咖啡灭字脊虎天牛和咖啡脊虎天牛研究概述

文章较为系统地介绍了１９１５年以来，国内外对咖啡灭字脊虎天牛（Ｘｙｌｏｔｒｅｃｈｕｓｑｕａｄｒｉｐｅｓ）和咖啡脊虎天牛（Ｘ．ｇｒａｙｉ）的分布、为害、生活史、取食习性、寄主植物、化学防治、农业防治、生物防治及其天敌等方面的研究概况。     

云南小粒咖啡灭字脊虎天牛为害严重的原因及防治研究

分析认为，云南咖啡灭字脊虎天牛为害重是与其野生寄主分布广、种群数量蔓延累积快和化学防治较困难等因素有关，提出了采取各项农业栽培防治措施，即合理密植、适度荫蔽、推行单干整型与便于防虫的多干整型相结合的修整法，可以较为有效地控制害虫为害，降低防虫成本，提高咖啡经济效益。     

咖啡黑果病病因的初步研究

咖啡黑果主要致病因子为旋皮天牛危害,缺钾生理失调以及褐斑病菌侵染。咖啡旋皮天牛虫害株率与黑果率呈显著相关(r=0.6568)。黑果果皮钾元素含量较低,但有铝和锰的积累。在电镜下观察到果皮上有褐斑病菌的侵染。文中给出黑果病的化学和生态防治方法。     

小粒种咖啡主干和一级分枝刮皮有效防治咖啡虎天牛

小粒种咖啡主干和一级分枝刮皮有效防治咖啡虎天牛Ｐ．ＫＲＩＳＨＮＡＭＯＯＲＴＨＹＢＨＡＴ等咖啡虎天牛（Ｘｙｌｏｔｒｅｃｈｕｓｑｕａｄｒｉｐｅｓ（ｈｅｖｒ）是小粒种咖啡（Ａｒａｂｉｃａｃｏｆｆｅｅ）最重要和最严重的害虫。Ｂｉｄｉｅ（１８６９）报道，１８６...     

云南小粒咖啡出现早衰的原因及防控对策

分析了近年云南小粒咖啡早衰减产问题,认为全球气温变化是一个重要的原因,连年持续干旱、冬季寒害、田间管理松弛以及锈病流行与天牛危害叠加的影响导致了云南咖啡出现早衰;提出了改善咖啡种植环境、加强水利设施建设、选种抗锈品种、防控天牛害虫、加强肥料管理的对策;特别阐述了解决云南咖啡早衰乃至云南咖啡可持续发展问题的一个根本举措,是要引进、选育和推广种植以抗锈为主的高产优质品种的观点。     

杨树天牛类害虫防治

杨树天牛类害虫主要是星天牛、光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、桑天牛、云斑白条天牛等。其防治措施如下。     

天牛的综合防治

天牛,为鞘翅目天牛科蛀干害虫,广泛分布在我国的大部分区域。我省常见危害严重的天牛有光肩星天牛、松墨天牛、桑天牛、云斑天牛、青杨天牛及粗鞘双条杉天牛等。天牛危害树木极为广泛,不仅危害松、柏、杉等针叶树种以及杨、柳、榆等常见树种,而且也危害桃、李、杏等果树。松墨天牛是松材线虫的传播媒介,成为我省乃至全国重点防治和监测对象。青杨天牛危害杨树,星天牛危害果树。因此,天牛的防治已成为全省森林病虫害防治的重点。一、天牛从外观上易识别成虫具鞘翅,形体大小不一,3～7cm不等,色多黄、褐、黑色,少数品种具星斑光点,有节状触角、…     

防治杨树天牛三法

危害杨树的天牛主要有云斑天牛、桑天牛、光户星天牛3种。按照3种天牛的成虫盛期、产卵盛期、产卵部位。幼虫取食方法等特性，采取不同的防治措施，可收到非常好的防治效果。     

杨树天牛的危害和防治

杨树天牛,为蛀干性害虫,其生活隐蔽,常见有星天牛、光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、桑天牛、云斑天牛等。当涂县以光肩星天牛和桑天牛危害为主。光肩星天牛在江南多为一年1代,极少两年1代。11月在树干隧道内或皮下越冬,并于翌年4     

咖啡灭字脊虎天牛捕捉器试验及其生物防治意义

云南发展咖啡４０多年,咖啡生产水平不断提高,但是,对云南咖啡主要害虫灭字脊虎天牛（ＸｙｌｏｔｒｅｃｈｕｓｑｕａｄｒｉｐｅｓＣｈｅｖｒ）的为害,目前生产上还缺乏有利于生态、经济有效的防治措施。因此,正确估价灭字脊虎天牛造成的产量损失,探索经济有效的防治...     

