。     

Studies on some biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus of buffalo mammary origin

A total of 49 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus of buffalo mammary origin were studied for biochemical characteristics. Coagulase production, clumping factor, haemolytic activity, pigment production and fermentation of maltose and mannitol were employed to differentiate S. aureus from S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Out of 49 isolates, 97.95, 93.87, 93.87, 89.79, 95.91, 100.0, 95.91, 59.18, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 89.79, 91.83 and 100.0% isolates were positive for coagulase production, protein-A production, haemolysin production, thermostable nuclease production, deoxyribonuclease production, tellurite reduction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, phosphatase production, mannitol fermentation, glucose fermentation, M.R. test, V.P. test and pigment production respectively. The only isolate from which coagulase production could not be detected, however, showed haemolytic activity, protein-A productivity, pigmentation and mannitol fermentation. One of the protein-A negative isolate was coagulase positive and showed mennitol fermentation, pigmentation and haemolytic activity. The study revealed that the biochemical characteristics of S. aureus of buffalo mammary origin did not differ from those of cattle origin. Coagulase, haemolysin, thermostable nuclease, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, lipase, tellurite and nitrate reduction closely related with protein-A. The presence of protein-A seems to be as reliable an indicator for S. aureus of buffalo origin as is coagulase production.