江苏省农业种质资源库管系统设计与构建

以江苏省农业种质资源冷藏库为基础,从目前庞大的种质资源保存规模入手,设计构建了＂江苏省农业种质资源库管系统＂,用于受理全省农业种质资源入库保存申请,管理种质资源实物出入库记录,保存入库种质的应用反馈信息。介绍了系统功能设计、系统物理及逻辑架构以及系统数据模型等,详细描述了系统关键业务流程。     

The Spanish barley core collection

Spanish barleys constitute a germplasm group of particular interest for breeding purposes, as Spain has been proposed as a possible centre of origin of the crop. The Spanish National Germplasm Bank (Banco Nacional de Germoplasma, BNG), holds a collection of about 2000 barley accessions, mostly landraces collected in Spain prior to extensive introduction of modern varieties. The objective of this work is to create a core collection of barleys representative of old barley genotypes grown in Spain. The core collection will be constituted by three groups of germplasm: successful old varieties (15); entries in common with previously existing barley core collections (15); and 2-row (8) and 6-row (122) entries from the BNG, for a total of 160 entries. Entries were allocated by stratified sampling in agro-ecological uniform zones of barley cultivation in Spain. Classification of agro-ecological regions for barley was based on historical yield records for Spanish provinces. The number of entries for each region was determined in proportion to the logarithm of historical barley acreage. Final choice of accessions within provinces tried to maximize the diversity and avoid duplications by looking at passport data, and to agronomic evaluation data available for a group of about 900 accessions.     

Marker-assisted sampling of the cultivated Andean potato Solanum phureja collection using RAPD markers

The potato crop originated in the Andean highlands where numerous farmer's varieties and non-cultivated wild species exist. An Andean potato collection is held in trust at the International Potato Center (CIP) to preserve the biodiversity of this crop and ensure the supply of germplasm for potato improvement worldwide. A core collection representing the biodiversity of the Andean potato germplasm is under construction using morphological, molecular, and geographic data. One of the eight cultivated potato species, Solanum phureja, has been genotyped using the RAPD technique. A protocol suitable for large germplasm collection genotyping has been developed to process numerous samples at reasonable costs. From 106 RAPD primers evaluated, we have selected 12 primers yielding 102 polymorphic markers, which unambiguously discriminated all 128 accessions but 2 that are possible duplicates. The S. phureja germplasm collected throughout the Andean countries appears to have a homogeneous genetic constitution. There was no clear geographic pattern as indicated by cluster analysis of the RAPD data. A sub-group of 20 accessions has been identified on the basis of the marker data and selected to maximize molecular (RAPD) variance and polymorphism. The probability of capturing equal amounts of marker polymorphism in this sub-group of 20 accessions by random sampling is less than 40%. This set accessions represents our first group of accessions that may constitute a core of the S. phureja collection. This tentative core will be challenged for diversity content by alternate markers and agronomic traits. Hence, the methodology for sampling less than 10% of the base collection, proposed for core collections by Brown (1989), can be based on molecular marker data provided cost-efficient fingerprints are developed.     

Geographical Patterns of Variation in Bari Faba Bean Germplasm Collection

A large collection of great interest and usefulness for faba bean breeding has been assembled at the Bari Germplasm Institute. Our objective was to describe the phenotypic diversity of a large sample (1565 entries from 39 countries) of this collection. Entries were characterized for 10 discontinuous traits to determine variation within and among geographical regions. Phenotypic variation was found within all regions for most traits. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index varied widely across regions, but was relatively even for most traits scored. Canonical discriminant analysis and clustering of the canonical means conducted separately for each botanical type, revealed useful phenotypic groupings of origin for future faba bean germplasm management. Based on the diversity and number of entries, East Europe, South-East Asia and North America seem under represented in the collection while South America is not represented at all. Information presented in this study could be used to devise a core collection, which would contain much of the diversity found in the Bari collection.     

基于SNP标记的504份番茄种质资源遗传多样性分析

为深入了解番茄种质资源的遗传多样性,运用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(KASP)技术,利用前期筛选出的60对多态性较高的单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP),对收集的504份番茄种质资源进行遗传多样性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析及群体结构分析。结果表明,60个SNP分子标记共检测到181个等位基因,基因多样性平均值为0.450,期望杂合率(He)平均值为0.069,多态性信息值(PIC)变化范围为0.171~0.583,平均值为0.381。在遗传距离为0.36时,504份番茄材料被划分为7个类群,各材料间的平均遗传距离为0.62;根据主成分分析结果将群体分为3个类群;基于SNP标记对参试材料进行群体结构分析,在K=3时,504份番茄种质资源被划分为3类。本研究筛选出的60对SNP标记的多态性为中度偏高,番茄种质资源遗传多样性较丰富,可为后续宁夏地区番茄的核心种质构建及种质资源的有效利用提供理论依据。     

Realizing value of genetic resources of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium</Emphasis> in India

The genetic resources of Allium in India are potential source of genes for widening the crop genetic base. Despite their high economic value, limited number of germplasm accessions of wild species have been collected and conserved mainly due to difficult access to areas of occurrence. The present work mainly highlights information on species diversity distribution and utilization of wild Allium species to assess the value of Indian germplasm and prioritization for future collection and conservation programmes.     