云南农垦咖啡生产的科技进步带动了全省咖啡产业的发展

本文系统阐述了云南农垦发展咖啡产业的４０年来，在咖啡生态类型区区划、栽培技术规程、高产早产栽培经验、引进、选育抗锈良种、病虫害防治研究、研制加工工艺及质量标准以及科技普及等八个方面都取得了一定的科技成果，并在生产实践中应用和推广这些科技成果，大幅度地提高了咖啡的产量和质量，使我省成为目前全国最大的咖啡生产、加工、出口基地。     

Designing pest-suppressive multistrata perennial crop systems: shade-grown coffee in Central America

During most of its cultivation in Central America, coffee (Coffea arabica L.) suffered few serious pest problems. However, over the past three decades, three factors contributed to significantly increase pest levels and losses: the recent introduction of new pests; more favorable conditions for existing pests, diseases, and weeds due to lower shade levels; and secondary pest problems caused by pesticide use. The strategy of maximizing coffee production with pest control dominated by synthetic pesticides has not only increased yields substantially, but also production costs, pesticide resistance, and both human health and environmental risks. An analysis of the response of the food web in coffee plantations to varying levels of light and humidity associated with different shade levels provides the basis for identifying the optimum shade conditions which minimize the entire pest complex and maximize the effects of beneficial microflora and fauna acting against it. These optimum shade conditions for pest suppression differ with climate, altitude, and soils. The selection of tree species and associations, density and spatial arrangement, as well as shade management regimes are critical decisions for shade strata design. Site-specific knowledge of the seasonal food web dynamics permits growers to determine the appropriate seasonal shade management in order to further suppress pest levels. For example in a low-elevation dry coffee zone, 35 to 65% shade promotes leaf retention in the dry season and reduces Cercospora coffeicola, weeds, and Planococcus citri; at the same time, it increases the effectiveness of microbial and parasitic organisms without contributing to increased Hemileia vastatrix levels or reducing yields. In these conditions, shade should be at a maximum early in the dry season and at a minimum by the middle of the rainy season. Further research is needed on: the effects of individual tree species on the food web; the role of canopy architecture for coffee vigor, photosynthesis, leaf drying, pest susceptibility, and pruning regimes; and on simple observation methods and decision criteria for farmer management of tree-coffee-food web interactions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水杉病虫害发生特点及治理对策

指出了了水杉生长中会遇到很多病虫害的威胁,包括立枯病、锈病、水杉赤枯病、咖啡蠹蛾、蔷薇叶蜂、叶蝉等,需要掌握水杉习性,做好栽培与管理工作,加强病虫害治理工作尤为必要。基于此,结合工作实际情况,总结了水杉病虫害发生的特征,并提出了有效的治理对策。     

Diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores under different coffee production systems and in a tropical montane cloud forest patch in Veracruz, Mexico

We evaluate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community as measured by spores in different coffee production systems (at the depth of 0?C15?cm). In addition, we analyze the similarities between the AMF communities in coffee production systems and those that occur in a tropical montane cloud forest patch in order to evaluate the capacity of coffee production systems to preserve the native AMF community. We carried out four samplings in five coffee production systems representative of a vegetation structure gradient, and in a forest. From 120 soil samples, 33 morphospecies were detected. In all the sites, the dominant morphospecies were Glomus clarum and Glomus sp. 3. We found no significant difference in AMF spore richness between sites. Diversity was similar in most of the coffee production systems. Significant differences were only detected in spore abundance; during the dry season the forest, shaded traditional rustic system and shaded simple system presented the highest spore abundance. With the exception of one species exclusive to the forest, the coffee production systems all share the same AMF species as the forest. The coffee production systems with the greatest similarity to cloud forest were the shaded traditional rustic system and the shaded simple system. It is suggested that control of weeds and fertilization could be important factors influencing the composition and abundance of AMF spores in coffee production systems.     

埃塞俄比亚咖啡生产的历史、现状及前景

埃塞俄比亚是咖啡原产地,经实地调研、访问专家、查阅资料等多种方式考察了埃塞俄比亚的咖啡生产情况,扼要介绍了埃塞俄比亚咖啡生产的历史和现状．旨在为我国咖啡产业的发展提供参考.     