Citrus genebank collections: international collaboration opportunities between the US and Russia

Citrus germplasm is conserved in genebanks at sites around the world to provide genetic resources for breeding and research programs. The value of genebank collections is particularly evident as diseases and climate change threaten citrus production areas. We provide historical, inventory, and maintenance information about national citrus collections in Russia and in the United States. The Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops (RRIFSC) in Sochi, Russia maintains a collection of 132 citrus accessions representing 50 taxa. Southern Russia is one of the most northerly citrus growing areas in the world and many accessions in the RRIFSC collection were specifically selected for cold tolerance to facilitate citrus production in this region. Tree response data taken during the frequent severe winters in Sochi has provided an understanding of the relative cold tolerance of many RRIFSC accessions. Particularly noteworthy is the array of cold-tolerant lemon accessions maintained at the RRIFSC. The Aurantioideae collections at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates (NCGRCD) and at the University of California Citrus Variety Collection in Riverside, California, maintain 1328 accessions of citrus cultivars and wild relatives. Because of federal and state quarantine regulations, accessions at this facility are tested for graft-transmissible pathogens and undergo therapy to eliminate known pathogens. In contrast to Sochi, desert-adapted lemon and grapefruit varieties are a major interest of the California-based collection. The collection of citrus and citrus relatives is being screened for resistance and/or tolerance genes to diseases such as huanglongbing which is currently threatening the US citrus industry. Through collaborative exchange efforts, the diversity in the two genebanks could be expanded to increase availability of desirable genetic resources to breeding and research communities throughout the world.     

Chinese Cornus officinalis: genetic resources, genetic diversity and core collection

Cornus officinalis is plant species that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. To help the efficient utilization and conservation of this species, the genetic diversity of 73 germplasm resources collected from Zhejiang, Henan and Shaanxi provinces in China were used in a primary core collection. The germplasm resources were classified nine types and the analysis of morphological traits and chemical components showed wide variations among the germplasm types. The primary core collection of C. officinalis was evaluated by using 18 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and a mini core collection was developed based on three strategies on construction of a core germplasm resources. The ISSR results showed that a total of 233 alleles were identified in these 73 accessions, the genetic diversity (P?=?91.02%, H?=?0.293, I?=?0.446) revealed with an average of 2 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity index analysis suggested that there is a great richness and uniqueness of genetic variation in this primary core collection. Cluster analysis by UPGMA and STRUCTURE placed the 73-germplasm resources into four linkage clusters. Almost all samples from one sampling location were clustered together. Compared to the RS and SW strategy, the LDSS strategy proved to be more representative in the core collection of C. officinalis. Finally, a mini core collections by LDSS, composed of 18 accessions (24.66% of the primary core collection), let more than 94.85% of polymorphic loci remained, 97.55% of the observed number of alleles and 99.28% of the effective number of alleles of the mini core collection, respectively. The Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s Information index of core collection were 0.294 and 0.443, respectively. Taken all together, the results indicated that mini core collections constructed by the LDSS strategy represented their primary core collections and provided a rational framework for intensive surveys of natural variation in C. officinalis genetic resources.     

Genetic variation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA1

Isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been applied to studies of genetic relationships and germplasm management in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, isozymes identify relatively few polymorphisms, and RFLPs are technically complex, expensive, and not compatible for the high through-put required for rigorous assessment of this narrow-based germplasm. Since random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers do not manifest such shortcomings, a study was conducted in cucumber to examine genetic relationships in diverse germplasm, assess the usefulness of RAPD markers in distinguishing elite accessions, and compare the relative effectiveness of RAPD markers to that of isozyme and RFLP markers. One hundred and eighteen C. sativus accessions were analyzed using variation at 71 RAPD loci (44 mapped and 27 unmapped). Genetic distances among accessions were estimated using the simple matching coefficient complement, and analyzed using multi-dimensional scaling. Each accession had a unique marker profile, indicating that RAPD analysis was useful in genotypic differentiation. Germplasm grouping patterns were consistent with individual accession origins, theoretical dispersal routes and discriminating morphological characters (i.e., sex expression and fruit length to diameter ratio). Although elite accessions were discriminated by RAPD profiling, their genetic distances were relatively small (between 0.01 and 0.58), indicating limited genetic diversity in this germplasm array. Assessment of a subset of the germplasm array using RAPDs resulted in genetic distance measurements more similar to published genetic distance estimates by RFLP markers (Spearman rank correlation, r_s = 0.7–0.8) than estimates by isozyme markers (r_s = 0.4). Data indicate that RAPD markers have utility for analysis of genetic diversity and germplasm management in cucumber.     