Effects of shade and bird exclusion on arthropods and leaf damage on coffee farms in Jamaica’s Blue Mountains

The effects of overstory trees and birds on coffee pests are poorly understood. This study documents (a) the effect of bird exclusion on foliage-dwelling arthropod abundance and insect-caused leaf damage, and (b) the relationships between vegetation complexity and insect abundance, leaf damage, and prevalence of fungal leaf symptoms on coffee farms in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, West Indies. Overall arthropod abundance was reduced inside bird-proof exclosures, and this corresponded to reduced insect-caused leaf damage. The reduction in leaf damage increased with greater shade, but fungal leaf symptoms increased with greater shade and proximity to non-coffee habitat patches. There appears to be a trade-off for coffee farmers in our study region: vegetation complexity may attract beneficial insect-eating birds that can reduce insect damage, but it is also associated with the prevalence of fungal leaf symptoms.     

Coffee agroecosystem performance under full sun, shade, conventional and organic management regimes in Central America

Changes in coffee economics are leading producers to reduce agrochemical use and increase the use of shade. Research is needed on how to balance the competition from shade trees with the provision of ecological services to the coffee. In 2000, long-term coffee experiments were established in Costa Rica and Nicaragua to compare coffee agroecosystem performance under full sun, legume and non-legume shade types, and intensive and moderate conventional and organic inputs. Coffee yield from intensive organic production was not significantly different from intensive conventional in Nicaragua, but in Costa Rica it was lower during three of the six harvests. Full sun coffee production over 6 years was greater than shaded coffee in Costa Rica (61.8 vs. 44.7 t ha^?1, P = 0.0002). In Nicaragua, full sun coffee production over 5 years (32.1 t ha^?1) was equal to coffee with shade that included Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., (27?C30 t ha^?1) and both were more productive (P = 0.03) than coffee shaded with Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (21.6 t ha^?1). Moderate input organic production was significantly lower than other managements under all shade types, except in the presence of Erythrina poepiggina (Walp.) O.F. Cook. Inga and Erythrina had greater basal area and nutrient recycling from prunings than other shade species. Intensive organic production increased soil pH and P, and had higher K compared to moderate conventional. Although legume shade trees potentially provide ecological services to associated coffee, this depends on management of the competition from those same trees.     

福建省竹林害虫害螨调查研究

对福建省竹林害虫、害螨进行了系统调查和研究,整理报道了福建省竹林害虫97种,其中笋期害虫15种;叶部害虫53种、害螨5种;竹杆害虫17种;根茎害虫7种。报道了福建竹林害虫优势种,分析了暴发成灾原因。     

Coffee Agroforestry Systems for Conservation and Economic Development

Abstract

The agroforestry program of the AMISCONDE Initiative was implemented in 13 buffer zone communities of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve. This program introduced citrus (Citrus spp.) and promoted the widespread inclusion of poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) shade trees, ground story vegetation, and soil conservation techniques to the local cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica var caturra). This program sought long-term socioeconomic and ecological health in these buffer zone communities through conservation and development projects such as coffee agroforestry systems. This paper examines the ecological and socioeconomic benefits of two introduced coffee agroforestry systems: coffee-poró and coffee-citrus. The project has decreased agrochemical inputs, integrated multi-strata vegetation, and implemented soil conservation techniques such as vetiver grass, cover crops, terraces, water channeling, and shade trees in an effort to sustainably manage coffee production on the steep buffer zone slopes. The agroforestry project of the AMISCONDE Initiative has likely improved the production of coffee ecologically and economically. However, new specialty markets should be explored to increase economic and ecological gains. Organic and fair trade coffee niche markets are suggested as alternatives for meeting the long-term AMISCONDE objectives of community development and conservation.     

Scattered shade trees improve low-input smallholder Arabica coffee productivity in the Northern Lake Kivu region of Rwanda

In suboptimal conditions for coffee growth, the use of shade tree is usually considered beneficial to production. This study aimed to evaluate this benefit in the poorly documented East African smallholder Arabica coffee systems in optimal climatic but suboptimal management conditions. In a 4 year observational trial in 50 coffee farms, the association of shade trees and coffee generated an average 55 % cherry production increase. Neither delay in berry maturation nor buffer in alternate bearing patterns were observed, probably due to the low productivity of unfertilized coffee plants. Quality wise, the presence of shade trees did not result in an increase of larger green beans, but it reduced the proportion of altered and lighter cherries in 2009, a low production year. A shade species effect was detected through the positive influence of two non-leguminous shade trees, Persea americana and Ficus thonningii on production. The effect was correlated to greater canopy openness and increase in K soil content. In general, soil mineral content was not influenced by the presence of trees, but the legume species Inga oerstediana appeared responsible for a slight increase of total C and N soil content. It is concluded that in the small holder context of the Northern Lake Kivu region, the association of mature trees is beneficial to coffee production and can contribute to the improvement of producer’s income.