重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据库平台构建研究

农作物种质资源数据库平台构建是提高资源利用率的有效途径,提出了构建重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据库平台的设计思路,根据重庆市典型的10种主要农作物种质数据采集需求和规范,研制了基于Web网络的后台采集录入功能和前台展示查询功能的共享平台,实现了重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据资源的网络共享。     

Diversity in landraces of summer squash from Jordan

Summary Forty one half-sib families of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) landraces collected from Jordan were evaluated for 17 morphological and horticultural traits at the Agricultural Experimental Station in the Jordan Valley. A large diversity both within and among families was observed for many traits including plant growth, flowering and sex expression, colour of photosynthetic organs, fruit shape and fruit number per plant. Correlation coefficients were significant among many useful traits. The possible utilization of germplasm collections is discussed.     

Development of an algorithm identifying maximally diverse core collections

The development of a core collection, one which represents the genetic diversity of a crop with minimal redundancy and increases utility of the collection as a whole, is especially important as the funding for germplasm collections decreases. With limited resources, it is difficult to manage large germplasm collections and disperse genetically diverse germplasm to plant breeders. An algorithm was developed to assist in selection of core collections based on estimates of genetic distance. The criteria for selection of the maximum genetically diverse set were based on rankings of genetic distance between an accession with respect to all other accessions. Depending on the size core which a user wished, a zone around each selected accession was determined and no other accession within these limits was selected. The premise for the algorithm was that the genetic variability represented in the core must be representative of the distribution of genetic distances within the population of interest. In the present study, the algorithm was used with RAPD-marker-based estimates of genetic distance for 270 Theobroma cacao L. accessions and 134 Capsicum accessions that chose a set representing 18.5% of the population and representing the breadth of RAPD-based variation.     

Effect of resolving medium and staining procedure on inter-simple-sequence-repeat (ISSR) patterns in cultivated flax germplasm

We compared ISSR patterns generated by three variants of resolving medium/staining procedure: agarose/ethidium bromide, polyacrylamide/silver staining, and polyacrylamide/SYBR Green I in order to prepare methodology for large-scale screening of genetic diversity in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) germplasm collections. We found out that polyacrylamide/SYBR Green I system is the most suitable variant for large-scale characterization of genetic diversity within flax germplasm collections.     

Collection of Trifolium sp. and other forage legumes in Bulgaria

Joint collecting expeditions to improve the genetic diversity of Trifolium species in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) were carried out in Bulgaria by scientists of the USDA-ARS, University of Florida, Texas A&M University, and Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources (IIPGR), Bulgaria, on 14–27 July 1990 and 30 July – 13 August 1993. The objectives were to collect seed of T. vesiculosum Savi and other annual clovers in southeastern Bulgaria in 1990 and seed of perennial Trifolium species in southwestern Bulgaria in 1993. A total of 246 collections were made of 50 Trifolium species (38 annual and 12 perennial) and 25 collections of 17 other forage legumes. Collections were made at 90 sites in 13 of the 20 floristic regions in Bulgaria. The genetic diversity of T. vesiculosum in the NPGS was increased by the addition of 16 accessions. Four Trifolium sp. were added to the NPGS. Land utilization for intensive grazing near villages and small plot farming in river valleys greatly increased between 1990 and 1993. Genetic erosion of the extensive Trifolium resources within Bulgaria may occur as these practices increase.     

民族地区高校图书馆特色馆藏建设探析

民族地区高校图书馆作为教学科研的服务基地,文献资源相对集中、全面,建设特色馆藏有着得天独厚的优势和条件。民族地方文献的学术研究为地方特色文献数据库提供了充足的数据源。因此,民族地区高校图书馆应根据本地历史文化底蕴及经济发展特色,利用自身丰富独特的文献信息和资源特点,建设具有本地特色和本馆特色的特色馆藏,为科研和经济发展提供正确的引导服务和咨询服务。